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Micro Wave Report

The document is a project report on designing a 180 degree hybrid coupler. It includes: 1) Group members and project details. 2) An introduction to hybrid couplers and their working principles. 3) Details of the hybrid ring design in CST software including geometry, ports, and simulations. 4) Calculations for the ring dimensions and results showing S-parameters from the simulation. 5) A discussion on challenges in the design and conclusions that a 180 degree hybrid ring cannot be built in waveguide form.

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65 views9 pages

Micro Wave Report

The document is a project report on designing a 180 degree hybrid coupler. It includes: 1) Group members and project details. 2) An introduction to hybrid couplers and their working principles. 3) Details of the hybrid ring design in CST software including geometry, ports, and simulations. 4) Calculations for the ring dimensions and results showing S-parameters from the simulation. 5) A discussion on challenges in the design and conclusions that a 180 degree hybrid ring cannot be built in waveguide form.

Uploaded by

bushrabatool
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROJECT REPORT

Group Members:
Khizra Sohail (170852)
Bushra Batool (170811)
Maheen Ali (170850)
Bachelors of Electrical Engineering
(BEET-6-A)
Lab Engineer

Sir Shujat Ali


Designation

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

AIR UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD


PROJECT REPORT
Directional coupler
It is a device that samples a small amount of Microwave power for measurement
purposes. The power measurements include incident power, reflected power, VSWR
values, etc.
Hybrid coupler:
Hybrid couplers are the special case of a four-port directional coupler that is designed for a
3-dB (equal) power split. Hybrids come in two types, 90 degree or quadrature hybrids, and
180-degree hybrids

Introduction of hybrid coupler:


The ring hybrid coupler consists of a transmission line ring of the characteristic impedance of
square root of two time characteristic impedance or it has four taps or transmission lines
extending from it each of the transmission lines or ports has a characteristic impedance of ZO
which is the characteristic impedance of the system. The separation between the ports 2 and 1,
one and three and three and four is lambda by four and the separation between ports 2 and 4 is 3
lambda by 4.Rat race coupler is an important coupler because it offers the possibility of creating
a negative output. It provides us to move along the whole complex plane.
Working principle of hybrid coupler:
The 180-degree hybrid ring is also known as rat-race coupler because it is just like a cage in
which one rat enter it keeps on moving
They are used both a combiner and divider.there are four-port and each of them is lambda by
four-degree apart.there are two input port named as A and B the output port is named as sum port
and difference port

The hybrid ring as combiner:


When we are using the rat race as the combiner we input at port A and B .our wave travel to
difference port with input wave at from A will be at an angle of -90 and wave from port B will
have the angle of 90 degrees in this way the substrate to give us the difference between them.on
the other hand at some port both wave reaches with equal phase as the result they add together to
form sum port.
The hybrid ring as a divider:
If we want to use the rat race as the divider and we want our signal to be equally divided with the
same phase then we make the input port and isolate the difference port .if we want to divide with
opposite phase we have t make difference port as the input port and isolate the sum port. As a
divider, if we want the signal with equal amplitude and same phase we will make the sum port as
the input port, but if we want to divide with opposite phase then we make the difference port as
the input port and got results

S paramters
[s]= S11 S21 S31 S41

S21 S22 S41 S24

S31 S41 S11 S21

S41 S24 S21 S22


If we excite port 1 we will get a reflection coefficient out of it and just by symmetry that
reflection coefficient should be same that occur at port 3 so s11 and s33 which is equally to
s11.exiciting port2 is different from exiting port 1 but the reflection from port 2 and port four
should be same so we will have s22 an s44
If we excite port we will get a signal from port 2 so s21 that value should be same as s43 if I
excite port3 that same signal should come out of port for so I can say that s43 should be same as
s21.by using the reciprocity here so s12 is equal to s21 .similarly by using the symmetry property
the same between 3 and 2.In a similar fashion we slove for port 2 and 4 and write their respective
coefficients
So we have unknown variables that are S11, S21, S31, S41, S22, and S24
Even and odd mode of symmetry:
Excite port one
S11=b1/a1=b1

b1=1/2(b1e+b10)
b2=1/2(b2e+b20)
b3=1/2(b3e+b30)=1/2(b1e-b10)
b4=1/2(b4e+b40)=1/2(b2e-b20)
Applications:
 Balanced mixer
 Balanced amplifier
 Power multiplier/divider
 Antenna feeding networking

Advantages: In-phase and out phase power splitting while maintaining port to port isolation
and port matching

Cst simulations steps:


 First of all, we form a circle with a radius of 7.44cm and a height of 5.35cm by selecting
a cylinder option from the menu bar.
 Then we draw the sides arms with the length of 13cm, the width of 3.85cm and hight of
2.89cm
 By using the property of reflection we reflect the copy of that arm at an angle of 180
degree
 After that, both arm are rotated up to the angle of 40.
 Then we place the box at the upper at the lower side of arms that are rotated at the angle
of 40 degrees and we subtract them from the previous arm by using the command of
boolean substrate
 Again place the similar box at the top of that arm after rotating and translating we adjust
the position and then loft the at 0.2 by selecting the loft option from the menu
 At last, we shell at the value of 1.5 by selecting the shell command at the shape tool
 In addition to this, we assign the port by selecting the respective face and then simulate it
to get results
Calculations in (cm):
 The radius of circle =7.4
 Length of circle=5.35
 Length of arm =13
 Breath of arm=3.85
 Height of arm=2.89

Results:
The s11 shows the reflection coefficient is of the value of -17 dB which is acceptable.

The remain s parameters are as follows

S12, S13, S14, s21, S31, S41


Discussion on result:
As results are not as expected. This is because when we used appendix 1 values from Pozar
book to calculate circumference of inner and outer circle they were too small. More ever the
lengths we got for arms were more in width than wanted which affected the rotation of arms in
60 degree as they were overlapping. The model build above is built on reading taken from
research paper.

As shown above the S(1,1) parameter is -93 dB which is good but if we see S(2,10 and S(3,1) and
S(4,1) they are in range of -200dB which mean they are suppressed and port 2,3 and 4 are
getting no signal.

After research it was conclusion that 180 hybrid ring cannot be built in waveguide form.

CONCLUSION:

In this project, we implemented the design of 180 hybrid couplers and implemented its design
on CST. Hybrid coupler couples the energy it acts as both combiner (with equal and opposite
phase) and divider (with equal and opposite phase). Detail of their working principle, CST
simulation, and all the results and calculations are attached and discussed above.

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