z – test and t- test

Steps in Testing of Hypothesis

(Computed Value Approach)
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis
2. Set the level of significance
3. Determine the type of test to be used
4. Determine the critical value of the test
5. Compute the value of the test statistic
6. State your decision and conclusion

Decision Rule: Reject Ho if the computed value falls in

the rejection region.
 Steps in Testing of Hypothesis
(p-value Approach)
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis
2. Set the level of significance
3. Determine the type of test to be used
4. Compute for the value of the test statistic
5. Compute the p-value of the test statistic
6. State your decision and conclusion

Decision Rule: Reject Ho if p-value is less than or equal

to the level of significance.
Assumptions and Appropriate Use
of the z or t test
 Parametric tests involve the use of population
parameters such as μ and P and are known.

 Because the z test involves the calculation using the

mean and standard deviation, it is used with interval
or ratio data.

 Because we use the area under the normal curve, we

are assuming that the distribution of random samples
is normal.
 Two-tailed vs. One-tailed test
Two- tailed One-tailed
(non-directional test) (directional test)

Ho: Ho:
Mean(A) = Mean(B)
Mean(A) = Mean(B)

Ha: Ha:
Mean(A) ≠ Mean(𝐁) Mean(A) > Mean(B)

Mean(A) < Mean(B)

 One-tailed vs. Two-tailed test
Two- tailed
Ho: There is no significant difference between the
mean score of males and the mean score of females.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the
mean score of males and the mean score of females.

One-tailed
Ho: There is no significant difference between the
mean score of males and the mean score of females.
Ha: The mean score of males is significantly higher
than the mean score of females.
 Z- Test
 Used to compare the means of
two independent samples
(Large sample size, 𝑛 ≥ 30)

 Used to determine the difference

between two population proportions.
 Z test
Testing the difference between two
proportions.
Example 1-a. ( Z-TEST)
Problem:
A researcher has found out that 185 of 250
nonsmokers tested were able to succeed at an
endurance test, whereas only 116 of 200
smokers tested were successful. Is there a
significant difference between the
proportions of smokers and non-smokers who
succeeded in the endurance test? Use 0.05
level of significance.
Proportion of smokers and non smokers
who succeeded in an endurance test

Succeeded Total Proportion Percent

Smokers 116 200 116/200 58%

Non 185 250 185/250 74%

smokers
A researcher has found out that 185 of 250 nonsmokers
tested were able to succeed at an endurance test, whereas
only 116 of 200 smokers tested were successful. Is there a
significant difference between the proportions of smokers
and non-smokers who succeeded in the endurance test?
Use 0.05 level of significance.

Statistical Objective
 To determine if there is a significant difference
between the proportions of smokers and non
smokers who succeeded in the endurance test.
 A researcher has found out that 185 of 250 nonsmokers
tested were able to succeed at an endurance test, whereas
only 116 of 200 smokers tested were successful. Is there a
significant difference between the proportions of smokers
and non-smokers who succeeded in the endurance test?
Use 0.05 level of significance.

STEP 1
Null Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference between the
proportions of smokers and non-smokers who
succeeded in the endurance test.

Alternative Hypothesis
Ha: There is a significant difference between the proportions of
smokers and non-smokers who succeeded in the endurance test.
A researcher has found out that 185 of 250 nonsmokers
tested were able to succeed at an endurance test, whereas
only 116 of 200 smokers tested were successful. Is there a
significant difference between the proportions of smokers
and non-smokers who succeeded in the endurance test?
Use 0.05 level of significance.

STEP 2 Level of Significance: 

STEP 3 Type of Test:

STEP 4 Critical Value of the Test:

α = 0.05 α = 0.01
Right- Tailed 1.645 2.33
Left-Tailed -1.645 - 2.33
Two- Tailed + 1.96 + 2.575
 Computing the Z-value
𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝑧=
𝑝1 𝑞1 𝑝2 𝑞2
+
𝑛1 𝑛2

𝑝1 = proportion from group 1

𝑝2 = proportion from group 2
𝑞1 = 1 – 𝑝1
𝑞2 = 1 - 𝑝2
𝑛1 = sample size of group 1
𝑛2 = sample size of group 2
A researcher has found out that 185 of 250 nonsmokers
tested were able to succeed at an endurance test, whereas
only 116 of 200 smokers tested were successful. Is there a
significant difference between the proportions of smokers
and non-smokers who succeeded in the endurance test?
Use 0.05 level of significance.

STEP 5 Computed Value of the Test Statistic

 A researcher has found out that 185 of 250 nonsmokers
tested were able to succeed at an endurance test, whereas
only 116 of 200 smokers tested were successful. Is there a
significant difference between the proportions of smokers
and non-smokers who succeeded in the endurance test?
Use 0.05 level of significance.

Compare Computed Value and the Critical Value

 A researcher has found out that 185 of 250 nonsmokers
tested were able to succeed at an endurance test, whereas
only 116 of 200 smokers tested were successful. Is there a
significant difference between the proportions of smokers
and non-smokers who succeeded in the endurance test?
Use 0.05 level of significance.

STEP 6
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if the computed value
falls in the rejection region
Decision:
Conclusion: There is a significant difference
between the proportions of smokers and non-
smokers who succeeded in the endurance test.
 SUMMARY:
A researcher has found out that 185 of 250 nonsmokers tested were able to succeed
at an endurance test, whereas only 116 of 200 smokers tested were successful. Test
if there is a significant difference between the proportions of smokers and non-
smokers who succeeded in the endurance test.
Test at 0.05 level of significance.

Step 1 Ho: There is no significant difference between the proportions of

smokers and non-smokers who succeeded in the endurance
test.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the proportions of
smokers and non-smokers who succeeded in the endurance
test.
Step 2 𝛼 = 5%
Step 3 Test Procedure/Type of Test: z-test; Two-Tailed
Step 4 Critical Value of the Test: z = 1.96
Step 5 Computed value of the Test: z = 3.59
Step 6 Decision: Reject Ho.
Conclusion: There is a significant difference between the proportions of
smokers and non-smokers who succeeded in the endurance test.
Example b ( Z-TEST)
Problem

A researcher has found out that 185 of 250

nonsmokers tested were able to succeed at an
endurance test, whereas only 116 of 200 smokers
tested were successful. Test if the proportion of
non smokers who succeeded at an endurance test
is significantly higher than the proportion of
smokers. Test at 0.05 level of significance.
 Proportion of smokers and non smokers
who succeeded in an endurance test

Succeeded Total Proportion Percent

Smokers 116 200 116/200 58%

Non 185 250 185/250 74%

smokers
A researcher has found out that 185 of 250 nonsmokers
tested were able to succeed at an endurance test, whereas
only 116 of 200 smokers tested were successful. Test if the
proportion of non smokers who succeeded at an endurance
test is significantly higher than the proportion of smokers.
Test at 0.05 level of significance.

Statistical Objective
 To determine if the proportion of non smokers who
succeeded at an endurance test is significantly
higher than the proportion of smokers.
 A researcher has found out that 185 of 250 nonsmokers
tested were able to succeed at an endurance test, whereas
only 116 of 200 smokers tested were successful. Test if the
proportion of non smokers who succeeded at an endurance
test is significantly higher than the proportion of smokers.
Test at 0.05 level of significance.

STEP 1
Null Hypothesis
Ho: The proportion of non smokers who succeeded at an
endurance test is not significantly higher than the
proportion of smokers.

Alternative Hypothesis
Ha: The proportion of non smokers who succeeded at an
endurance test is significantly higher than the proportion of
smokers.
A researcher has found out that 185 of 250 nonsmokers
tested were able to succeed at an endurance test, whereas
only 116 of 200 smokers tested were successful. Test if the
proportion of non smokers who succeeded at an endurance
test is significantly higher than the proportion of smokers.
Test at 0.05 level of significance.

STEP 2 Level of Significance: 

STEP 3 Type of Test:

STEP 4 Critical Value of the Test:

α = 0.05 α = 0.01
Right- Tailed 1.645 2.33
Left-Tailed -1.645 - 2.33
Two- Tailed + 1.96 + 2.575
 Computing the Z-value
𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝑧=
𝑝1 𝑞1 𝑝2 𝑞2
+
𝑛1 𝑛2

𝑝1 = proportion from group 1

𝑝2 = proportion from group 2
𝑞1 = 1 – 𝑝1
𝑞2 = 1 - 𝑝2
𝑛1 = sample size of group 1
𝑛2 = sample size of group 2
A researcher has found out that 185 of 250 nonsmokers
tested were able to succeed at an endurance test, whereas
only 116 of 200 smokers tested were successful. Test if the
proportion of non smokers who succeeded at an endurance
test is significantly higher than the proportion of smokers.
Test at 0.05 level of significance.

STEP 5 Computed Value of the Test Statistic

 A researcher has found out that 185 of 250 nonsmokers
tested were able to succeed at an endurance test, whereas
only 116 of 200 smokers tested were successful. Test if the
proportion of non smokers who succeeded at an endurance
test is significantly higher than the proportion of smokers.
Test at 0.05 level of significance.

Compare Computed Value and the Critical Value

 A researcher has found out that 185 of 250 nonsmokers
tested were able to succeed at an endurance test, whereas
only 116 of 200 smokers tested were successful. Test if the
proportion of non smokers who succeeded at an endurance
test is significantly higher than the proportion of smokers.
Test at 0.05 level of significance.

STEP 6
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if the computed value
falls in the rejection region
Decision:
Conclusion: The proportion of non smokers who
succeeded at an endurance test is significantly
higher than the proportion of smokers.
 SUMMARY:
A researcher has found out that 185 of 250 nonsmokers tested were able to succeed
at an endurance test, whereas only 116 of 200 smokers tested were successful. Test
if the proportion of non smokers who succeeded at an endurance test is significantly
higher than the proportion of smokers. Test at 0.05 level of significance.

Step 1 Ho: The proportion of non smokers who succeeded at an endurance

test is equal to the proportion of smokers who succeeded at an
endurance test.
Ha: The proportion of non smokers who succeeded at an endurance
test is significantly higher than the proportion of smokers who
succeeded at an endurance test.
Step 2 𝛼 = 5%
Step 3 Test Procedure/Type of Test: z-test; Right-Tailed
Step 4 Critical Value of the Test: z = 1.645
Step 5 Computed value of the Test: z = 3.59
Step 6 Decision: Reject Ho.
Conclusion: The proportion of non smokers who succeeded at an
endurance test is significantly higher than the proportion
of smokers who succeeded at an endurance test.
Testing the significance of the
difference between means of
two independent samples.
Example 2. ( Z-TEST)
A researcher wants to find out if diet affects the
diastolic blood pressure of the individual.Test if there is a
significant difference between the mean diastolic blood
pressure of the vegetarians and non vegetarians at α =
0.01.
Subgroup Mean – Standard Number of
Diastolic Deviation respondents
blood pressure
Vegetarian 72.9 11.7 140
Non Vegetarian 71.8 11.4 143
A researcher wants to find out if diet affects the diastolic
blood pressure of the individual.Test if there is a
significant difference between the mean diastolic blood
pressure of the vegetarians and non vegetarians at α = 0.01.

Statistical Objective
 To determine if there is a significant difference
between the mean diastolic blood pressure of the
vegetarians and non vegetarians .
 A researcher wants to find out if diet affects the diastolic
blood pressure of the individual.Test if there is a significant
difference between the mean diastolic blood pressure of
the vegetarians and non vegetarians at α = 0.01.

STEP 1
Null Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference between the mean
diastolic blood pressure of the vegetarians and non
vegetarians
Alternative Hypothesis
Ha: There is a significant difference between the mean diastolic
blood pressure of the vegetarians and non vegetarians
A researcher wants to find out if diet affects the diastolic
blood pressure of the individual.Test if there is a significant
difference between the mean diastolic blood pressure of
the vegetarians and non vegetarians at α = 0.01.

STEP 2 Level of Significance: 

STEP 3 Type of Test:

STEP 4 Critical Value of the Test:

α = 0.05 α = 0.01
Right- Tailed 1.645 2.33
Left-Tailed -1.645 - 2.33
Two- Tailed + 1.96 + 2.575
 Computing the Z-value
ഥ
𝒙𝟏 −ഥ
𝒙𝟐 𝒏𝟏 −𝟏 𝒔𝟐𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 −𝟏 𝒔𝟐𝟐
𝒛= 𝑺𝒑 =
𝒔𝒑
𝟏
+
𝟏 𝒏𝟏 +𝒏𝟐 −𝟐
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

𝑥ҧ1 = mean of group 1

𝑥ҧ2 = mean of group 2
𝑠1 = standard deviation of group 1
𝑠2 = standard deviation of group 2
𝑠𝑝 = pooled standard deviation
𝑛1 = sample size of group 1
𝑛2 = sample size of group 2
 A researcher wants to find out if diet affects the diastolic
blood pressure of the individual.Test if there is a significant
difference between the mean diastolic blood pressure of
the vegetarians and non vegetarians at α = 0.01.
Subgroup Mean – Diastolic Standard Deviation Number of
blood pressure respondents
Vegetarian 72.9 11.7 140
Non Vegetarian 71.8 11.4 143

STEP 5 Computed Value of the Test Statistic

ഥ𝟏 − 𝒙
𝒙 ഥ𝟐 𝒏𝟏 − 𝟏 𝒔𝟐𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒔𝟐𝟐
𝒛= 𝑺𝒑 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟐
𝒔𝒑 𝒏 + 𝒏
𝟏 𝟐
 A researcher wants to find out if diet affects the diastolic
blood pressure of the individual.Test if there is a significant
difference between the mean diastolic blood pressure of
the vegetarians and non vegetarians at α = 0.01.

Compare Computed Value and the Critical Value

 A researcher wants to find out if diet affects the diastolic
blood pressure of the individual.Test if there is a significant
difference between the mean diastolic blood pressure of
the vegetarians and non vegetarians at α = 0.01.

STEP 6
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if the computed value
falls in the rejection region
Decision:
Conclusion: There is no significant difference
between the mean diastolic blood pressure of
the vegetarians and non vegetarians.
 SUMMARY:
A researcher wants to find out if diet affects the diastolic blood pressure of the
individual.Test if there is a significant difference between the mean diastolic blood
pressure of the vegetarians and non vegetarians at α = 0.01.

Step 1 Ho: There is no significant difference between the mean diastolic

blood pressure of the vegetarians and non vegetarians.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the mean diastolic
blood pressure of the vegetarians and non vegetarians.
Step 2 𝛼 = 1%
Step 3 Test Procedure/Type of Test: z-test; Two-Tailed
Step 4 Critical Value of the Test: z = 2.575
Step 5 Computed value of the Test: z = 0.80
Step 6 Decision: Do not reject Ho.
Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the mean
diastolic blood pressure of the vegetarians and non
vegetarians.
 T -test
 Test of difference between means of
two independent groups.

 Test of difference between means of

two dependent groups.
 (T –test)
Test of difference between means
of two independent groups.
Example 1
A researcher wants to determine if the mean birth
length of male infants is significantly greater than that
of female infants. Test at α = 0.05.

Measurements of birth lengths of male and female infants in

small clinic
Groups Sample Mean Standard
size Deviation
Males 12 52.2 8.6
Females 9 50.7 9.5
A researcher wants to determine if the mean birth length
of male infants is significantly greater than that of female
infants. Test at α = 0.05.

Objective:

To determine if the mean birth length of male

infants is significantly greater than that of
female infants.
A researcher wants to determine if the mean birth length
of male infants is significantly greater than that of female
infants. Test at α = 0.05.
STEP 1
Null Hypothesis
Ho: The mean birth length of male infants is not
significantly greater than that of female infants.

Alternative Hypothesis
Ha: The mean birth length of male infants is significantly greater
than that of female infants.
A researcher wants to determine if the mean birth length
of male infants is significantly greater than that of female
infants. Test at α = 0.05.

STEP 2 Level of Significance: 

STEP 3 Type of Test:

STEP 4 Critical Value of the Test:

 Computing the t-value
ഥ
𝒙𝟏 −ഥ
𝒙𝟐 𝒏𝟏 −𝟏 𝒔𝟐𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 −𝟏 𝒔𝟐𝟐
𝒕= 𝑺𝒑 =
𝒔𝒑
𝟏
+
𝟏 𝒏𝟏 +𝒏𝟐 −𝟐
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

𝑥ҧ1 = mean of group 1

𝑥ҧ2 = mean of group 2
𝑠1 = standard deviation of group 1
𝑠2 = standard deviation of group 2
𝑠𝑝 = pooled standard deviation
𝑛1 = sample size of group 1
𝑛2 = sample size of group 2
A researcher wants to determine if the mean birth length
of male infants is significantly greater than that of female
infants. Test at α = 0.05.
Groups Sample size Mean Standard Deviation

Males 12 52.2 8.6

Females 9 50.7 9.5

STEP 5 Computed Value of the Test Statistic

ഥ
𝒙𝟏 −ഥ
𝒙𝟐 𝒏𝟏 −𝟏 𝒔𝟐𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 −𝟏 𝒔𝟐𝟐
t= 𝑺𝒑 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝟏 +𝒏𝟐 −𝟐
𝒔𝒑 𝒏 +𝒏
𝟏 𝟐

𝟓𝟐.𝟐−𝟓𝟎.𝟕 𝟏𝟏 (𝟖.𝟔)𝟐 + 𝟖 (𝟗.𝟓)𝟐

= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝑺𝒑 = 𝟏𝟐+𝟗−𝟐
= 8.99
𝟏 𝟏
𝟖.𝟗𝟗 +
𝟏𝟐 𝟗
A researcher wants to determine if the mean birth length
of male infants is significantly greater than that of female
infants. Test at α = 0.05.

Compare Computed Value and the Critical Value

A researcher wants to determine if the mean birth length
of male infants is significantly greater than that of female
infants. Test at α = 0.05.

STEP 6
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if the computed value
falls in the rejection region
Decision:
Conclusion: The mean birth length of male
infants is not significantly greater than that of
female infants.
 SUMMARY:
A researcher wants to determine if the mean birth length of male infants is
significantly greater than that of female infants. Test at α = 0.05.

Step 1 Ho: The mean birth length of male infants is equal to that of
female infants.
Ha: The mean birth length of male infants is significantly greater
than that of female infants.
Step 2 𝛼 = 5%
Step 3 Test Procedure/Type of Test: t-test; Right-Tailed
Step 4 Critical Value of the Test: t = 1.729
Step 5 Computed value of the Test: z = 0.38
Step 6 Decision: Do not reject Ho.
Conclusion: The mean birth length of male infants is equal to that
of female infants.
 Steps in Testing of Hypothesis
(p-value Approach)
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis
2. Set the level of significance
3. Determine the type of test to be used
4. Compute for the value of the test statistic
5. Compute the p-value of the test statistic
6. State your decision and conclusion

Decision Rule: Reject Ho if p-value is less than or equal

to the level of significance.
 Example 2 (t-test)
A researcher wants to find out if sex affects the smoking
practices.Test if the group of males smoke more number of
cigarettes per day than the group of females. Test at α =
0.05.
Average number of cigarettes smoked per day by males and
females
A researcher wants to find out if sex affects the smoking
practices.Test if the group of males smoke more number of
cigarettes per day than the group of females. Test at α = 0.05.

Objective:

To determine if the group of males smoke

more number of cigarettes per day than the
group of females.
A researcher wants to find out if sex affects the smoking
practices.Test if the group of males smoke more number of
cigarettes per day than the group of females. Test at α = 0.05.

STEP 1
Null Hypothesis
Ho: The mean number of cigarettes smoked by males is
not significantly more than that of the females.

Alternative Hypothesis
Ha: The mean number of cigarettes smoked by males is
significantly more than that of the females.
A researcher wants to find out if sex affects the smoking
practices.Test if the group of males smoke more number of
cigarettes per day than the group of females. Test at α = 0.05.

STEP 2 Level of Significance: 

STEP 3 Type of Test:
A researcher wants to find out if sex affects the smoking
practices.Test if the group of males smoke more number of
cigarettes per day than the group of females. Test at α = 0.05.

SPSS Output
number of sticks
sex Mean N Std. Deviation
male 7.5000 16 2.58
female 3.5000 14 2.59

 T – value = 4.22 df = 28 p-value = 0.000

STEP 4 Computed Value:

STEP 5 p-value:
A researcher wants to find out if sex affects the smoking
practices.Test if the group of males smoke more number of
cigarettes per day than the group of females. Test at α = 0.05.

STEP 6
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if the p-value is less
than or equal to the level of significance.

Decision:
Conclusion: The mean number of cigarettes
smoked by males is significantly more than that of
the females.
 SUMMARY:
A researcher wants to find out if sex affects the smoking practices.Test if the group
of males smoke more number of cigarettes per day than the group of females. Test
at α = 0.05.

Step 1 Ho: The mean number of cigarettes smoked by males is equal to

the mean number of cigarettes smoked by females.
Ha: The mean number of cigarettes smoked by males is greater
than the mean number of cigarettes smoked by females.

Step 2 𝛼 = 5%
Step 3 Test Procedure/Type of Test: t-test; Right-Tailed
Step 4 Computed Value of the Test: t = 4.22
Step 5 P-Value of the Test: p-value=0.000
Step 6 Decision: Reject Ho.
Conclusion: The mean number of cigarettes smoked by males is
greater than the mean number of cigarettes smoked by
females.
 T -test
Test of significance between
means of two dependent
groups.
 Example:
(t-test, dependent samples )
A researcher wants to find out if the
experiment affects the diastolic blood
pressure. Test if the pre experiment systolic
blood pressure is different from the post
experiment systolic blood pressure. Test at
α = 0.05.
Table showing the pre experiment and post
experiment systolic blood pressure
Res. # Pre Post Res. # Pre Post Res. # Pre Post
1 134 134 6 120 126 11 134 138
2 103 106 7 128 130 12 108 111
3 116 110 8 122 118 13 111 115
4 113 115 9 123 125 14 125 125
5 124 122 10 108 110 15 134 130
Respondent Number Pre Experiment SBP Post Experiment SBP
1 134 134
2 103 106
3 116 110
4 113 115
5 124 122
6 120 126
7 128 130
8 122 118
9 123 125
10 108 110
11 134 138
12 108 111
13 111 115
14 125 125
15 134 130
Table showing the mean of pre experimental and
post experimental systolic blood pressure
Mean Standard Sample size
deviation

Pre experimental
systolic blood 120.2 10.1 15
pressure
Post experimental
systolic blood 121.0 9.7 15
pressure
 SPSS output
T Test for dependent samples

(Pre) (Post) Mean Standard df t Sig.

Mean/ sd Mean/ sd difference Deviation

120.2 / 10.1 121.0 / 9.7 -0.800 3.4268 14 -.904 0.381

 T – value = -0.904 p-value=0.381

 SUMMARY:
A researcher wants to find out if the experiment affects the diastolic blood pressure.
Test if the pre experiment systolic blood pressure is different from the post
experiment systolic blood pressure. Test at α = 0.05.

COMPLETE THE STEPS IN TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS BASED ON THE

SPSS OUTPUT
Step 1 Ho: There is no significant difference between the systolic blood pressure
of the respondents before and after the experiment.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the systolic blood pressure
of the respondents before and after the experiment.
Step 2 𝛼 =
Step 3 Test Procedure/Type of Test:
Step 4 Computed Value of the Test: t =
Step 5 P-Value of the Test: p-value=
Step 6 Decision:
Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the systolic blood
pressure before and after the experiment.
 T -test

 Test of difference between means of

two matched groups.(identical group)
 Check your progress
 Determine if the mean level of surgical skills of nurses differ significantly when
they are grouped according to sex. Test at 5% significance level.

Group n Mean SD t p
Male 16 8.9 1.2
Female 18 8.5 1.15 -0.123 0.183

 Is this a test between means of independent groups or test of means between

dependent groups?
 Formulate the null hypothesis.
 What is the value of test statistic? What is the significance value?
 Is the result significant?
 Write your statistical conclusion.
 Check your progress
 Determine if the mean level of competence on pediatric care of female nurses
is significantly higher than that of male nurses. Test at 1% significance level.

Group n Mean SD t Sig.

Male 16 7.2 0.91
Female 15 9.3 0.89 3.78 0.003

 Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.

 Is this a one –tailed test or two-tailed test?
 What is the value of test statistic? What is the significance value?
 Is the result significant?
 Write your statistical and research conclusion.
END of Chapter 5