FLOWTITE Pipe Systems

OF ENGINEERS WORLDWIDE

Technical Characteristics
 01 1 Production Process 3
02 2 Pipe Laminate 4
03 3 Product Benefits 4
Features & Benefits ....................................................................................................... 4

04 4 Applications 5
05 5 Performance Standards 6
5.1 ASTM ....................................................................................................................... 6
5.2 AWWA ..................................................................................................................... 6
5.3 ISO and EN Standards ............................................................................................ 6
5.4 Control Testing Raw Materials ................................................................................ 6
5.5 Finished Pipe ........................................................................................................... 7
5.6 Qualification Testing ................................................................................................ 7

06 6 Underground Pipe System Design 10

6.1 Static Calculation Methods of Underground Pipe System ................................. 10
6.1.1 Summary of AWWA Design Chapter AWWA M-45 ................................... 10
6.1.2 Summary of ATV-DVWK-A 127 ................................................................. 12
6.2 Buoyancy ............................................................................................................ 14
6.3 Hydro-Testing ...................................................................................................... 14
6.4 Surge and Water Hammer .................................................................................. 14
6.5 Load Capacity Values ......................................................................................... 15
6.6 Flow Velocity ....................................................................................................... 15
6.7 UV Resistance ..................................................................................................... 15
6.8 Poisson’s Ratio ................................................................................................... 15
6.9 Temperature ........................................................................................................ 15
6.10 Thermal Coefficient ............................................................................................. 15
6.11 Flow Coefficients ................................................................................................. 16
6.12 Abrasion Resistance ............................................................................................ 16
6.13 External Collapse Pressure ................................................................................. 16
6.14 Hydraulics ............................................................................................................ 16
6.15 Liquid Flow .......................................................................................................... 16

07 7 Product Range 18
7.1 Stiffness Classes ................................................................................................... 18
7.2 Pressure ................................................................................................................. 19
7.3 Lengths .................................................................................................................. 19

08 8 Pipe Joining 19
Other Joining Systems ................................................................................................ 20

09 9 Pipe Classification Selection 22

10 10 General Installation 24
11 11 AMITOOLS 31
12 12 Appendix A / Environmental Guide for Pipes 32

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1 Production Process 01

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FLOWTITE pipes are manufactured using the The FLOWTITE filament winding machine represents
continuous advancing mandrel process which the most advanced state-of-the-art technology in use, 05
represents the state of the art in GRP pipe production. and is the foremost method of manufacturing glass
This process allows the use of continuous glass fibre fibre pipe. Simply put, this manufacturing machine 06
reinforcements in the circumferential direction. For a consists of a continuous steel band mandrel supported
07
pressure pipe or buried conduit the principle stress is in by beams in a cylindrical shape.
the circumferential direction, thus incorporating
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continuous reinforcements in this direction yields a As the beams turn, friction pulls the steel band around
higher performing product at lower cost. Using and a roller bearing allows the band to move 09
technology developed by material specialists, a very longitudinally so that the entire mandrel moves
compressed laminate is created that maximizes the continuously in a spiral path towards the exit assembly. 10
contribution from the three basic raw materials. Both As the mandrel rotates, all composite materials are
continuous glass fibre rovings and choppable roving are metered onto it in precise amounts. Electronic sensors 11
incorporated for high hoop strength and axial provide continuous production parameter feedback so
12
reinforcement. A sand fortifier is used to provide that the various feeding systems apply the right amount
increased stiffness by adding extra thickness, placed of material. This ensures that the amount of material
near the neutral axis in the core. With the FLOWTITE needed to build the different layers is applied
dual resin delivery system, the equipment has the throughout the manufacturing stage. Firstly, mould-
capability of applying a special inner resin liner for release film, followed by various forms and patterns of
severely corrosive applications while utilising a standard glass fibres, embedded in a polyester resin matrix. The
type resin for the structural and outer portion of the structural layers are made of glass and resin only,
laminate. whereas the core layer includes pure silica. It is the
continuous application of these materials onto the
Taking advantage of the winding process, other mandrel which forms the pipe.
materials such as a glass veil or a polyester veil can be
used to enhance the abrasion, the chemical resistance After the pipe has been formed on the mandrel, it is
and the finishing of the pipe. To assure a consistently cured and later cut to the required length. The ends of
high level of product quality, it is essential that the the pipe section are calibrated to fit the coupling.
method of fabrication be accurately controlled.

roving rack
release film
glass-fibres
saw
sand & chopped glass

winder
engine curing area

surface veil
computer &
control panels
finished pipe
dosing pumps

day
tank

bull tank

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 01 2 Pipe Laminate 3 Product Benefits
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The basic raw materials used in manufacturing the FLOWTITE Technology has been able to bring a
05 pipes are resin, fibreglass and silica sand. Under normal product to the market that can provide low cost, long
circumstances, orthophtalic polyester resins are used term piping solutions to customers around the world.
06 since they give good performance for most The long list of features and benefits add up to provide
applications. Only FLOWTITE approved raw materials an optimum system of installation and life cycle cost
07
can be used for the production of the FLOWTITE pipe.
08
Features & Benefits
09 Outer Layers
Corrosion Resistant
10 • Long, effective service life
Core
• No need for linings, coatings, cathodic protection,
11 wraps or other forms of additional corrosion
protection
12
Inner Layers • Low maintenance costs
• Hydraulic characteristics essentially constant over time

Light Weight
(1/4 weight of DIP; 1/10 weight of concrete)
The figure above shows a typical cross section of a • Low transportation costs (nestable)
pipe laminate. This section, as well as the way of • Eliminates need for expensive pipe handling equipment
applying and placing the different raw materials, can
differ depending on the pipe application. Long Standard Lengths
The principle of continuous endless production allows (6, 12 and 18 meters)
pipes to be manufactured in diameters of DN 300 to DN • Fewer joints reduces installation time
4000 mm. Diameters DN 100- DN 250 are available in • More pipes per truckload means lower delivered cost
standard lengths of 6m.
Superior Hydraulic Characteristics
• Extremely Smooth Bore
• Hazen Williams flow coefficient of approximately
C=150
• Low friction means less pumping energy needed and
lower operating costs
• Manning’s flow coefficient n = 0.009
• Minimal slime build-up means lower cleaning costs
• Excellent abrasion resistance

Precision FLOWTITE Coupling with Elastomeric

Gaskets
• Tight, efficient joints designed to eliminate infiltration
or exfiltration
• Ease of joining, reduces installation time
• Accommodates small changes in line direction or
differential settlements without additional fittings

Flexible Manufacturing Process

• Custom diameters can be manufactured to provide
maximum flow volumes with ease of installation for
sliplining projects
• Custom lengths can be manufactured to provide
maximum flexibility for ease of direct bury or sliplining
installation

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 4 Applications 01

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Advanced Technology Pipe Design GRP pipes from FLOWTITE can be used in numerous
• Multiple pressure and stiffness classes to meet the applications including: 05
design engineer’s criteria • Water transmission and distribution (potable and raw
• Lower wave celerity than other piping materials can water) 06
mean less cost when designing for surge and water • Sanitary sewerage collection systems and outfalls
• Storm water 07
hammer pressures
• High and consistent product quality worldwide which • Hydroelectric penstock lines
08
complies with stringent product performance • Sea water intake and outfalls
standards (ASTM, AWWA, DIN-EN...) • Circulating cooling water, make-up and blow down 09
lines for power plants
• Industrial applications 10
• Slip-lining
• Irrigation/Agricultural 11
• Desalination
12
• Mining
• Cooling systems

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 01 5 Performance Standards
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FLOWTITE Fibreglass pipe systems are certified 5.3 ISO and EN Standards
05 according to many national and international standards.
Standards developed by ASTM, AWWA and the last There are currently some standards used in the EU,
06 ISO and EN are applied to a variety of fibreglass pipe such as the ones developed by BSI (BS 5480), DIN (DIN
applications, including conveyance of sanitary sewage, 16868) and AENOR (UNE 53323-EX). All these
07
water and industrial waste. A thread common to all of standards will be substituted by the work done in the
the product standards is that they are all performance light of the European organisation.
08
based documents. This means that the required EN 1796 and EN 14364 are the documents for water
09 performance and testing of the pipe is specified. and sewer applications that in the short term will
replace the existing ones in Europe.
10 Inspection and testing of samples taken from sewer
pipes that have been in service for almost 24 years The International Standards Organization (ISO) has
11 were found to be in impeccable condition. This and the issued two standards; ISO 10467 for drainage and
analysis of times-to-failure datapoints from a few hours sewerage and ISO 10639 for water
12
up to 28 years and how they relate to the standardized
method and regression analysis show safety margins to AMIANTIT is participating in the development of all
be higher than expected and extrapolation even up to these standards with representatives from its worldwide
150 years could be achieved. organisation, thereby ensuring performance
requirements that result in reliable products.

5.1 ASTM
Currently, there are several ASTM Product Standards in 5.4 Control Testing Raw Materials
use, which apply to a variety of fibreglass pipe
applications. All product standards apply to pipe with Raw materials are delivered with vendor certification
diameter ranges of 200 mm to 3600 mm and require demonstrating their compliance with FLOWTITE quality
the flexible joints to withstand hydrostatic testing in requirements. In addition, all raw materials are qualified
configurations (per ASTM D4161) that simulate and tested prior to their use. These tests ensure that
exaggerated in-use conditions. These standards include the pipe materials comply with the specifications as
many tough qualification and quality control tests. stated. Raw materials should, according to FLOWTITE
ASTM standards are: quality requirements, be pre-qualified in such a way
• ASTM D3262 Gravity Sewer that their suitability to be used in the process and in the
• ASTM D3517 Pressure Pipe final product is demonstrated by its long term
• ASTM D3754 Pressure Sewer performance.

Raw materials used in pipe production are:

• Glass
5.2 AWWA • Resin
• Catalyst
AWWA C950 is one of the most comprehensive product • Sand
standards in existence for fibreglass pipe. This standard • Accelerator
for pressure water applications has extensive
requirements for pipe and joints, concentrating on Only FLOWTITE approved raw materials can be used in
quality control and prototype qualification testing. Like the production of the FLOWTITE pipe.
ASTM standards, this is a product performance
standard. AWWA issued a manual, M-45, which Glass
includes several chapters on the design of GRP pipe for Glass fibre is specified by tex which is = weight in
buried and aboveground installations. The documents grams/1000 meters length
developed by AWWA are: Hoop roving
• AWWA C950 Fibreglass Pressure Pipe Continuous roving used in different tex for the
• AWWA M-45 Fibreglass Pipe Design Manual production of the “FLOWTITE” pipe
Chop roving cut directly on the machine to provide
strength in different directions.

Resin
Only qualified resins are used the for winding process.
Usually they are delivered in drums or bulk.

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The resin is prepared in day tanks at the winder. Normal 5.6 Qualification Testing
application temperature is 25°C. 05
Resin is delivered from producer and may be diluted A common element shared by all standards is the need
before use on the winder with styrene to reach the for a pipe manufacturer to demonstrate compliance 06
required and acceptable viscosity defined by with the standards’ minimum performance requirements.
07
“FLOWTITE Technology”. In the case of GRP pipe, these minimum performance
requirements fall into both short-term and long term
08
Catalyst requirements.
The right amount of catalyst is mixed with the resin just 09
before application on the mandrel. Only approved The most important ones, and generally specified at the
catalysts are used in the manufacturing process of the same level of performance in all the previously defined 10
“FLOWTITE” pipes. standards, are joint qualification, initial ring deflection,
long term ring bending, long term pressure and strain 11
Sand corrosion capability. FLOWTITE pipes and coupling
12
Sand is added to the core of the pipe and the inner systems have been rigorously tested to verify
layer of couplings. conformance to those standards.
High silica sand must be within the FLOWTITE
specifications for approved raw materials
Long Term Testing
Accelerator
An accelerator is mixed into the resin stored in the day The standards for fibreglass pipes are set on the
tanks. It may be delivered from producers in different assumption that when subjected to stresses the material
concentrations and may be diluted with styrene to will be subjected to changes in the mechanical properties.
reach the required concentration needed for the The product design is usually based upon the projected
production of the “FLOWTITE” pipes. values of the material strength at 50 years. To determine
the long term properties of the pipe, at least 18 specimens
are prepared and subjected to the tests. Failure up to
Physical Properties 10,000 hours with an acceptable spread across time
span is needed for evaluation. The results obtained are
The manufactured pipe’s circumferential (hoop) and evaluated using a log-log line projected on to obtain the
axial load capacities are verified by testing. Pipe 50 year value. Over the years a remarkable amount of
stiffness and deflection test are also carried out. All test results based on the ASTM test method have been
these tests are done on a routine basis according to the collected. Over 600 data-points are recently analysed,
FLOWTITE quality manual. In addition, pipe with times-to-failure ranging from a few hours up to 28
construction and composition are confirmed. years. Analysis of the data demonstrates an interesting
bilinear behaviour, rather than the straight line regression
predicted by the shorter and smaller database. The results
suggests that the standardized method is indeed quite
5.5 Finished Pipe conservative and that with this additional information the
safety margins are shown to be higher than expected and
The Flowtite quality control program contains a variety extrapolation even up to 150 years could be achieved.
of tests. Pipes can be controlled with tests such as the FLOWTITE GRP pipes meet herewith the requirements
ones below: of some institutions requesting a pipe life cycle of more
• Visual inspection than 100 years.
• Barcol hardness
• Wall thickness
• Section length Strain Corrosion Testing
• Diameter
• Hydrostatic leak tightness test A unique and important performance requirement of GRP
• Pipe stiffness gravity pipes used in sewer applications is the chemical
• Deflection without damage or structural failure testing of the pipe in a deflected or strained condition.
• Axial and circumferential tensile load capacity This strain corrosion testing requires a minimum of 18
• Overall laminate composition ring samples of the pipe to be deflected to various levels
and held constant. These strained rings are then exposed
at the inversion of the interior surface to 1.0N (5% by
weight) sulphuric acid. This is intended to simulate a
buried septic sewer condition. This has been shown to

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be representative of the worst sewer conditions, including Hydrostatic Design Basis – HDB
05 those found in the Middle East, where many FLOWTITE
pipes have been successfully installed. Another important qualification test is the establishment
06 of the Hydrostatic Design Basis – HDB. This test
The time to failure (leakage) for each test sample is requires hydrostatic pressure testing to failure (leakage)
07
measured. The minimum extrapolated failure strain at of many pipe samples at a variety of very high constant
50 years, using a least squares regression analysis of pressure levels. As in the previously described strain
08
the failure data, must equal the values shown for each corrosion test, the resulting data is evaluated on a log-
09 stiffness class according the standard. The value log basis for pressure (or hoop tensile strain) vs. time to
achieved is then related to the pipe design to enable failure and then extrapolated to 50 years.
10 the prediction of safe installation limitations for GRP The extrapolated failure pressure (strain) at 50 years,
pipes used for this type of service. Typically this is 5% referred to as the hydrostatic design basis (strain) or
11 in-ground long term deflection. HDB, must be greater than pressure class (strain at the
rated pressure) according to the safety factor (see
12
For example, according to ASTM standards the Figure 5-6-2). Due to combined loading considerations,
minimum strain corrosion value must be: that is the interaction of internal pressure and external
soil loads; the actual long term factor of safety against
Stiffness Class SCV. Strain, % pressure failure alone is higher than this safety factor.
SN 2500 .49 (t/d) This qualification test helps assure the long term
SN 5000 .41 (t/d) performance of the pipe in pressure service.
SN 10000 .34 (t/d)

Table 5-6-1 Minimum Strain Corrosion Value

Threaded Rod Externally carry

Water at high pressure
Steel Channel end load (like
¼“ Rubber Pod thrust block)
Resin Band Test Specimen
and Seal
Figure 5-6-3 Effect of Long Term Pressure on Pipe Life

Test Solution Flexible Dam

¼“ Rubber Pod
The fifty year predicted HDB strain value as published
by FLOWTITE is 0.65%.
Figure 5-6-1 Strain Corrosion Test Apparatus
% Strain
10.0
The fifty year predicted strain corrosion value as 8.0
50 years

6.0
published by FLOWTITE is 0.67%.
4.0

% Strain
10.0 2.0
8.0 1.51
50 years

6.0 1.0
4.0 0.8 0.65
0.6
2.0 0.4
1.93

1.0 0.2
0.8
0.67
0.6 0.1
0.4 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Time (hours)
0.2 Regression line Points calculated

0.1 Figure 5-6-4 FLOWTITE Line for Long Term Pressure

0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Strain
Time (hours)
Regression line Points calculated 95% lower confidence limit line

Figure 5-6-2 FLOWTITE Line for Strain Corrosion

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Long Term Ring Bending term stiffness of SN5000 pipe thus be equal to 3750 Pa
and allows using a long term stiffness factor higher than 05
A GRP pipe’s long term (50 year) ring deflection or ring 60% of initial stiffness in static calculations.
bending (strain) capability, when exposed to an aqueous 06
Deflection, mm
environment and under a constant load, must meet the 100.0
07
Level A deflection level specified in the initial ring 8.0

50 years
6.0
deflection test. This requirement is defined in the ISO
4.0 08
and EN standards. AWWA C950 requires the test to be
carried out, with the resulting 50-year predicted value 2.0
16.88 09
used in the pipe’s design. FLOWTITE pipe is tested 10,92
10.0
using the guidelines of ASTM D5365 “Long Term Ring 0.8
10
Bending Strain of Fibreglass Pipe” and meets all 0.6
requirements. 0.4 11
% Deflection
40 0.2 12
35 Failure Points
30 0.1
25 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
20
Y 15 Time (hours)
10 Regression line Points calculated
5
0 Figure 5-6-7 Long Term Stiffness SN 5000 PN 16
0 60 100 240 320
Time Hours Deflection, mm
10.0
Figure 5-6-5 Effect of Long Term Bending in Water 8.0

50 years
6.0
in Pipe Life
4.0

The fifty year predicted long term bending as published 2.0

17.31
by FLOWTITE is 1.3%. 11.54
1.0
% Strain 0.8
10.0 0.6
8.0 0.4
50 years

6.0
4.0 0.2

2.36
2.0 0.1
1.30 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
1.0
Time (hours)
0.8
Regression line Points calculated
0.6
0.4 Figure 5-6-8 Long Term Stiffness SN 5000 PN 6

0.2

0.1 Joint Testing

0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Time (hours) This important qualification test is conducted on joint
Regression line Points calculated 95% lower confidence limit line
prototypes of elastomeric gasket sealed couplings. This
Figure 5-6-6 FLOWTITE Line for Long Term Bending test is carried out in accordance with ASTM D4161, EN
1119 and ISO 8639. It incorporates some of the most
stringent joint performance requirements in the piping
Long Term Stiffness – Material Creep industry for pipe of any material within the pressure and
size ranges of FLOWTITE pipe. These standards require
The long term stiffness of FLOWTITE pipes has been that flexible joints withstand hydrostatic testing in
determined by conducting a test program following the configurations that simulate n-use conditions. Tests are
guidelines of ISO 10468 and analysed according to ISO performed at pressures twice those rated and 1 bar is
10928, method B. Two pipe samples with an initial used for gravity flow pipe. Joint configurations include
stiffness of 5800 Pa were tested and the average creep straight alignment, maximum angular rotation and
factor and 50 year stiffness computed. The creep factor differential shear loading. A partial vacuum test and
is the ratio between 50 year specific ring stiffness and cyclical pressure tests are also included. The long term
the initial stiffness. The average creep factor found in qualification test results are used for designing the
the laboratory tests was 0,75. This results in a long pipes as indicated in the international standards.

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 01 6 Underground Pipe System Design
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ANSI/AWWA Standard C950-95 and AWWA Manual Rigid pipes are always stronger and stiffer that the
05 M45 are the basic references for FLOWTITE soils, therefore the load concentrates on the pipe. The
underground design procedure. Our cost free electronic pipe has to carry this loading even over long times. And
06 AMISTAT tool is designed to support clients in doing with later soil movements, this loading may increase
calculations acc. to AWWA M45 and ATV 127. further.
07
Fibreglass pipes are flexible and can sustain large
deformation. Vertical loads (soil, traffic and water table) The flexible pipes will react dynamically, deflect and
08
determine a deflection depending on soil compaction transfer the loads to the side fill.
09 around the pipe and on ring stiffness of the pipe cross
section. The soil will settle to carry the load.
10
FLOWTITE pipes are flexible in most soils. Special Studies in sewer and pressure lines shows that the rate
11 attention needs to be given to the digging, side filling of failure in rigid pipes is more than in flexible pipes. A
and backfilling of the trench. This provides the calculation based on Procter Ashland is available on
12
necessary support of the pipe. It also prevents request.
distortion and possible damage by the soil and/or
traffic. Resistance to horizontal movement of the pipe
depends on the soil type, its density and moisture
content. The greater the soil resistance, the less the 6.1 Static Calculation Methods of
pipe will deform or move.
Underground Pipe System
The following figure shows the load distribution and
mobilisation of soil reaction, caused by soil compression
in interaction with the pipe’s flexibility and deformation. 6.1.1 Summary of AWWA Design
Chapter AWWA M-45
truck

The AWWA C-950-86 was revised and divided into 2 parts:

Ground Level • C950 This is now a performance standard like ASTM
• AWWA M-45 This is now a design manual. Chapter
5 gives the design method for underground
fibreglass pipes
Water table h

hW Design Calculations

• Calculate the pressure class

d

HDB*2*t*Eh
Pc ≤ FS*D

Eh = The tensile modulus of the structural layer

t = reinforced thickness of the pipe
D
The project pressure should be less than Pc; Pw ≤ Pc
Figure 6-1 Pipe Behavior under Traffic Load Pw= Working pressure or the design pressure

As the design is based on AWWA M-45, we are now • Surge Pressure

enclosing a summary of chapter 5 of the said standard. The surge pressure is 40% of Pw so
The GRP pipes, as they are flexible pipes, will deflect
and by that distribute the soil load to the stronger side Pw + PS
fill material. The consequences are as follows: Pc ≥ 1.4
• The side fill material has to carry the loading from
backfill, traffic, etc.
• The pipe gets less load.
• The pipe can concentrate on its purpose, the leak
free transport of the fluids.

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• Ring Bending
(1.2*Cn)(EI) *(wS*10 *MS*kh) *Rh
qa =
0.33 6 0.667

(FS)r 05
b = Df (Dy/D)*(tt/D) ≤ (Sb/FS)
06
where
07
Df is the deflection lag factor qa = allowable buckling pressure in kPa
Dy/D allowable long term deflection FS = design factor = 2.5
08
Sb Long term bending strain for pipe
FS Factor of safety =1.5 Cn = scalar calibration factor to account for some non 09
b= maximum ring bending strain due to deflecton linear effects = 0.55
fS = factor to account for variability in stiffness of 10
• The deflection is calculated as shown below: compacted soil; suggested as 0.9
kh = modulus correction factor for Poisson’s ratio, h 11
of the soil = (1+ h)(1-2 h)/(1- h)
Dy/D = (DL*Wc + WL) *Kx 12
(149*PS+6100*MS In the absence of specific information, it is
common to assume h = 0.3 then kh = 0.74
Rh = correction factor for depth of fill
Wc: vertical soil load N/m2= gS * H; where gS is the = 11.4/(11+D/1000 *h)
unit weight of soil and H is the burial depth with h = height of ground surface above top of
WL: Live load on the pipe. pipe
MS =composite soil constrained modulus
PS pipe stiffness and not STIS An alternate to equation above is

DL = Deflection lag factor usually taken at 1.5 1

qa = (FS )[1.2Cn(0.149PS)0.33](wS106MSkh)0.67
Kx = Bedding coefficient usually taken as 0.1
To determine the value of MS, separate values of Msn
for native soil and Msb for backfill should be determined Satisfaction of the buckling requirement is assured
and then combined. for typical pipe installations by using the following
MS = Sc*Msb equation:
Sc = Soil support
Msb = Constraint modulus of the pipe zone embedment [whw+ Rw (Wc)]*10-3+Pv ≤qa
Msn = Constraint modulus of native soil

• Combined Loading where:

Combined loading is when we combine the bending w = specific weight of water= 9800 N/m3
and the tension. The bending is from deflection and Pv = internal vacuum pressure (i.e., the atmospheric
the tension is from pressure pressure less absolute pressure inside pipe)
in kPa
Rw = water buoyancy factor =1-0.33(hw/h) (0≤hw≤h)
pr / HDB ≤ {1-(b*rc /Sb )} / FSpr
hw = height of water surface above the pipe top, m
If live loads are considered, satisfaction of the
and buckling requirement is ensured by:

b *rc /(Sb ) ≤ {1-(pr /HDB)/ FSb [whw+ Rw (Wc)+WL ]*10-3 ≤ qa

with FSpr = 1.8 and FSb = 1.5 Typically live load and internal vacuum are not
considered simultaneously.
pr = Pw*D/(2*t*Eh) and b = Df(dd/D)(tt/D)
with rc = 1 - Pw/3000 where Pw ≤ 3000 kPa The document contains different pipe designs, it is
dd/D = maximum permitted deflection and not the advisable that the examples are made manually so that
calculated one the trainee can have the feeling of this standard. AWWA
calculations are based on proctor density. Ashland
• Buckling calculation is available on request.
The allowable bucking pressure is determined qa is
determined by the following equation

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6.1.2 Summary of ATV-DVWK-A 127 Verification of Deformation
05
The calculation of the pipe static [design] according to In according to ATV-A 127 the max. long term
06 ATV-A 127 can in general be divided into two steps: deformation is the allowable value nec V = 6%. Please
• calculation of load distribution around the pipe consult the supplier for calculation small diameters
07 • execution of the relevant verifications: deformation-, DN ≤ 250 and for case > 5% deflection of diameter.
stability- and elongation verifications The real deformation can be calculated using the
08
following equation:
09
Load distribution around the pipe
10 v = dv
dm
*100% < nec v

qv = PG * pE + pV
11
with
12
with dm = mean pipe diameter
qv = vertical soil stress on pipe dv = vertical change of pipe diameter as a result of
PG = concentration factor above the pipe; external loads
2*r
consideration the flexible (RG <1) or rigit (RG >1) dv = 8*S *(cv,qv*qv + cv,qh*qh + cv,qh*qh)
m
0

reaction of the pipe-soil-system

pE = soil stresses due the earth load with c(i), q(i): see above
pE =  * S * h with
 = reduction factor for trench loads into
according to Silo Theory Verification of Stability
Silo Theory: Friction forces on existing trench
walls can lead to a reduction of the Verification of Stability soil and traffic load
ground stress.
S = unit weight of the soil crit qv
h = height of the cover above the pipe qv = qv
> nec 
pV = soil stresses due the traffic load
pV =  x p with
 = impact coefficient for traffic loads with
p = soil stresses due the traffic load nec  = necessary safety coefficient
qv = vertical soil stress on pipe, see above
crit qv = critical vertical total load
qh = K2*(S*pE+S* d2 ) e

VRB ≤ 0,1: crit qv = 2*v2* 8*S0*SBh

1
with VRB > 0,1: crit qv = v2*(3 + 3*VRB
)*8*S0
qh = horizontal soil stress on pipe
K2 = ground pressure ratio in soil zones S0, SBh, VRB: see above
de = external pipe diameter v2 = reduction factor of the critical
S = concentration factor in soil adjacent to pipe buckling load

ch,qv*qv + ch,qh*qh
qh* = VRB - ch,qh Verification of Stability external water pressure

* Indication for the equation number in according to ATV-DVWK-A 127

crit pe
qe = pe
> nec 
with
qh* = horizontal bedding reaction pressure
c(i) = deformation coefficients addicted to bedding angle with
VRB = system stiffness; if VRB < 1, the soil-pipe-system nec  = necessary safety coefficient
is flexible pe = external water pressure
VRB = 8S* S with
Bh
0
pe = W * hW with
S0 = pipe stiffness W = unit weight of water
SBh = horizontal bedding stiffness hW = height of water level above the pipe crown

12
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04
crit pe = critical external water pressure p calculated value of the outer fibre strains
crit pe = e*D*8*S0 with p = 4,28 * ds * (Ddd ) frac
05
m m

e = reduction factor of the critical buckling load

D = snap-through coefficient with: 06
S0 = pipe stiffness, see above s = wall thickness, pipe
07
dm = mean pipe diameter
Dd
= calculated value of relative fracture deformation
frac
d m 08
Verification of Stability vertical total load and
external water pressure (simultaneous influence) d frac / d m in % 09
Nominal Ring Stiffness N/m 2
short term long term

1 10
= qv,A pe
< nec  SN 2500 25 15
+
crit qv crit pe SN 5000 20 12
11
SN 10000 15 9

12
with Table 6-1-1 Cut Out
nec  = necessary safety coefficient
qv,A = qv with max. height of water level above the p = weighted calculated value of outer fibre elongations
pipe (take into consideration the buoyancy) p = p *p ++ pp *
E PL V PK

E V
crit qV, pe, crit pe: see above
with:
PL = calculated long term value of outer fibre
Verification of Elongation strains
PK = calculated short term value of outer fibre
The verification of elongation has to be calculated strains.
separately for the part of the crown, the haunch and the E = soil stresses due the earth load, see above
invert and these for the inside and outside of the pipe. V = soil stresses due the traffic load, see above
Together you have to do six verifications.
If a higher internal pressure is in the pipe one has to do
(not represented here) up to 18 different verifications of Coefficient to safety
elongation (in consideration of the load cases).
The necessary global safety coefficient of the safety
class A (rule) nec  for the verification of elongation of
= P

> erf  glass fibre reinforced pipes in according to ATV-
DVWK-A 127 nec  = 2.0.
If premilary deformation with reduction factor of the
With the following values of elongation: critical buckling (v2 and e) is taken into account, the
 measured compression set of the deformation layer necessary global safety coefficient of stability in
 = 2*r s*8*S * ( s*N
3
6
 M*aC) according to ATV-DVWK-A 127 is nec  = 2,0 too.
m 0

with
N = summary of normal forces
M = summary of bending moments
S0 = pipe stiffness, see above
s = wall thickness, pipe
C = correction factor for curvature
rm = radius of the centroidal axis of the pipe wall

Information: The forces and moments have to be

calculated separately for the part of the crown, the
haunch and the invert.

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6.2 Buoyancy The water hammer pressure expected for FLOWTITE
05 pipe is approximately 50% of that for steel and ductile
If the water table (or level) is at ground level then a check iron pipe under similar conditions. FLOWTITE pipe has
06 for buoyancy effects is required. The combined load, a surge pressure allowance of 40% of the nominal
Fdown, (N/m) due to the sum of loads, weight of the soil, pressure. An approximate relationship for the maximum
07
Ws, (N/m) plus weight of pipe, Wp, (N/m) and its pressure variation at a given point in a straight pipeline
contents, Wi, (N/m) has to be greater than the upwards with negligible friction loss can be calculated with the
08
buoyancy force, Fup, i.e. formula:
09
WS + WP + WI = Fdown H = (wv)/g
10

11 where where:
h
WS = OD*s*(1- 3hw
) H = change in pressure (meters)
12
and Fdown ≥ FUP w = surge wave celerity (meters/sec)
where v = change in liquid velocity (meters/sec)
FUP = 4 *OD2-w g = acceleration due to gravity (meters/sec2)
In the above,
hw = height of water above top of pipe (m) DN 300-400 450-800 900-2500 2800-3000

h = height of soil above top of pipe (m) SN 2500

w = specific water density (kg/m3) PN 6 365 350 340 330

PN 10 435 420 405 390

PN 16 500 490 480 470

SN 5000
6.3 Hydro-Testing PN 6 405 380 370 360

PN 10 435 420 410

Maximum Factory Test Pressure 2.0 x PN (Pressure Class) PN 16 505 495 480
Maximum allowable Field Test Pressure for pipes is 1.5 PN 25 575 570 560
x PN (Pressure Class)
SN 10000
Pressure and diameter upper limit are functions of the
PN 6 420 415 410 400
hydrotest capacity in the plants. The field practice
PN 10 435 425 415
according to standards defines the field test pressure
PN 16 500 495 485
as
PN 25 580 570 560

PN 32 620 615 615

N x Working Pressure
Table 6-4-1 Surge Wave Celerity for FLOWTITE Pipes
(meters/sec.)
with “N” varying from 1.2 – 1.5 according to standards.

DN 100 125 150 200 250

SN 10000

6.4 Surge and Water Hammer PN 6 580 560 540 520 500

PN 10 590 570 560 540 520

Water hammer or pressure surge is the sudden rise or PN 16 640 620 610 600 590
fall in pressure caused by an abrupt change in the fluid
Table 6-4-2 Surge Wave Celerity for Small Diameter
velocity within the pipe system. The usual cause of
Pipes
these flow changes is the rapid closing or opening of
valves or sudden starting or stopping of pumps such as
during a power failure. The most important factors ! Note: There has been some rounding, within 2%, in
which influence the water hammer pressure in a pipe the above values. Please contact your FLOWTITE
system are the change in velocity of the fluid, rate of supplier if more accurate values are required for a
change of the velocity (valve closing time), transient analysis.
compressibility of the fluid, stiffness of the pipe in the
circumferential “hoop” direction and the physical layout
of the pipe system.

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6.5 Load Capacity Values 6.6 Flow Velocity
05
For design purposes the following values can be used The recommended flow velocity for GRP pipes is 3.0m/
for hoop tensile and axial tensile load capacity. sec. Depending on the transported fluid in the pipe, 06
higher flow velocities are possible and accepted.
DN PN1 PN6 PN10 PN16 PN20 PN25 PN32 07
300 60 360 600 960 1200 1500 1920
08
350 70 420 700 1120 1400 1750 2240

400 80 480 800 1280 1600 2000 2560 6.7 UV Resistance 09

450 90 540 900 1440 1800 2250 2880

500 100 600 1000 1600 2000 2500 3200 There is no ultraviolet degradation that affects the long 10
600 120 720 1200 1920 2400 3000 3840 term service life of FLOWTITE pipes. The outermost
surface will be affected, and discolouring of the surface 11
700 140 840 1400 2240 2800 3500 4480

800 160 960 1600 2560 3200 4000 5120

can be observed. If so desired, the installing contractor
12
900 180 1080 1800 2880 3600 4500 5760
may paint the exterior surface of FLOWTITE pipe.
However, this will then become an item requiring future
1000 200 1200 2000 3200 4000 5000 6400
maintenance. With its long and vast experience in the
1100 220 1320 2200 3520 4400 5500 7040
Middle East under humid, desert conditions and in
1200 240 1440 2400 3840 4800 6000 7680
Scandinavia in alternating dark and cold winters and
1400 280 1680 2800 4480 5600 7000 8960
the use of above ground pipes for more than 30 years,
1600 320 1920 3200 5120 6400 8000 10240
FLOWTITE does not have any evidence of a structural
1800 360 2160 3600 5760 7200 9000 11520
effect of the radiation on the pipes
2000 400 2400 4000 6400 8000 10000 –

2200 440 2640 4400 7040 8800 11000 –

2400 480 2880 4800 7680 9600 12000 –

2600 520 3120 5200 8320 10400 – – 6.8 Poisson’s Ratio

2800 560 3360 5600 8960 11200 – –

3000 600 3600 6000 9600 12000 – – Poisson’s ratio is influenced by the pipe construction.
For FLOWTITE pipe, the ratio for hoop (circumferential)
Table 6-5-1 Hoop Tensile Load Capacity
Minimum initial hoop (circumferential) load, N per mm of length.
loads and axial response ranges from 0.22 to 0.29. For
axial loading and circumferential response Poisson’s
DN PN1 PN6 PN10 PN16 PN20 PN25 PN32 ratio will be slightly less.
300 95 115 140 150 170 190 220

350 100 125 150 165 190 215 255

6.9 Temperature
400 105 130 160 185 210 240 285

450 110 140 175 205 235 265 315

500 115 150 190 220 250 290 345

Depending on the operating temperature and the type
600 125 165 220 255 295 345 415
of resin used in the production of the pipes and fittings,
700 135 180 250 290 340 395 475
the pressure class may be affected at high
800 150 200 280 325 380 450 545
temperatures. For details please contact your local
900 165 215 310 355 420 505 620
manufacturer. Special tailormade solutions for high
1000 185 230 340 390 465 560 685 temperature applications are available on request.
1100 195 245 360 420 505 600 715

1200 205 260 380 460 560 660 785

1400 225 290 420 530 630 760 1015

1600 250 320 460 600 820 918 1108 6.10 Thermal Coefficient
1800 275 350 500 670 912 1023 1237

2000 300 380 540 740 1003 1126 – The thermal coefficient of axial expansion and
2200 325 410 595 883 1095 1229 – contraction for FLOWTITE pipe is 24 to 30 x 10-6 cm/
2400 350 440 620 1063 1186 1332 –
cm/°C.
2600 375 470 956 1144 1276 – –

2800 410 510 1022 1225 1376 – –

3000 455 545 1090 1306 1458 – –

Table 6-5-2 Axial Tensile Load Capacity

Minimum initial axial (longitudinal) load, N per mm of circumference.

15
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6.11 Flow Coefficients 6.13 External Collapse Pressure
05
Based on tests carried out in existing installations on Where pipes may be exposed to external pressure,
06 FLOWTITE pipe, the Colebrook-White coefficient may such as in tanks, buoyant systems, subsea etc., the
be taken as 0.029 mm. This corresponds to a Hazen- resistance against collapse may become important.
07
Williams flow coefficient of approximately C=150. The
Manning coefficient n = 0.009 Minimum Ultimate collapse pressure in bars
08
To assist the designer with estimating the head-loss
09 associated with using FLOWTITE pipe, figures below
have been provided. PB = 2.5*1- E *  =*( Tr )3
H E
XY YX m

10

11 The buckling pressure uses the formula for thin wall

pipes (r/t> 10). It is also depending on the diameter/
12
spacing of stiffeners ratio.

! Note: Using 75% of the minimum ultimate collapse

pressure as external pressure rating is generally well
accepted for industrial usage.

For pipes used in marine environments, such as at

bottoms of sea going vessels, use 30% of the minimum
ultimate collapse pressure.
Figure 6-11-1 Head Loss – Small Diameters

6.14 Hydraulics
FLOWTITE pipes have a lot of hydraulic features which
ultimately lead to reduced pressure drop, minimise
pumping energy and also enhance the pipeline flow.

The flow characteristics of FLOWTITE pipes can be

compared to steel in various ways.

Figure 6-11-2 Head Loss – Large Diameters 6.15 Liquid Flow

FLOWTITE pipes provide several advantages over
metallic non-metallic pipes, these advantages are:
6.12 Abrasion Resistance • Smooth inner surface, results in less pressure drop
or less required pumping pressure. This leads to
Abrasion resistance can be related to the effects that substantial cost savings.
sand or other similar material may have on the interior • The inner surface remains smooth over the service
surface of the pipe. While there is no widely life of the pipeline, leads to constant pressure drop.
standardised testing procedure or ranking method, • FLOWTITE inner diameter is larger than steel or
FLOWTITE pipe has been evaluated by using the thermoplastic pipes, leads to higher flow capacity,
Darmstadt Rocker method. Results are highly lower flow velocity and lower pressure drop.
influenced by the type of abrasive material used in the
test. Using gravel which was obtained from the same
source as that used at Darmstadt University, the 6.15.1 Pressure Reduction
average abrasion loss of FLOWTITE pipe is 0.34 mm at
100.000 cycles. The smooth interior of FLOWTITE pipes compared to
steel is a great advantage in reducing the pressure
drop.

16
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02

03

04
For many years water engineers have used the Hazen L = Length of pipeline, m
Williams’s factor as an indication of the smoothness A = Cross section area of pipes, m2 05
and good performance of pipes. R = Hydraulic radius, m = A/Wp
Wp = Wetted perimeter of pipe, m 06
FLOWTITE Hazen William factor = 150 n = Manning roughness factor
07
= 0.009 for typical fibreglass pipe.
FLOWTITE pipes have another advantage in that the
08
inner surface roughness does not change with time.
Steel or ductile inner surface roughness increases with 6.15.4 Fluid Pipeline Equations 09
time due to internal corrosion and chemical attack, which
is not the case with FLOWTITE pipes. General Equation Darcy-Wesibach equation 10
The Darcy-Wesibach equation applies to all fluids at full
flow pipe. 11
6.15.2 Pressure Drop/Loss Calculations
12
Hf= fL (v2)/2(ID) g
All methods and formulas used for metallic pipes can
also be used for FLOWTITE, taking into consideration
characteristics such as smooth inner surface, where Hf = Pressure drop, Pa (N/m2)
dimensions and material properties. g = gravitational constant = 9.81m/sec2
Hazen-Williams equation. f = friction factor
Applicable to water pipes under conditions of full L = Pipeline length, m
turbulent flow  = Fluid velocity, m/s
ID = Pipe inner diameter, m
hf = 240*106(100/C)1.85(Q1.85/d4.87)

6.15.5 Friction Factor Formulas

where hf = friction factor m of water/100 m
Q = flow rate in l/sec Friction factor is a function of the following:
ID = pipe inner diameter, meter Fluid density
C = Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient Pipe inner diameter
= 150 (typical value for fibreglass pipes) Fluid velocity
L = Pipe line length, m Fluid dynamic viscosity

The head loss for any liquid These four characteristics in sum is what is called Re
(Reynolds number)
P= (hf)(SG)/0.102
ID
Re = m
where P = pressure loss, kPa
SG = Specific gravity of the liquid
where  = Fluid velocity, m/s
ID = Pipe inner diameter, m
6.15.3 Manning Equation  = Fluid dynamic viscosity, Ns/m2 (Pa s)

The Manning equation is used for water pipes with If Re < 2000 Flow is laminar, then
partial flow. This is normally the case in gravity flow,
drainage lines and sewage applications where the
64
pipeline is under the influence of an elevation head only. f= Re

Qm= (1000/n) (S) (A)R
0.5 0.667

where Qm = Flow rate, l/sec

S = Hydraulic gradient of slope = (H1-H2)/L
H1 = Upstream elevation, m
H2 = Downstream elevation, m

17
 01 7 Product Range
02

03

04
If Re > 4000 Flow is turbulent, then FLOWTITE pipe systems are supplied in nominal
05 diameters ranging from DN 100 up to DN 4000 mm.
1/ft0.5 = -2log((e/ID)/3.7)+2.51/(Re)(ft0.5) Larger and intermediate diameters are also available on
06 request.

07
where f = friction factor The standard diameter range in mm is defined as below:
K = absolute inner surface roughness, m
08 100 · 150 · 200 · 250 · 300 · 350 · 400 · 450 · 500 · 600 · 700 · 800 · 900 · 1000
ID = inner pipe diameter, m
1100 · 1200 · 1400 · 1600 · 1800 · 2000 · 2200 · 2400 · 2600 · 2800 · 3000
09 Re = Reynolds number

10 This equation requires a trial and error iterative solution. The locally manufactured standard diameter range
One simplification to this formula with accuracy within varies according to manufacturing facilities. For detailed
11 1% is: information, please do not hesitate to contact your
contact person on site. Larger diameters than DN 3000
12
ft=(1.8log(Re/7))-2 up to 4000 mm and other diameters are available on
request.

6.15.6 Pressure Drop in Fittings

7.1 Stiffness Classes
Total head loss in the fittings can be calculated using
the following equation The stiffness of a pipe indicates the ability of the pipe
to resist external load, and negative pressures. It is an
=Sum K*(v2/2g) indication of its rigidity.

It is a measured resistance of a deflection of a ring

where k = resistance coefficient for each fitting type sample by testing in accordance with international
and configuration standards. It is the value obtained by dividing the force
V = flow velocity in the pipeline, m/s needed to deflect the specimen by 3% (ISO standard)
per unit length of the specimen. The CEN and the ISO
standards define stiffness by the following:
6.15.7 Darcy Equation for „Minor Losses“

EI
To calculate losses in piping systems with both pipe S= dm3
friction and minor losses use

(Sum K +ft (L/ID))(v2/2g) where

S = the pipe stiffness as determined by testing
E = the apparent modulus of elasticity
where (k) = the sum of the „k“ friction factors for the I = the second moment of inertia, it is the second
fittings in the pipe moment of area per unit length of pipe wall section
V = flow velocity in m4 per m
g = gravitational constant

t3
I= 12
Description K factors

90 degree, standard elbow 0.400*

0-30 degree, single miter 0.150* where t = thickness of the pipe.

45-60 degree, double miter 0.240*

Tee, straight flow 0.400* According to the American standards ASTM, the
Tee, flow to branch 1.400* stiffness is measured at 5% and expressed as
F
Tee, flow from branch 1.700*  in psi it is the pipe stiffness and not the Specific
y

Reducer single size reduction 0.075* Tangential Initial Stiffness “S” mentioned earlier
Reducer double size reduction 0.075**
where F= Load per unit length in pounds per inch
y is the vertical deflection in inches
Table 6-15-1 Friction Factor for Segmented Fittings FLOWTITE pipe systems show the following specific
* evaluated ** AWWA
initial stiffness (EI/D3) expressed in N/m2.

18
 8 Pipe Joining 01

02

03

04
Stiffness Class Stiffness Stiffness (ASTM) FLOWTITE pipe sections are typically joined using
SN (N/m 2) (psi)
FLOWTITE GRP couplings. All FLOWTITE GRP pipe 05
2500 2500 18
solutions have a proven jointing system that secures
5000 5000 36
the systems work through its whole estimated service 06
10000 10000 72 life. The system also offers solutions for transitions to
07
Table 7-1-1 Standard Stiffness Classes other materials such as connection to valves or other
accessories. The pipes are typically jointed using
08
Other stiffness classes are available on request. We FLOWTITE GRP couplings based on the REKA system.
also supply custom-designed pipe systems with a Pipes and couplings can be alternatively supplied 09
stiffness tailored to the needs of the project. separately or pre-assembled at one of the female pipe
ends. The couplings have an elastomeric sealing gasket 10
(REKA system) based in a precision-machined groove.
They also include a stopper in the middle of the coupling. 11
7.2 Pressure The REKA gasket system has been proven in use for
12
more than 75 years.
Our FLOWTITE pipes can be supplied in the pressures
classes listed below:

Pressure Class Pressure Rating Upper diameter Gasket Stopper

PN Bar limit

1 (gravity) 1 3000
Figure 8-1 Standard GRP Coupling
6 6 3000

10 10 3000 Pressure pipes systems with unbalanced and axial thrust

16 16 3000 forces need support by thrust blocks or by the use of
20 20 3000 restrained jointing systems. For standard pipe systems,
25 25 2400 thrust blocks are used to transfer the forces to the soil.
32 32 1800 Another method involves using biaxial pipes and/or key
lock joint systems which reliably absorb the axial forces.
Table 7-2-1 Standard Pressure Classes
This often supersedes the installation of concrete blocks
and makes the investment more time- and cost-effective.
Not all pressure classes are locally available in all
diameters and stiffness. For detailed information, please
do not hesitate to contact your local FLOWTITE pipe
manufacturer or the AMIANTIT Group. Custom-designed
Gasket Stopper
pipes with pressure tailored to the needs of the project
are also available. Figure 8-2 Standard Lock Joint

The pipe’s pressure ratings have been established in

accordance with the design approach outlined in Joint Angular Deflection
international standards. Pipes are pressure rated at full
operating pressure, even when buried to the maximum The joint is extensively tested and qualified in accordance
depth recommended and taking into account the with ASTM D4161, ISO DIS8639 and EN 1119. Maximum
combined load approaches stated in those standards. angular deflection (turn) at each coupling joint, measured
as the change in adjacent pipe centre lines, must not
exceed the amounts given in table below.
! Note: The angular deflection is specified as total
7.3 Lengths deflection including the deflection due to settlement.
Use 50-70% of the value in initial installation.
The standard length of FLOWTITE is 6 or 12m. Coupling
Individually tailored lengths up to 24 meters are also
Pipe
available on request. Diameters smaller than 300 mm
are only available in 6 meter standard lengths. Offset
FLOWTITE pipe systems can also be supplied in other
lengths for special orders. Deflection
angle
Radius of
curvature
Figure 8-3 Offset and Radius of Curvature

19
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02

03

04
Pressure (PN) in bars 8.1 Other Joining Systems
05 Nom. Pipe Up to 16 20 25 32
Diameter (mm)
GRP Flanges
Max. Angle of
06 Deflection (deg)

DN ≤ 500 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5

The standard bolt pattern to which our flanges are
07
manufactured is in accordance with ISO2084. Other
500 < DN ≤ 800 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.0 bolting dimension systems such as AWWA, ANSI, DIN
08
900 < DN ≤ 1800 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.5 and JIS can also be supplied. Loose and fixed flanges
09 are available for all pressure classes.
DN > 1800 0.5 NA NA NA
Contact moulded flanged joints
10
Table 8-1 Max. Angular Deflection in soft soil at
11 Double Coupling Joint
12 'O' Ring Gasket

Maximum Offset (mm) Radius of Curvature

Angle of Pipe length (m) Pipe length
Deflection Metal Flange Fiberglass Flange
(deg)
3m 6m 12 m 3m 6m 12 m
Figure 8-1-1 Flanged Joint
3.0 157 314 628 57 115 229

2.5 136 261 523 69 137 275

Fixed flange joints
2.0 105 209 419 86 172 344
d2
1.5 78 157 313 114 228 456
L
1.3 65 120 240 132 265 529
b2
1.0 52 105 209 172 344 688

0.8 39 78 156 215 430 860 k

0.5 26 52 104 344 688 1376 D

Figure 8-1-2 Fixed Flanged Joint

Table 8-2 Offset and Radius of Curvature

Loose ring flange

Figure 8-1-3 Loose Ring with Flat Gasket

incl. Steel Support

Mechanical Steel Couplings

When connecting FLOWTITE pipe to other materials

with different outside diameters, flexible steel couplings
are one of the preferred jointing methods. These
couplings consist of a steel mantle with an interior
rubber sealing sleeve. They may also be used to join
FLOWTITE pipe sections together, for example in a
repair or for closure. Three grades are commonly
available:

20
 01

02

03

04
• Coated steel mantle Laminated Joints (Butt strap)
• Stainless steel mantle 05
• Hot dip galvanised steel mantle Laminated Joints are typically used where the
transmission of axial forces from internal pressure is 06
required, or as a repair method. The length and
07
thickness of the lay-up depends on diameter and
pressure.
08

Detailed information about the local availability of joints 09

and joining systems can be requested from your local
supplier. 10

11

12

Figure 8-1-4 Flexible Mechanical Joint

Mechanical couplings have been used to join pipes of Figure 8-1-6 Laminated Joint
different materials and diameters, and to adapt to flange
outlets. FLOWTITE Technology has found a wide
manufacturing variance in these couplings, including
bolt size, number of bolts and gasket design which
makes standardised recommendations impossible. If a
mechanical joint is used to join FLOWTITE to another
pipe material then a dual independent bolting system
allows for the independent tightening of the FLOWTITE
side, which typically requires less torque than
recommended by the coupling manufacturer

If the installer intends to use a specific design (brand

and model) of mechanical coupling, he is advised to
consult with the local FLOWTITE pipe supplier prior to
its purchase. The pipe supplier can then advise under
what specific conditions, if any, this design might be
suitable for use with FLOWTITE.

Figure 8-1-5 Dual Bolt Mechanical Coupling

21
 01 9 Pipe Classification Selection
02

03

04
The selection of FLOWTITE pipe is based on stiffness Stiffness is selected according to two parameters.
05 and pressure class requirements. The GRP is a flexible These are: (1) burial conditions, which include native
material. The design is based on an interaction of the soil, type of backfill and cover depth and (2) negative
06 pipe and soil support. Unlike concrete and other rigid pressure, if it exists.
material, the design of the pipe takes into account the
07
native soil and the backfill. The flexibility of the pipe, The native soil characteristics are rated according to
combined with the natural structural behaviour of soils, ASTM D1586 Standard Penetration Test. Some typical
08
provides and ideal combination for transferring vertical soil blow count values relative to soil types and density
09 load. Unlike stiff pipes, which would break under are given in Table 9-2.
excessive vertical load, the pipe’s flexibility combined
10 with its high strength allows it to bend and redistribute A wide range of backfill soil types are offered in
the load to the surrounding soil. Table 9-3 to allow each installation to be customised
11 providing the most economical installation. In many
instances, the native trench soils can be used as pipe
12
Rigid vs Flexible Conduits zone backfill.

Assuming standard trench construction, and an

allowable long term deflection of 5% for pipe diameters
300 mm and larger, and 4% for smaller diameters, the
maximum allowable cover depths, with consideration
for traffic loads, for the three different stiffness classes
in the six native soil groups are given the “FLOWTITE
Instruction for buried pipes”.

Figure 9-1 Flexible Conduit Rigid Conduit The correlation between the backfill soil classification,
the native soil groups, pipe stiffness and burial depth is
given in the “FLOWTITE Guide for Buried Pipes”. The
Stiffness second parameter for pipe stiffness class selection is
negative pressure, if it exists. Table 9-4 shows which
The stiffness of FLOWTITE pipe is selected from one of stiffness to select for various amounts of negative
the three stiffness classes listed below. The stiffness pressure and burial.
class represents the pipe’s minimum initial specific
stiffness (EI/D3) in N/m2. The following information is a partial review of
installation procedures; it is not intended to replace the
installation instructions which must be followed for any
SN N/mm 2
project. For more details please request our FLOWTITE
2500 2500
underground / aboveground installation manual. Our
5000 5000
subsidiaries are also always at your service.
10000 10000

Table 9-1 Stiffness Class

Soil Granular Cohesive Modulus

group Blow count1 Description q u kPa Description M sn

1 > 15 Compact > 200 Very stiff 34.50

2 8 - 15 Slightly compact 100 - 200 Stiff 20.70

3 4-8 Loose 50 - 100 Medium 10.30

4 2-4 25 - 50 Soft 4.80

5 1-2 Very loose 13 - 25 Very soft 1.40

6 0-1 Very very loose 0 - 13 Very very soft 0.34

1
Standard penetration test per ASTM D1586

Table 9-2 Native Soil Stiffness Groups. Values of Constrained Modulus, Msn

22
 01

02

03

04
Backfill Soil
Stiffness Category Description of Backfill Soils
05
SC1 Crushed rock with < 15% sand, maximum 25% passing the 9.5 mm sieve
and maximum 5% fines2).
06
SC2 Clean, coarse-grained soils: SW, SP1), GW, GP or any soil beginning with
one of these symbols with 12% or less fines2).
07
SC3 Clean, coarse-grained soils with fines: GM, GC, SM, SC or any soil
beginning with one of these symbols with 12% or more fines2).
08
Sandy or gravely fine-grained soils: CL, ML, (or CL-ML, CL/ML, ML/CL)
with 30% or more retained on a no. 200 sieve
09
SC4 Fine grained soils: CL, ML, (or CL-ML, CL/ML, ML/CL) with 30% or less
retained on a no. 200 sieve
10
Note: Symbols in table are according to the Unified Soil Classification Designation, ASTM D2487
1)
Uniform fine sand, SP, with more than 50% passing no. 100 sieve (0.15 mm) is very sensitive
to moisture and is not recommended as backfill. 11
2)
% fines is the weight percentage of soil particles that pass no. 200 sieve with 0.076 mm opening

12
Table 9-3 Backfill Soil Type Classification

DN SN 2500 SN 5000 SN 10000

mm 3m 6m 12 m 3m 6m 12 m 3m 6m 12 m

100 - - - - - - 1.00 1.00 -

150 - - - - - - 1.00 1.00 -

200 - - - - - - 1.00 1.00 -

250 - - - - - - 1.00 1.00 -

300 0.28 0.25 0.25 0.53 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00

350 0.30 0.25 0.25 0.55 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00

400 0.32 0.25 0.25 0.58 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00

450 0.32 0.26 0.25 0.61 0.51 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00

500 0.39 0.26 0.25 0.66 0.51 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00

600 0.48 0.27 0.25 0.78 0.52 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00

700 0.66 0.28 0.25 1.00 0.54 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00

800 0.74 0.30 0.25 1.00 0.56 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00

900 0.77 0.32 0.25 1.00 0.59 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00

1000 0.82 0.36 0.26 1.00 0.64 0.51 1.00 1.00 1.00

1100 0.88 0.39 0.26 1.00 0.66 0.51 1.00 1.00 1.00

1200 0.95 0.46 0.26 1.00 0.77 0.52 1.00 1.00 1.00

1300 0.97 0.53 0.27 1.00 0.85 0.52 1.00 1.00 1.00

1400 1.00 0.62 0.28 1.00 0.98 0.53 1.00 1.00 1.00

1600 1.00 0.73 0.29 1.00 1.00 0.56 1.00 1.00 1.00

1800 1.00 0.77 0.32 1.00 1.00 0.59 1.00 1.00 1.00

2000 1.00 0.81 0.35 1.00 1.00 0.63 1.00 1.00 1.00

2200 1.00 0.87 0.40 1.00 1.00 0.69 1.00 1.00 1.00

2400 1.00 0.94 0.45 1.00 1.00 0.76 1.00 1.00 1.00

2600 1.00 1.00 0.50 1.00 1.00 0.84 1.00 1.00 1.00

2800 1.00 1.00 0.55 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.00

3000 1.00 1.00 0.60 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Table 9-4 Maximum Allowable Negative Pressure (bars) for Unburied Sections
– Pipe Length between Restraints 3 m / 6 m / 12 m

23
 01 10 General Installation
02

03

04
Long life and the good performance characteristics of The maximum allowable long term diametrical
05 FLOWTITE pipe can only be achieved by proper handling deflection is 5% for diameters 300 mm and larger, and
and installation of the pipe. It is important for the owner, 4% for smaller diameters. These values apply to all
06 engineer and contractor to understand that glass- stiffness classes.
reinforced plastic (GRP) pipe is designed to utilise the
07
bedding and pipe zone backfill support that will result Bulges, flat areas or other abrupt changes of pipe wall
from recommended installation procedures. Engineers curvature are not permitted. All point loads should be
08
have found through considerable experience that properly avoided. Pipe installed outside of these limitations may
09 compacted granular materials are ideal for backfilling not perform as intended.
GRP pipe. Together, the pipe and embedment material
10 form a high- performance “pipe-soil system.” For Refer to “FLOWTITE installation guide for buried pipes”
complete installation instructions, consult the FLOWTITE and the “FLOWTITE aboveground installation manual”
11 Instructions for Buried Pipe. for details.
12
The following information is a partial review of installation
procedures; it is not intended to replace the installation Manholes/Valve Chambers
instructions which must be followed for any project
The FLOWTITE standard finished manholes and valve
chambers are preferably used for laying sewer and
Installation design Parameters closed pressure pipe systems as well as for the
installation of fittings and armatures. AMIANTIT offers
standard manholes as well as tangential manholes.
Standard manholes have a fibreglass shaft connected to
Ground level Live load
the manhole bottom and are manufactured in accordance
with local regulations. Our manhole product range is
Groundwater level
Burial depth well known for its light weight and high buoyancy safety.
and soil density

Pipe stiffness The configuration, location and sizes of the inlet and
Backfill stiffness
class, compaction outlet pipes along with the internal channel can be
and vertical made to suit the site conditions. The pipe connections
stress level
Internal vacuum are leak proof and could be made to suit any sewer
Native soil
stiffness at pipe pipes used. Both the slopes and the angles of the
Trench width zone elevation
drains and the inlet locations can be set as required to
Figure 10-1 Installation Design Parameters accommodate the project requirements.

Bedding

The trench bed, of suitable material, should provide

uniform and continuous support for the pipe.

Checking the Installed Pipe

After installation of each pipe, the maximum diametrical

vertical deflection must be checked. With FLOWTITE
pipe this procedure is fast and easy. Figure 10-2 Valve Chambers

Installed Diametrical Deflection

The maximum allowable initial diametrical deflection

(typically vertical) must be as follows:
Maximum Initial Deflection

> DN 300 ≤ DN 250

3% 2.5 %

Table 10-1 Stiffness Class Figure 10-3 Standard and Tangential Manhole

24
 01

02

03

04
Fittings The block must completely surround the fitting for its
entire length and circumference and should be placed 05
FLOWTITE Technology has created a standardised line either against undisturbed earth or backfilled with pipe
of GRP fittings that are moulded or fabricated using the zone materials as appropriate for the native soil 06
same materials that are used to produce FLOWTITE characteristics.
07
pipe. One of the benefits of FLOWTITE pipe is the
ability to fabricate a wide assortment of fittings, both These blocks are applicable to:
08
standard and non-standard.
1 All bends, reducers, bulkheads and blind flanges. 09
Our FLOWTITE fittings can be supplied in the pressure 2 Tees*, when the branch pipe is concentric to the
classes listed below: header pipe centreline. 10
! Note*: It is not necessary to encase nozzle
Pressure Class Pressure Rating Upper diameter connections in concrete. 11
PN Bar limit

1 (gravity) 1 3000 12
Nozzles are tee branches meeting all the following criteria:
6 6 3000

10 10 3000 1 Nozzle diameter < 300 mm.

16 16 3000 2 Header diameter > 3 times nozzle diameter
20 20 3000 3 If the nozzle is not concentric and/or not
25 25 2400 perpendicular to the header pipe axis, the nozzle
32 32 1800 diameter is considered to be the longest chord
distance on the header pipe wall at the nozzle/pipe
Table 10-2 Product Range intersection

The block must completely surround the fitting for its

Thrust Block Requirements entire length and circumference and should be placed
either against undisturbed earth or backfilled with pipe
The fitting information contained in this manual is zone material as appropriate for the native soil character-
directed towards standard buried FLOWTITE pipes. The istics. These blocks are required for the following fittings
fittings constructions are based on the fittings being when the line pressure exceeds 100 kPa (1 bar):
installed according to FLOWTITE Pipe Handling and
Buried Installation instructions. These instructions are 1 Bifurcations.
predicated on axial forces being resisted by thrust 2 Custom fittings as noted by special instructions.
restraints. The following is a summary of guidelines.
The FLOWTITE Installation Instructions should be
consulted for full details. General instructions

Standard FLOWTITE pipes and fittings are joined by

Thrust Restraints double bell couplings that can only resist limited axial
thrust:
When the pipeline is pressurised, unbalanced thrust
forces occur at bends, reducers, tees, wyes, bulk heads One of the most common methods of providing
and other changes in line direction. These forces must resistance to thrust forces is the use of thrust blocks.
be restrained in some manner to prevent joint separation. Resistance is provided by transferring the thrust force
When the surrounding soil cannot provide this restraint, to the soil through the larger bearing area of the block,
thrust or stress/thrust blocks must be used. Determination such that the resultant pressure against the soil does not
of need and design of these restraints is the responsibility exceed the horizontal bearing strength of the soil.
of the owner‘s engineer subject to the following Design of thrust blocks consists of determining the
limitations. appropriate bearing area of the block for a particular set
of conditions. The parameters involved in the design
include pipe size, design pressure, angle of the bend (or
Thrust Blocks configuration of the fitting involved), and the horizontal
bearing strength of the soil. The following are the general
Thrust blocks must limit the displacement of the fitting criteria for bearing block design.
relative to the adjacent pipe to preserve the leak
tightness of the FLOWTITE coupling joint. The resulting
angular deflection shall be less than the values indicated.

25
 01

02

03

04 PA2

05
/2
PA1
06 T = 2 PA2 cos(Ø/2) - PA1

07 PA2

08
Figure 10-4 Schematic Deformation T = PAt
09 of Fittings due to Thrust Forces

10 In order to prevent joint separation or leakage, the thrust

forces are usually resisted by concrete thrust blocks that
11 transfer the load to the surrounding soil: T = PAL
Figure 10-6 Thrust Forces
12

FLOWTITE fabricated fittings design is based on the

following:
• The fitting shall be fully encased in concrete along
its entire length and circumference. Our fittings are
not designed for partial encasement.
• The movement of the thrust block must be limited
so that the maximum deformation of the adjacent
joints can take
• Buried thrust blocks transmit thrust to the soil by
Figure 10-5 Schematic View of Concrete Reaction direct bearing.
• Partial resistance is also supplied by soil friction.
T = 2 PA sin(/2)
• Bearing surface should, where possible, be placed
against undisturbed soil. Where it is not possible,
/2
the fill between the bearing surface and undisturbed
soil must be compacted to at least 90% standard
Proctor density.
• The bearing size of the thrust block depends on
thrust force and soil strength:
• A T = h x b = T x SF/
T = P1 A
• Where h is block height, b is block width, T is
thrust force, SF is safety factor (=1.5) and  is
P1A
the soil bearing strength.
• Thrust force should be based on test pressure
of the pipeline, usually 1.5 x PN

The bearing surface should be placed against

T = PA
undisturbed soil perpendicular to, and centred on, the
direction of the line of action of the thrust.
A thrustblock calculation software is available on
www.flowtite.com

T = PAL

T = (A1 - A2)P

PA1 PA2

Figure 10-7 Interference Point between Thrust

Block and Undisturbed Soil

26
 01

02

03

Well compacted SC1 or Max. 25 m 04

SC2 (or stabilised) backfill Soil Strength
Short section pipe: 05
Max. Larger of 2 m or 2 x DN
Min. Larger of 1 m or 1 x DN Horizontal bearing strength of soil is very variable, and
depends on the cohesion and the friction angle of the 06
soil. This can be determined by the practice of soil
07
mechanics.
08
The table is an estimate of bearing strength of several
Max. 45° soils. The design engineer must select the proper 09
Figure 10-8 Position of Joints at Thrust Blocks bearing strength for a particular soil. For more details
please request our FLOWTITE underground / above- 10
Burial depth to top of thrust block should be at least ground installation manual. Our subsidiaries are also
equal to its height to avoid shear failure of the soil. The always at your service. 11
width of the thrust block should be 1 to 2 x the height,
12
to ensure even distribution of load. Where possible, the
coupling joint shall be cast in concrete at the interface. Soil Bearing strength 

If this is not possible rubber pads must be placed around kN/m 2

the pipe where it enters the concrete encasement. Good Muck 0

compaction under the pipe to avoid differential settlement Soft Clay 50

and crack-resisting steel reinforcement. Pipeline should Silt 75

not be pressure tested until concrete has cured at Sandy Silt 150
least 7 days. Sand 200

Sandy Clay 300

The following table shows the thrust calculated with 1 bar Hard Clay 450
and tested to 1.5 * pressure. For more details please re-
quest our FLOWTITE underground / aboveground Table 10-4 Bearing Strength Values
installation manual. Our subsidiaries are also always at
your service.

DN Thrust due to 1 bar only (calculations are done based on test pressure of 1.5* PN)

mm 90 60 45 30 22.5 15 Tee with branch = ND

100 1.67 1.18 0.90 0.61 0.46 0.31 1.18

150 3.75 2.65 2.03 1.37 1.03 0.69 2.65

200 6.66 4.71 3.61 2.44 1.84 1.23 4.71

300 14.99 10.60 8.12 5.49 4.14 2.77 10.60

350 20.41 14.43 11.05 7.47 5.63 3.77 14.43

400 26.66 18.85 14.43 9.76 7.35 4.92 18.85

450 33.74 23.86 18.26 12.35 9.31 6.23 23.86

500 41.65 29.45 22.54 15.24 11.49 7.69 29.45

600 59.98 42.41 32.46 21.95 16.55 11.07 42.41

700 81.64 57.73 44.18 29.88 22.52 15.07 57.73

800 106.63 75.40 57.71 39.03 29.42 19.68 75.40

900 134.95 95.43 73.04 49.40 37.23 24.91 95.43

1000 166.61 117.81 90.17 60.98 45.97 30.75 117.81

1200 239.92 169.65 129.84 87.82 66.19 44.29 169.65

1400 326.55 230.91 176.73 119.53 90.10 60.28 230.91

1600 426.52 301.59 230.83 156.12 117.68 78.73 301.59

1800 539.81 381.70 292.14 197.58 148.93 99.64 381.70

2000 666.43 471.24 360.67 243.93 183.87 123.02 471.24

2200 806.38 570.20 436.41 295.16 222.48 148.85 570.20

2400 959.66 678.58 519.37 351.26 264.77 177.15 678.58

2600 1126.27 796.39 609.53 412.24 310.74 207.90 796.39

2800 1306.21 923.63 706.91 478.11 360.38 241.12 923.63

3000 1499.47 1060.29 811.51 548.85 413.70 276.79 1060.29

Table 10-3 Thrust at 1 Bar Pressure

27
 01

02

03

04 Center Register
Design Example:
05 DN 600 PN 10 and a 30° bend in sandy clay.
The trust force is: T = 2 *1.5 *1 *280000 sin (30/2)
06 = 217 kN

07
Pipe Gasket Lock Ring
T = 2 PA sin(/2)
08
The pipes are produced on FLOWTITE TECHNOLOGY
/2
09 continuous CW3000 Filament Winding Equipment with
controlled metering of materials to ensure uniform pipe
10 properties from section to section.

11 Figure 10-9 Thrust Force

Application
12

The bearing strength is  = 300 kN/m2. The pipes are designed for conveying water under
A T = hxb = T FS/ = 217*1.5/300 = 1.1 m2. pressure or gravity flow in buried applications.
The coefficient of sub-grade reaction for sandy clay
may be assumed to be 70 kN/m2. Examples:
The movement can thus be computed: • Storm water
D = 217/(1.1*70) = 3 mm • Potable water
• Raw water
• Irrigation
Special Installation and Systems • Seawater transmission
• Fire protection
Biaxial Pipe System • Cooling water
• Penstocks etc.
Joining Biaxial Systems

Using biaxial systems with restrained joints there is no Combined Systems

more need for thrust blocks. This will result in a more
cost effective and a more simple solution from the Unbalanced thrust forces at fittings and changes of
installation point of view. The system joins the high direction can be resisted using the restraint joints
sealing performance of the joint with a locking key mentioned earlier. The pipes are tied together to
system to transfer the axial thrust to adjacent pipes. increase the frictional drag of the joined pipes and
resist the fitting thrust. This thrust will gradually
Glass fibre pipes manufactured according to this decrease to a zero value at a distance L called the
„FLOWTITE Technology Manufacturing and Process restrained length. Beyond this restrained length L the
Specification” are flexible composite conduits made pipe will not see any thrust and therefore a standard
from glass fibre reinforcements, selected fillers and a joint can be used.
thermosetting, chemical resistant polyester resin.
AWWA M-45 chapter 7 gives the equations to calculate
The FLOWTITE biaxial pipe system is designed to the restrained length.
withstand full axial thrust in addition to the hoop load. For a horizontal bend
The required axial strength is obtained through
appropriate chop fibre capacity. The axial load is
PAsin(/2)
transferred from one pipe section to another through Lbend = f (2We+Wp+Ww)
thrust restraint (biaxial) joints - rod groove system or
butt-wrap laminates. For the locking joint, extra
thickness is added to the pipe spigot to accommodate
the locking groove. Outside the spigot area, and for
butt-wrap joints, the pipe has a standard outer
diameter (suitable for standard couplings). The extra
thickness is created either by a hand laminate or
directly on the FLOWTITE winder.

28
 01

02

03

04
where: f = frictional resistance N/m Features & Benefits
We = weight of earth cover N/m 05
Wp = weight of pipe N/m Custom diameter
Ww= weight of fluid in the pipe N/m • Minimizes the loss of interior dimension of the 06
existing pipe and maximizes the flow capabilities
07
For a bulk head or a Tee
Custom lengths
08
• Easier, faster installation, less pipe line service
PA
Lbulk = f (2We+Wp+Ww) down-time 09

10
L is the restraint length on each size of the fittings. Slip-lining with flush joints, which allows for a close
match of the internal diameter of the existing pipe and 11
the external spigot diameter of the slip-lining, is also
12
Trenchless Installation available. Slip-lining with flush joints is available in SN
5000 and SN 10000 with diameters ranging from 600
Today’s growing urban areas may make it impractical to 1900 mm.
to make open trench excavations and disrupt the sur-
face conditions in order to install, replace or renovate
underground piping systems. “Trenchless technology” Micro-Tunneling/Jacking Capability
includes the lining of existing pipes, called “slip-lining,”
where a new pipe is installed inside the existing The FLOWTITE pipe designed for micro-tunneling and
deteriorating pipe. It can also include the micro- jacking is a GRP and concrete composite which takes
tunneling process of boring a hole and pushing or advantage of the attributes of both materials. The GRP
“jacking” the new pipe into the created excavation. portion of the pipe provides a corrosion resistant pipe
FLOWTITE Technology has products/technology to which is pressure rated while using the concrete outer
meet these new application needs. layer of the composite to withstand the very high
forces needed for “jacking” the pipe. Since FLOWTITE
jacking pipe is pressure rated, it is now possible to
Slip-lining Capability install pressure water and sewage systems using
trenchless technology.
The FLOWTITE manufacturing process is unique in
that it easily permits a custom product to be made to Features & Benefits
meet the specific project requirements. With the ability
to make custom diameters, FLOWTITE can create the Corrosion-resistant
optimum pipe size to match the inside diameter of the • All the benefits of standard FLOWTITE pipe material
existing pipeline. This will provide maximum flow
capabilities while still permitting ease of installation. FLOWTITE coupling
• Pressure ratings same as standard FLOWTITE pipe
Standard FLOWTITE pipe can be assembled outside technology
the deteriorated pipe and then pushed into place. This
can be done even with low flows (less than 1/3 full). Concrete outer layer
• Permits pipe to be “jacked” in same manner as non
For pushing long distances, thrust rings can be built GRP pipes
onto the spigot ends of the pipe, allowing the transfer
of up to 40 tons per meter of circumference through
the joint without affecting the sealing capability. This is
especially important for rehabilitating renovating
pressure lines. For very large diameters (over 1600 mm)
the pipe can easily be carried using a light weight
frame cart and assembled at it’s final position.

The ability to manufacture variable lengths (standard

length 6, 12 or 18 meters) can further help reduce
installation time. Reduced installation time means Figure 10-10 FLOWTITE Jacking System
lower installation costs and less “down-time” for the
pipeline that is being rehabilitated.

29
 01

02

03

04
Tapping Water Mains Sub-aqueous installation
05
Tapping is the process of connecting a branch to an GRP pipes are often installed under water especially
06 existing pipeline. Care must be taken to ensure that a for intake and outfall lines. It is often convenient that
good seal is accomplished on the pipeline and that no the pipes are joined together and towed to the position
07
damage is done to the pipe or tapping sleeve. Flexible to be installed. The installation procedure may vary.
stainless steel tapping sleeves have been proven to be FLOWTITE will provide specific installation instructions
08
the best suited for FLOWTITE GRP pipes. The tapped for any particular project.
09 assembly must be able to resist a pressure of 2 x PN The pictures below show some of the current
without leakage or damage to the pipe. It is essential installations.
10 that bolt torque is high enough to ensure no leakage, More details are available in our FLOWTITE product
but not too high as to damage the pipe. It should be brochure for subaqueous applications.
11 noted that the tapping sleeve manufacturer’s
recommended bolt torque values may be too high for
12
GRP pipe. High stiffness, cast iron tapping sleeves
have been found to cause too high stresses in a GRP
pipe and their use should be avoided. Tapping
machines can be either manual or power driven and
must be able to resist the internal pressure in the pipe
if a “hot” tap is to be performed. Forward feed should
not exceed 0.5 mm per revolution in order to avoid
damage to the pipe. The cutter can be either steel or
diamond coated and should have small, closely
spaced teeth. Please consult the FLOWTITE pipe
suppliers for detailed instructions and recommended
brands of tapping sleeves. For more details please
request our FLOWTITE maintenance manual.

Figure 10-11 Recommended Tapping Sleeves for

GRP Pipes

Figure 10-12 Pressure Testing of Sleeve and Valve

Assembly

30
 11 AMITOOLS 01

02

03

04
Aboveground installation AMITOOLS is an AMIANTIT online service offering
software tools for static calculation of buried pipes and 05
Standard FLOWTITE pipes can be installed above hydraulic calculation. The software tools, exclusively
ground. The pipes can be either suspended or laid on developed for AMIANTIT GRP pipe systems, offer the 06
supports. A complete installation manual is provided by following main features:
07
FLOWTITE for the proper installation of above ground
systems. For pipes used in this application, provision • Free of charge.
08
should be made to accommodate the unbalanced • No software installation on your local PC necessary.
forces at fittings. Due to the low coefficient of linear • In many different language versions available. 09
expansion, the temperature difference, although much • Metric or imperial dimensions.
higher than in an underground system, is of no great • Calculation of pipe systems in standard diameter range. 10
concern. The effect is accommodated by the joint • Static calculation according to German (ATV),
system and the type of supports. For more details American (AWWA) and Fascicule70 standards. 11
please request our FLOWTITE aboveground installation • Laying conditions available as scaled sketch.
12
manual. • Results are delivered as abbreviated version or as
full report.
Guide Anchor • Some calculation can be submitted online to your
AMIANTIT sales office for quotation purposes.

Coupling anchor –
if necessary Max. 12m Multiple Cradles

Guides
Anchor Anchor

Figure 10-13 Typical support arrangement

DO
Figure 11-1 AMITOOLS Software

R=1.005 x DO/2 Register yourself immediately!

Apply for your personal licence at www.ami-tools.net!
150°
min 25mm

min 25mm

Cradle liner min. 150 (DN ≤ 1000)

min. thickness 5mm min. 200 (DN ≤ 2000)
min. 250 (DN > 2000)

Figure 10-14 Cradle support design

31
 01 12 Appendix A / Environmental Guide for Pipes
02

03

04
The following guide was compiled from corrosion re- Maximum Temperature 50° C unless otherwise noted.
05 sistance information obtained from resin manufacturers. Please contact your FLOWTITE sales representative for
Individual project specifications and requirements recommendations above 50 °C. For chemicals not
06 should be considered when selecting the product. listed, FLOWTITE representative should be also
At operation temperatures greater than 35° C pressure consulted.
07
rerating of the pipe may be required. Please contact
your local FLOWTITE sales representative for further
08
guidance.
09
Standard Standard
Pipe Vinyl Not Pipe Vinyl Not
10 Resin or Ester Recom- Resin or Ester Recom-
Vinyl Only mended Vinyl Only mended
Ester Ester
11 Acetic Acid <20%** • Citric Acid, Aqueous •
12
Adipic Acid** • Copper Acetate, Aqueous (40°C) •
Alum (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate) (45°C) • Copper Chloride, Aqueous (40°C) •
Aluminum Chloride, Aqueous (40°C) • Copper Cyanide (30°C) •
Ammonia, Aqueous <20% • Copper Nitrate, Aqueous (40°C) •
Ammonium Chloride, Aqueous (40°C) • Copper Sulfate, Aqueous (40°C) •
Ammonium Fluoride • Crude Oil (Sour) (30°C)* •
Ammonium Nitrate, Aqueous (40°C) • Crude Oil (Sweet) (30°C)* •
Ammonium Phosphate-Monobasic, Crude Oil, Salt Water (25°C)* •
Aqueous (40°C) • Cyclohexane (40°C)* •
Ammonium Sulfate, Aqueous (40°C) • Cyclohexanol (30°C)* •
Aniline Hydrochloride • Dibutyl Sebacate (25°C) •
Antimony Trichloride (40° C)** • Dibutylphthalate (25°) •
Barium Carbonate** • Diesel Fuel (25°)* •
Barium Chloride (40°C) • Dioctyl Phthalate (40°C)** •
Barium Sulfate (40°C) • Ethylene Glycol (40°C) •
Beet Sugar Liquor • Ferric Chloride, Aqueous (40°C) •
Benzene Sulfonic Acid (10%)* • Ferric Nitrate, Aqueous (30°C) •
Benzoic Acid* • Ferric Sulfate, Aqueous (40°C) •
Black Liquor (Paper) • Ferrous Chloride (30°C) •
Bleach • Ferrous Nitrate, Aqueous (30°C)** •
Borax (40°) • Ferrous Sulfate, Aqueous (40°C) •
Boric Acid • Formaldehyde •
Bromine, Aqueous 5%* • Fuel Oil (25°C)* •
Butyric Acid, < 25% (40°C)** • Gas, Natural, Methane •
Calcium Bisulfite* • Gasoline, Ethyl* •
Calcium Carbonate • Glycerine •
Calcium Chlorate, Aqueous (40°C)** • Green Liquor, Paper •
Calcium Chloride (Saturated) (40°C) • Hexane (30°C)* •
Calcium Hydroxide, 100% • Hydrobromic Acid •
Calcium Hypochlorite • Hydrochloric Acid, Up To 15% (25°C) •
Calcium Nitrate (40°C) • Hydrofluoric Acid •
Calcium Sulfate NL AOC (40°C) • Hydrogen Sulfide, Dry •
Cane Sugar Liquors • Kerosene* •
Carbon Dioxide, Aqueous (40°C) • Lactic Acid, 10% (30°C) •
Carbon Tetrachloride • Lactic Acid, 80% (25°C) •
Casein • Lauric Acid (40°C) •
Caustic Potash (KOH) (40°C) • Lauryl Chloride** •
Chlorine, Dry Gas* • Lauryl Sulfate** •
Chlorine, Water* • Lead Acetate, Aqueous (25°C) •
Chlorine, Wet Gas** • Lead Nitrate, Aqueous (25°C) •
Chloroacetic Acid • Lead Sulfate** •

32
 01

02

03

04
! Note: This guide is intended to serve as a basic guide material. Thus, this guide provides only general
when considering FLOWTITE pipe. Final deter- information and does not imply approval of any 05
mination of the suitability of a particular resin application as FLOWTITE Technology has no
system for a given environment is the responsi- control of the conditions of usage nor any 06
bility of the customer. This list is based on means of identifying environments to which the
07
information supplied by resin manufacturers pipe may unintentionally have been exposed.
who provide FLOWTITE producers with their
08

09
Standard Standard
Pipe Vinyl Not Pipe Vinyl Not
Resin or Ester Recom- Resin or Ester Recom- 10
Vinyl Only mended Vinyl Only mended
Ester Ester
11
Linseed Oil* • Propylene Glycol (30°C) •
Lithium Bromide, Aqueous (40°C)** • Sea Water (40°C) • 12
Lithium Chloride, Aqueous (40°C)** • Sewage (50°C) •
Magnesium Bicarbonate, Aqueous Silicone Oil (40°C) •
(30°C)** • Silver Nitrate, Aqueous (40°C) •
Magnesium Carbonate (40°C)** • Sodium Bromide, Aqueous (40°C)** •
Magnesium Chloride, Aqueous (40°C) • Sodium Chloride, Aqueous (40°C) •
Magnesium Nitrate, Aqueous (40°C) • Sodium Dichromate (25°C) •
Magnesium Sulfate (40°C) • Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate (40°C) •
Manganese Chloride, Aqueous Sodium Ferrocyanide (40°C)** •
(40°C)** •
Sodium Hydroxide 10% •
Manganese Sulfate, Aqueous (40°C)** • Sodium Mono-Phosphate •
Mercuric Chloride, Aqueous (40°C) • Sodium Nitrate, Aqueous (40°C) •
Mercurous Chloride, Aqueous (40°C)** • Sodium Nitrite, Aqueous (40°C)** •
Mineral Oils* • Sodium Silicate •
n-Heptane (25°C)* • Sodium Sulfate, Aqueous (40°C) •
Naphthalene (30°C)* • Sodium Sulfide •
Naptha* • Sodium Tetraborate (30°C)** •
Nickel Chloride, Aqueous (40°C) • Stannic Chloride, Aqueous (40°C)* •
Nickel Nitrate, Aqueous (40°C) • Stannous Chloride, Aqueous (40°C) •
Nickel Sulfate, Aqueous (40°C) • Stearic Acid (40°C)** •
Nitric Acid • Sulfur •
Oleic Acid (40°C) • Sulfuric Acid, <25%(25°C)* •
Oxalic Acid, Aqueous • Tannic Acid, Aqueous (35°C) •
Ozone, Gas • Tartaric Acid (30°C) •
Paraffin (30°C)* • Toluene Sulfonic Acid** •
Pentane (30°C)* • Tributyl Phosphate (40°C) •
Perchloric Acid (25°C) • Triethanolamine (40°C) •
Petroleum, Refined & Sour* • Triethylamine (40°C)* •
Phosphoric Acid • Turpentine* •
Phosphoric Acid (30°C) • Urea, Aqueous (30°C)** •
Phthalic Acid (30°C) • Vinegar (25°C) •
Potassium Permanganate, 25%** • Water, Distilled (40°C) •
Potassium Bicarbonate** • Water, Sea (40°C) •
Potassium Bromide, Aqueous (40°C)** • Water, Tap (40°C) •
Potassium Chloride, Aqueous (40°C) • Zinc Chloride, Aqueous (40°C) •
Potassium Dichromate, Aqueous (40°C) • Zinc Nitrate, Aqueous (40°C)** •
Potassium Ferrocyanide (40°C)** • Zinc Sulfate, Aqueous (40°C) •
Potassium Ferrocyanide, Aqueous Zinc Sulfite, Aqueous (40°C)** •
(40°C)** •
* EPDM gaskets cannot be used. Please consult your FLOWTITE sales
Potassium Nitrate, Aqueous (40°C) • representative for more information and recommendations.
** No FLOWTITE Technology recommendation, consult your local gasket
Potassium Sulfate (40°C) • supplier for compatibility.

33
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35
 This handbook is intended as a
guide only. All values listed in the
product specifications are nominal.
Unsatisfactory product results may
occur due to environmental
fluctuations, variations in operating
procedures, or interpolation of
data. We highly recommend that
any personnel using this data have
specialised training and experience
in the application of these products
and their normal installation and
operating conditions.
The engineering staff should
always be consulted before any
of these products are installed to
ensure the suitability of the
products for their intended purpose
and applications. We hereby state
that we do not accept any liability,
and will not be held liable, for any
losses or damage which may result
from the installation or use of any
products listed in this handbook
as we have not determined the
degree of care required for product
installation or service. We reserve
the right to revise this data, as
necessary, without notice. We
welcome comments regarding this
handbook.

The Flowtite technology is owned

and licensed worldwide by Amiblu.
Find more information and contact
details atwww.amiblu.com.

Amiblu Technology AS
Østre Kullerød 3
FT-Technical V5 10-11-ENG

3202 Sandefjord
Norway
T: + 47 971 00 300
[email protected]
Distributed by: www.amiblu.com