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Chapter 4 Paradigm

The document discusses different paradigms in the history of human-computer interaction (HCI). It describes paradigms including batch processing, time-sharing, networking, graphical displays, microprocessors, the World Wide Web, and ubiquitous computing. Each paradigm represented a major shift in the human-computer relationship and how users interacted with technology, from impersonal batch processing to ubiquitous computing integrated into everyday activities. Understanding these paradigm shifts provides insights into the evolution of interactive system design and usability over time.

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joan arreola
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54 views

Chapter 4 Paradigm

The document discusses different paradigms in the history of human-computer interaction (HCI). It describes paradigms including batch processing, time-sharing, networking, graphical displays, microprocessors, the World Wide Web, and ubiquitous computing. Each paradigm represented a major shift in the human-computer relationship and how users interacted with technology, from impersonal batch processing to ubiquitous computing integrated into everyday activities. Understanding these paradigm shifts provides insights into the evolution of interactive system design and usability over time.

Uploaded by

joan arreola
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter

4 Paradigms
Why study paradigms
● Concerns
– how can an interactive system be developed to ensure its usability?
– how can the usability of an interactive system be demonstrated or
measured?

● History of interactive system design provides paradigms for usable


designs
What are Paradigms
● Predominant theoretical frameworks or scientific world views
– e.g., Aristotelian, Newtonian, Einsteinian (relativistic) paradigms in
physics
● Understanding HCI history is largely about understanding a series of
paradigm shifts
– Not all listed here are necessarily “paradigm” shifts, but are at least
candidates
– History will judge which are true shifts
Paradigms of Interaction
Paradigms of interaction
● New computing technologies arrive, creating a new perception of the
human—computer relationship.
Batch Processing
● Impersonal Computing
● execution of a series
of programs on
a computer without manual
intervention.
Time-sharing
● Interactive Computing
Networking
● Community Computing
Graphical Display
● Direct manipulation
Microprocessor
● Personal Computing
World Wide Web
● Global information
Ubiquitous Computing
● A symbiosis of physical and electronic worlds in service of everyday activities.
Time-sharing
● 1940s and 1950s – explosive technological growth

● single computer supporting multiple users


Video display unit
● more suitable medium than paper

● computers for visualizing and manipulating data

● one person's contribution could drastically change the history of


computing
Programming toolkits
● The right programming toolkit provides building blocks to producing
complex interactive systems
Personal Computing
● 1970s – Papert's LOGO language for simple graphics programming by
children

● A system is more powerful as it becomes easier to user

● Future of computing in small, powerful machines dedicated to the


individual

● Kay at Xerox PARC – the Dynabook as the ultimate personal computer


Metaphor
● Relating computing to other real-world activity is effective teaching
technique
- LOGO's turtle dragging its tail
- file management on an office desktop
- word processing as typing
- financial analysis on spreadsheets
- virtual reality – user inside the metaphor
The World Wide Web
● Hypertext, as originally realized, was a closed system
● Simple, universal protocols (e.g. HTTP) and mark-up languages (e.g.
HTML) made publishing and accessing easy
● Critical mass of users lead to a complete transformation of our
information economy.
Agent-based Interfaces
● Original interfaces
- Commands given to computer
- Language-based
● Direct Manipulation/WIMP
- Commands performed on “world” representation
- Action based
● Agents - return to language by instilling proactivity and “intelligence” in
command processor
- Avatars, natural language processing
What is Ubiquitous Computing
● Ubiquitous computing is a concept in software
engineering and computer science where computing is made to appear
anytime and everywhere.
What is Ubiquitous Computing
● In contrast to desktop computing, ubiquitous computing can occur using
any device, in any location, and in any format. A user interacts with the
computer, which can exist in many different forms, including laptop
computers, tablets and terminals.
What is Ubiquitous Computing
● The underlying technologies to support ubiquitous computing
include Internet, advanced middleware, operating system, mobile code,
sensors, microprocessors, new I/O and user interfaces, networks, mobile
protocols, location and positioning and new materials.
End!

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