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scheme: Worksheet (A2)
30 π
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1 a 2 θ=
0.52 rad × π =
6
≈ [1]

210
b θ= × 2π ≈ 3.7 rad [1]
360
0.05 − 4
c θ= × 2π ≈ 8.7 × 10 rad [1]
360
1 .0
2 a θ= × 360 = 57.3° ≈ 57° [1]
2π
Facebook
b 360 θ=
4.0
× ≈ 230° Twitter [1]
2π
0.15
c θ= × 360 ≈ 8.6° [1]
2π

3 a

%88 days is equivalent to 2 π radians.

θ=
44
88
× 2π = π rad [1]

Email
1
b θ= × 2π ≈ 0.071 rad (4.1°) [1]
88

4 a Friction between the tyres and the road. [1]

b Gravitational force acting on the planet due to the Sun. [1]
c Electrical force acting on the electron due to the positive nucleus. [1]
Did you
d find this document useful?
The (inward) contact force between the clothes and the rotating drum. [1]

v 150
5 a ω = = [1]
r 20000
= 7.5 × 105 rad s − 1
[1]

& '
ω

v2
b a= [1]
r
2
150
a= [1]
20 000
a = 1.125 m s –2 ≈ 1.1 m s −2
[1]

Is this content inappropriate? Report this Document

c F = ma = 80 × 1.125 [1]
F = 90 N [1]
8 .2
6 a i Time = = 0.82 s [1]
10
ii Distance = circumference of circle = 2π × 0.80 = 5.03 m ≈ 5.0 m [1]
distance 5.03
iii speed = = [1]
time 0.82
1 1 − −
speed, v = 6.13 m s ≈ 6.1 m s [1]
v2
iv a= [1]
r
2
6.13
a= [1]
0.80
a = 47 m s –2 [1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 1

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18 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

v F = ma = 0.090 × 47 [1]
F ≈ 4.2 N [1]
b The tension in the string. [1]
c The stone describes a circle, therefore the angle between the velocity and the acceleration
(or centripetal force) must be 90°. [1]

distance
7 a i speed =
time
2πr 2π × 0.12
speed v = = [1]
T 1.6
v = 0.471 m s −1 ≈ 0.47 m s − 1
[1]
mv 2
ii F = ma = [1]
r
0.300 × 0.4712
F = [1]
0.12
frictional force ≈ 0.55 N [1]
b Frictional force = 0.7mg [1]
mv 2
0.7 mg = [1]
r
v= 0.7 gr = 0.7 × 9.81 × 0.12 [1]
−1 − 1
speed = 0.908 m s ≈ 0.91 m s [1]

8 a Kinetic energy at B = loss of gravitational potential energy from A to B

1 2
mv = mgh or v = 2 gh [1]
2
–1 −1
v= 2 × 9.81 × 5.2 =10.1 ms ≈ 10 m s [1]
v2
b i a= [1]
r
2
10.1
a= [1]
16
a = 6.38 m s 2 ≈ 6.4 m s 2 − −
[1]
ii Net force = ma
R − mg = ma [1]
R = mg + ma = m(a + g) = 70(6.38 + 9.81) [1]
R ≈ 1.1 × 103 N [1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 2

18 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

9 a R cos 20° = W = 840 × 9.8 [1]

840 × 9.8
R= = 8760 N [1]
cos 20°
2
mv
b R sin 20° = centripetal force = [1]
r
2
mv
r= [1]
R
840 × 32 2
r= [1]
8760 sin 20°
r = 287 m ≈ 290 m [1]
2
mv
10 net force =
r
0.120 × 4.0 2
net force = = 2.4 N [2]
0.80
weight W of stone = mg = 0.120 × 9.81 = 1.18 N ≈ 1.2 N [1]
At the top: W + TB = 2.4 so TB = 2.4 − 1.2 = 1.2 N [1]
At the bottom: TA − W = 2.4 so TA = 2.4 + 1.2 = 3.6 N [1]
T 3.6
ratio = A = = 3.0 [1]
TB 1.2

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 3

19 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

1 Gravitational field strength at a point, g, is the force experienced per unit mass at that point. [1]
GMm
2 F= − 2
[1]
r
Fr
2
⎡ N m2 ⎤
Therefore: G = →
⎢ 2 ⎥
→ [N m2 kg–2] [1]
Mm ⎣ kg ⎦
F
3 g=
m
F = mg = 80 × 1.6 [1]
F = 128 N ≈ 130 N ( F is the ‘weight’ of the astronaut.) [1]
GMm
4 a F= 2
[1]
r
−11 −27 −27
6.67 × 10 ×1.7 ×10 ×1.7 ×10
F= [1]
(5.0 ×10− ) 14 2

F ≈ 7.7 × 10
–38
N [1]
6.67 × 10 −11 × 5.0 × 10 28 × 5.0 × 10 28
b F= [1]
(8.0 ×10 ) 12 2

F = 2.61 × 10 N ≈ 2.6 × 10
21 21
N [1]
6.67 × 10 −11 × 1500 2
c F= 2
[1]
2 .0
F = 6.00 × 10 N ≈ 6.00 × 10 N
–6 –6
[1]
GM
5 a g= − 2
[1]
r
1
b The field strength obeys an inverse square law with distance ( g ∝ ). [1]
r2
Doubling the distance decreases the field strength by a factor of four. [1]
2
GM (5 R )
c ratio = [1]
GM (59 R )
2

2
59 2 ⎛ 59 ⎞
ratio = 2
=⎜ ⎟ [1]
5 ⎝ 5 ⎠
ratio ≈ 140 [1]
GM
6 g= − 2
[1]
r
−11
6.67 × 10 × 1.0 × 10 26
g= (magnitude only) [1]
(2.2 × 10 ) 7 2

g = 13.8 N kg ≈ 14 N kg –1
–1
[1]
GM
7 g= − 2
[1]
r
−11
GM 6.67 × 10 × 5.0 × 10 23
r = = = 8.34 × 1012 m2
2
[1]
g 4.0

r= 8.34 × 1012 ≈ 2.9 × 106 m [1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 1

19 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

GMm
8 a F= − 2
[1]
r
−11
6.67 × 10 × 1800 × 6.0 × 10 24
⎛ 7.8 × 10 10
⎞
F= ⎜r = = 3.9 × 1010 m ⎟⎟ [1]
⎜
(3.9 × 10 ) 10 2
⎝ 2 ⎠
F = 4.74 × 10 N ≈ 4.7 × 10
–4 –4
N [1]
GMm
b F= − 2
r
6.67 × 10 −11 × 1800 × 6.4 × 10 23
F= [1]
(3.9 × 10 ) 10 2

F = 5.05 × 10 N ≈ 5.1 × 10 N
–5 –5
[1]
F
c a= (F is the net force.) [1]
m
−4 −5
4.74 ×10 − 5.05 ×10
a= [1]
1800
a ≈ 2.4 × 10 m s
–7 –2
(towards the centre of the Earth) [1]

GMm
9 a F= − 2
[1]
r
6.67 × 10 −11 × 5000 × 6.0 × 10 24
F= (r = 6400 + 400 = 6800 km) [1]
(6800 × 10 ) 3 2

F = 4.33 × 10 N ≈ 4.3 × 10 N
4 4
[1]
F 4.33 × 10 4
b a= = [1]
m 5000
a = 8.66 ≈ 8.7 m s
–2
[1]
2
v
c a= [1]
r
v = ar = 8.66 × 6800 × 10
2 3
[1]
v = 7.67 × 10 m s ≈ 7.7 km s
3 –1 –1
[1]

10 a The work done in bringing unit mass [1]

from infinity to the point [1]
b 0J [1]
6.67 × 10−11 × 6.0 × 10 24
c Ep =− ([1] mark only if minus sign missed) [2]
6.4 × 106
= −6.25 × 106 J [1]
d 6.25 × 106 J [1]

GMm
11 a Gravitational force on planet = 2
[1]
r
2
mv
Centripetal force = [1]
r
2
GMm mv
Equating these two forces, we have: 2
= [1]
r r
GM GM
Therefore: v2 = or v= [1]
r r

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 2

19 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

GM 6.67 × 10 −11 × 2.0 × 10 30

b v= = [1]
1.5 × 1011
r
v = 2.98 × 10 m s ≈ 30 km s
–1 4 –1
[1]

12 The field strengths are the same at point P.

GM M GM E
= [1]
x2 (R − x )2
ME
R−x=x× [1]
MM
R−x=x× 81 so R − x = 9x [1]
R
10x = R so x= [1]
10

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 3

20 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

1 a The period of an oscillator is the time for one complete oscillation. [1]
b The frequency of an oscillator is the number of oscillations completed per unit time
(or per second). [1]
2 a The gradient of a displacement against time graph is equal to velocity. [1]
The magnitude of the velocity (speed) is a maximum at 0 s or 0.4 s or 0.8 s. [1]
b For s.h.m., acceleration ∝ – displacement.
The magnitude of the acceleration is maximum when the displacement is equal to the
amplitude of the motion. [1]
The magnitude of the acceleration is a maximum at 0.2 s or 0.6 s or 1.0 s. [1]
13.2
3 a T= [1]
12
T = 1.1 s [1]
1 1
b f= = [1]
T 1.1
f = 0.909 ≈ 0.91 Hz [1]
4 a Amplitude = 0.10 m [1]
b Period = 4.0 × 10–2 s [1]
1 1
c f= = [1]
T 0.04
f = 25 Hz [1]
d ω = 2πf = 2π × 25 [1]
ω = 157 rad s ≈ 160 rad s –1
–1
[1]
e Maximum speed = ωA = 157 × 0.10 [1]
maximum speed = 15.7 m s 1 ≈ 16 m s − − 1
[1]

⎛t⎞
5 a Phase difference = 2π × ⎜ ⎟
⎝T ⎠
where T is the period and t is the time lag between the motions of the two objects.
⎛t⎞ ⎛ 2 .5 ⎞
phase difference = 2π × ⎜ ⎟ = 2π × ⎜ ⎟ [1]
⎝T ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
π
phase difference = ≈ 1.6 rad [1]
2
⎛t⎞ ⎛ 5 .0 ⎞
b Phase difference = 2π × ⎜ ⎟ = 2π × ⎜ ⎟ [1]
⎝T ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
phase difference = π ≈ 3.1 rad [1]
6 a A = 16 cm [1]
2π 2π
b ω = 2πf = = [1]
T 2.8
ω = 2.24 rads ≈ 2.2 rads–1
–1
[1]
c a = (2πf )2x (magnitude only) [1]
For maximum acceleration, the displacement x must be 16 cm.
2
⎛ 1 ⎞ −2
a = ⎜ 2π × ⎟ × 16 × 10 [1]
⎝ 2.8 ⎠
a = 0.806 m s–2 ≈ 0.81 m s–2 [1]
d Maximum speed = ωA = 2.24 × 0.16 [1]
maximum speed = 0.358 m s 1 ≈ 0.36 m s − − 1
[1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 1

20 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

2π 2π
7 a ω = 2πf = = [1]
T 2.0
ω = 3.14 rad s ≈ 3.1 rad s–1
–1
[1]
b a = –(2πf )2x or a = –ω2x [1]
a = 3.142 × 3.0 × 10–2 [1]
a ≈ 0.30 m s–2 [1]
c x = A cos (2πft) = A cos (ωt) [1]
x = 3.0 × 10–2 cos (3.14 × 6.7) [1]
x ≈ –1.7 × 10–2 m [1]

8 a Gradient of x–t graph = velocity

[2]

b Gradient of v–t graph = acceleration

(for s.h.m. acceleration ∝ −displacement)

[2]

1
c Kinetic energy = mv ∝ v
2 2

[2]

d Potential energy = total energy − kinetic energy

[2]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 2

20 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

9 a a = −(2πf )2x [1]

Therefore (2πf )2 = 6.4 × 105 [1]
6.4 × 10 5
f= = 127 Hz ≈ 130 Hz [1]
2π
b F = ma
Acceleration is maximum at maximum displacement, so magnitude of maximum force
is given by:
F = ma = 0.700 × (6.4 × 105 × 0.08) [1]
F = 3.58 × 104 N ≈ 3.6 × 104 N [1]

10 a According to Hooke’s law, F = –kx [1]

(The minus sign shows that the force is directed towards the equilibrium position.)
From Newton’s second law: F = ma [1]
Equating, we have: ma = –kx [1]
⎛k⎞
Hence: a = − ⎜ ⎟ x
⎝m⎠
b For s.h.m. we have a = –(2πf )2x [1]
k
Hence (2πf )2 = [1]
m
1 k
Therefore f =
2π m
1 1
c f= = = 2.5 Hz [1]
T 0 .4
1 k
2.5 = [1]
850 2π
k = (2π × 2.5)2 × 850 ≈ 2.1 × 105 N m–1 [1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 3

21 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

1 a The atoms in a solid are arranged in a three-dimensional structure. [1]
There are strong attractive forces between the atoms. [1]
The atoms vibrate about their equilibrium positions. [1]
b The atoms in a liquid are more disordered than those in a solid. [1]
There are still attractive electrical forces between molecules but these are weaker than
those between similar atoms in a solid. [1]
The atoms in a liquid are free to move around. [1]
c The atoms in a gas move around randomly. [1]
There are virtually no forces between the molecules (except during collisions) because they
are much further apart than similar molecules in a liquid. [1]
The atoms of a gas move at high speeds (but no faster than those in a liquid at the same
temperature). [1]

2 The atoms move faster [1]

because their mean kinetic energy increases as the temperature is increased. [1]
The atoms still have a random motion. [1]

3 a The internal energy of a substance is the sum (of the random distribution) of the kinetic
and potential energies of its particles (atoms or molecules). [1]
b There is an increase in the average kinetic energy of the aluminium atoms as they vibrate
with larger amplitudes about their equilibrium positions. [1]
The potential energy remains the same because the mean separation between the atoms
does not change significantly. [1]
Hence, the internal energy increases because there is an increase in the kinetic energy of
the atoms. [1]
c As the metal melts, the mean separation between the atoms increases. [1]
Hence, the electrical potential energy of the atoms increases. [1]
There is no change in the kinetic energy of the atoms because the temperature remains
the same. [1]
The internal energy of the metal increases because there is an increase in the electrical
potential energy of the atoms. [1]

4 Change in thermal energy = mass × specific heat capacity × change in temperature [1]

5 The specific heat capacity refers to the energy required to change the temperature of a substance. [1]
Specific latent heat of fusion is the energy required to melt a substance; there is no change in
temperature as the substance melts. [1]

6 E = mc∆θ [1]
E = 6.0 × 105 × 4200 × (24 – 21) [1]
E = 7.56 × 109 J ≈ 7.6 × 109 J [1]

7 E = mc∆θ [1]
E = 300 × 10–3 × 490 × (20 – 300) [1]
E = –4.1 × 104 J (The minus sign implies energy is released by the cooling metal.) [1]

8 E = mLf = 200 × 10−3 ×3.4 × 105 [1]

4
= 6.8 × 10 J [1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 1

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21 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

9 a i T = 273 + 0 = 273 K [1]

ii T = 273 + 80 = 353 K [1]
iii T = 273 – 120 = 153 K [1]
b i θ = 400 – 273 = 127 °C [1]
ii θ = 272 – 273 = –1 °C [1]
iii θ = 3 – 273 = –270 °C [1]
10 a The thermal energy E supplied and the specific heat capacity c remain constant.
The mass m is larger by a factor of 3. [1]
Since E = mc∆θ, we have:
E 1
∆θ = ; ∆θ ∝ [1]
mc m
15
Therefore ∆θ = = 5.0 °C [1]
3
b The thermal energy E supplied is halved but the specific heat capacity c and the mass m
remain constant. [1]
Since E = mc∆θ, we have:
E
∆θ = ; ∆θ ∝ E [1]
mc
15
Therefore ∆θ = = 7.5 °C [1]
2

11 a Melting point = 600 °C [1]

(There is no change in temperature during change of state.)
b The lead is being heated at a steady rate and therefore the temperature also increases
at a steady rate. [1]
c The energy supplied to the lead is used to break the atomic bonds and increase the
separation between the atoms of lead (and hence their potential energy increases). [1]
d E = mc∆θ [1]
E = 200 × 10–3 × 130 × (600 – 0) [1]
E = 1.56 × 104 J ≈ 1.6 × 104 J [1]
e In a time of 300 s, 1.56 × 104 J of energy is supplied to the lead.
Rate of heating = power
1.56 × 10 4
power = [1]
300
power = 52 W [1]
f Energy supplied = 52 × 100 = 5200 J [1]
∆E 5200
Lf = = [1]
∆m 0.2
−1
= 26 000 J kg [1]

12 The energy supplied per second is equal to the power of the heater.
In a time of 1 s, water of mass 0.015 kg has its temperature changed from 15 °C to 42 °C. [1]
E = mc∆θ (where E is the energy supplied in 1 s) [1]
E = 0.015 × 4200 × (42 – 15) [1]
E = 1.7 × 103 J [1]
The power of the heater is therefore 1.7 kW. [1]
m
(You may use P = ( )c∆θ )
t

13 The gas does work against atmospheric pressure. [1]

Energy to do this work is taken from the internal energy of the gas. [1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 2

21 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

14 Heat ‘lost’ by hot water = heat ‘gained’ by cold water. [1]

0.3 × c × (90 – θ) = 0.2 × c × (θ – 10) [1]
where c is the specific heat capacity of the water and θ is the final temperature.
The actual value of c is not required, since it cancels on both sides of the equation.
Hence:
0.3 × (90 – θ) = 0.2 × (θ – 10) [1]
27 – 0.3θ = 0.2θ – 2.0 [1]
0.5θ = 29 so θ = 58 °C [1]

15 Heat ‘lost’ by metal = heat ‘gained’ by cold water [1]

0.075 × 500 × (θ – 48) = 0.2 × 4200 × (48 – 18) [1]
(θ is the initial temperature of the metal.)
0.2 × 4200 × 30
θ – 48 = [1]
0.075 × 500
θ – 48 = 672 [1]
θ = 720 °C [1]

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AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 3

22 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

1 a number of atoms = number of moles × NA
number of atoms = 1.0 × 6.02 × 10 23 ≈ 6.0 × 10 23 [1]
b Number of molecules = 3.6 × 6.02 × 10 23 ≈ 2.2 × 10 24 [1]
c Number of atoms = 0.26 × 6.02 × 10 23 ≈ 1.6 × 10 23 [1]

2 There are 6.02 × 1023 atoms in 4.0 g of helium. [1]

0.004
mass of atom = = 6.645 × 10 –27 kg ≈ 6.6 × 10 –27 kg [1]
6.02 × 10 23

3 a There are 6.02 × 1023 atoms in 0.238 kg of uranium. [1]

0.238
mass of atom = = 3.95 × 10 −25 kg ≈ 4.0 × 10 −25 kg [1]
6.02 × 10 23
mass of uranium
b i number of moles = [1]
molar mass of uranium
0.12 –4 –4
number of moles = = 5.04 × 10 ≈ 5.0 × 10 [1]
238
ii number of atoms = number of moles × NA
number of atoms = 5.04 × 10 –4 × 6.02 × 10 23 = 3.06 × 10 20 ≈ 3.1 × 10 20 [1]

4 The absolute zero of temperature is –273.15 °C or 0 K. [1]

This is the lowest temperature any substance can have. [1]
At absolute zero of temperature, the substance has minimum internal energy. [1]

5 a Pressure × volume
= number of moles × universal gas constant × thermodynamic temperature [1]
b PV = nRT [1]
nRT 1.0 × 8.31 × 293
P= = [1]
V 0.020
P = 1.22 × 10 5 Pa ≈ 1.2 × 10 5 Pa (120 kPa) [1]

6 a PV = nRT [1]
Comparing this equation with y = mx, we have:
y = PV, x = T, gradient, m = nR [1]
A graph of PV against T is a straight line through the origin.

Correct graph [1]

gradient
n= [1]
R

b PV = nRT [1]
At a constant temperature, the product
PV is a constant. [1]
Hence a graph of PV against P is a
straight horizontal line. [1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 1

22 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

7 a PV = nRT [1]
4 .0
n= = 0.138 moles [1]
29
nRT 0.138 × 8.31 × (273 + 34)
P= = [1]
V 0.030
P = 1.17 × 10 4 Pa ≈ 1.2 × 10 4 Pa (12 kPa) [1]
P
b is constant when the volume of the gas is constant. [1]
T
The pressure is doubled, hence the absolute temperature of the gas is also doubled. [1]
Therefore:
temperature = 2 × (273 + 34) = 614 K [1]
temperature in °C = 614 – 273 = 341 °C ≈ 340 °C [1]

PV
8 a n= [1]
RT
3 −2 3 − 2
180 × 10 × 2.0 × 10 300 × 10 × 2.0 × 10
n= + [1]
8.31 × (273 − 13) 8.31 × (273 − 13)
n = 4.44 moles ≈ 4.4 moles [1]
b Total volume, V = 4.0 × 10–2 m3, T = 273 – 13 = 260 K
nRT
P= [1]
V
4.44 × 8.31 × 260
P= [1]
4.0 × 10 2 −

5
P ≈ 2.4 × 10 Pa (240 kPa) [1]

F 400
9 a P= =
3
[1]
A 1.6 × 10 −

P = 2.5 × 105 Pa [1]

PV
b n= [1]
RT
2.5 × 10 5 × 2.4 × 10 − 4
n= [1]
8.31 × (273 + 5.0)
–2
n = 2.6 × 10 moles [1]
c i mass = number of moles × molar mass
mass = 2.6 × 10–2 × 29 = 0.754 g ≈ 0.75 g [1]
mass
ii density =
volume
− 3
0.754 × 10
density = [1]
2.4 × 10 4 −

density = 3.14 kg m –3 ≈ 3.1 kg m–3 [1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 2

22 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

10 Mean kinetic energy of atom ∝ absolute temperature [1]

1 mv 2 ∝ T or v2 ∝ 2T [1]
2 m
Since the mass m of the atom is constant, we have: v ∝ T [1]
The temperature of 0 °C in kelvin is T = 273 K
10 000
The absolute temperature increases by a factor of (= 36.6) [1]
273
10 000
Hence the speed will increase by a factor of = 6.05 [1]
273
The speed of the atoms at 10 000 K = 1.3 × 6.05 ≈ 7.9 km s –1 [1]

11 a The particles have a range of speeds and travel in different directions. [1]
3 3
b i Mean kinetic energy = kT = × 1.38 × 10 23 × 5400 −
[1]
2 2
–19
= 1.118 × 10 J ≈ 1.1 × 10–19 J [1]
1 3
ii mv 2 = kT [1]
2 2
− 23
3kT 3 × 1.38 × 10 × 5400
v = =
− 27
[1]
m 1.7 × 10
speed = 1.147 × 104 m s–1 ≈ 11 km s –1 [1]

3 3
12 a Mean kinetic energy = kT = × 1.38 × 10 23 × 273 −
[1]
2 2
= 5.65 × 10–21 J ≈ 5.7 × 10–21 J [1]
b There are 6.02 × 1023 molecules of carbon dioxide. [1]
0.044 26 −
mass of molecule = = 7.31 × 10 kg [1]
6.02 × 10 23
1
mv 2 = 5.65 × 10 21 J −
[1]
2
− 21
2 × 5.65 × 10
v= − 26
[1]
7.31 × 10
speed = 393 m s –1 ≈ 390 m s –1 [1]
3 3
c Total kinetic energy of one mole of gas kT × NA = RT (Note: R = k × NA) = [1]
2 2
For an ideal gas, the change in internal energy is entirely kinetic energy.
3 3
Change in internal energy = R × (373 − 273) = × 8.31 × 100 [1]
2 2
change in internal energy = 1.2465 kJ ≈ 1.2 kJ [1]

13 a i The molecule has 3 degrees of freedom for translational motion and 2 degrees of freedom
for rotation – making a total of 5. [1]
1 5
Therefore, mean energy = 5 × kT = kT [1]
2 2
ii The molecule has 3 degrees of freedom for translational motion and 3 degrees of freedom
for rotation – making a total of 6. [1]
1
Therefore, mean energy = 6 × kT = 3kT [1]
2
b Internal energy = 3kT × NA = 3RT (Note: R = k × NA) [1]
internal energy per unit kelvin = 3R [1]
–1
= 3 × 8.31 ≈ 25 J K [1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 3

23 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

1 Electric field strength is the force per unit charge at that point. [1]
The potential at a point is the work that must be done to bring unit charge
from infinity to that point. [1]

V V
2 a E= ,d= [1]
d E
5000 –2
d= = 1.25 × 10 m ≈ 1.3 cm [1]
400 000
b F = EQ = 400 000 × 1.6 × 10–19 N [1]
F 6.4 × 10–14 N [1]

Q 1 1
3 E= so k= =
12
4 πε 0 r 2
−
4πε0 4π × 8.85 × 10
9 –1 9 –1
k = 8.99 × 10 m F ≈ 9.0 × 10 m F [1]

1
4 The force between the charges obeys an inverse square law with distance; that is, F ∝ [1]
r2
Point B: The distance is the same. The force between the charges is F. [1]
Point C: The distance is doubled, so the force decreases by a factor of 4. [1]
F
The force between the charges is . [1]
4
Point D: The distance is trebled, so the force decreases by a factor of 3 2 = 9. [1]
F
The force between the charges is . [1]
9
Point E: The distance between the charges is 8 R. [1]
The force between the charges decreases by a factor
of ( 8 ) 2 = 8 [1]
F
The force between the charges is . [1]
8

Q
5 a E= [1]
4 πε 0 r 2
− 6
2.5 × 10
E= [1]
4 π × 8.85 × 10 12 × 0.15 2 −

E = 9.99 × 105 V m–1 ≈ 1.0 × 106 V m–1 [1]

b The distance from the centre of the dome increases by a factor of 3.
The electric field strength decreases by a factor of 3 2 = 9. [1]
1.0 × 10 6
Therefore E = = 1.1 × 104 V m–1 [1]
9

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 1

23 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

Q
6 a i E= [1]
4 πε 0 r 2
− 6
20 × 10 80
E= (r = = 40 cm) [1]
4 π × 8.85 × 10 12 × 0.40 2
−
2
6 –1 6 –1
E = 1.124 × 10 V m ≈ 1.1 × 10 V m [1]
− 6
40 × 10
ii E= [1]
4π × 8.85 × 10 12 × 0.40 2
−

E = 2.248 × 106 V m–1 ≈ 2.2 × 106 V m–1 [1]

(The electric field doubles because the charge is doubled, E ∝ Q.)

b Net field strength, E = 2.2 × 106 – 1.1 × 106 = 1.1 × 106 V m–1 [1]
The direction of the electric field at X is to the left. [1]
− 12
7 a Q = V × 4πεor = 20 000 × 4 × π × 8.85 × 10 × 0.15 [1]
Q = 3.3 × 10–7 C [1]
9.0 ×10 9 × 3.3 ×10 7
kQ −

b E == [1]
r2 0.15 2
5 –1 5 –1
= 1.32 × 10 V m ≈ 1.3 × 10 V m [1]
F = eV = 1.6 × 10 19 × 1.32 × 105
−
c [1]
F = 2.11 × 10 14 N ≈ 2.1 × 10 14 N − −
[1]

Q kQ 9.0 × 109 × − 2000 × 10 9

−

8 a V= = =
− 2
([1] mark only if minus sign omitted) [2]
4πε 0r r 5 × 10
5 –1
V = 3.6 × 10 J C = 360 kV [1]

9 Similarities
• Both produce radial fields. [1]

1
• Both obey an inverse square law with distance; that is, F ∝ . [1]
r2
• The field strengths are defined as force per unit (positive) charge or mass. [1]
• Both produce action at a distance. [1]
Differences
• Electrical forces can be either attractive or repulsive, whereas gravitational forces are
always attractive. [1]
• Gravitational forces act between masses, whereas electrical forces act between charges. [1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 2

23 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

10 The electric field strength due to the charge +Q is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
to the electric field strength due to the charge +3Q. [1]
Therefore:
Q 3Q
= (where R is the distance between the charges = 10 cm) [1]
4 πε 0 x 2 4 πε 0 ( R − x) 2
1 3
= [1]
x2 ( R − x) 2
R−x
so = 3 [1]
x
R
x(1 + 3)=R so x= = 0.37 R [1]
1+ 3
x = 0.37 × 10 = 3.7 cm [1]

e 2 4πε 0 r 2
11 ratio = (where m = mass of proton and r = separation) [2]
Gm 2 r 2
e2
ratio = [1]
4πε 0 Gm 2
2
The r terms cancel and so this ratio is independent of the separation. [1]
− 19 2
(1.6 ×10 )
ratio = − 12 − 11 − 27 2
[1]
4π × 8.85 ×10 × 6.67 ×10 × (1.7 ×10 )
36
ratio ≈ 1.2 × 10 [1]
−19 − 19
Q1Q2 9 1.6 × 10 × 1.6 × 10
12 a F= = 9 × 10 ×
15 2
[1]
4 πε 0 r 2
−
(10 )
= 230 N [1]
19
Q 9 1.6 × 10 −

b V= = 9 × 10 ×
− 15
[1]
4 πε 0 r 10
6
= 1.44 × 10 V [1]
c W = VQ = 1.44 × 106 × 1.6 × 10–19 [1]
–13
= 2.3 × 10 J [1]
1 2W
d mv2 = W ⇒ v2 = [1]
2 m
− 13
2 × 2.3 × 10
v2 = − 27
= 2.7 × 10–14 [1]
1.7 × 10
− 14 7 –1
v = 2.7 × 10 = 1.6 × 10 m s [1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 3

24 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

–6
1 a Q = VC = 9.0 × 30 × 10 [1]
–4
Q = 2.7 × 10 C (270 µC) [1]
Q 2.7 × 10 −4
b number of excess electrons = = [1]
e 1.6 × 10 −19
15 15
number = 1.69 × 10 ≈ 1.7 × 10 [1]
2 a i The charge is directly proportional to the voltage across the capacitor.
Hence doubling the voltage will double the charge. [1]
charge = 2 × 150 = 300 nC [1]
ii Since Q ∝ V for a given capacitor, increasing the voltage by a factor of three
will increase the charge by the same factor. [1]
charge = 3 × 150 = 450 nC [1]
−9
Q 150 × 10
b C= = [1]
V 3.0
C = 5.0 × 10–8 F [1]

1 2 1 2 –6
3 a E= V C= × 9.0 × 1000 × 10 [1]
2 2
–2 –2
E = 4.05 × 10 J ≈ 4.1 × 10 J [1]
b For a given capacitor, energy stored ∝ voltage2. [1]
energy = 22 × 4.05 × 10–2 ≈ 0.16 J [1]

4 a Ctotal = C1 + C2 [1]
Ctotal = 20 + 40 = 60 nF [1]
1 1 1
b = + [1]
C total C1 C2
1 1 1
= + = 0.012 µF−1 [1]
C total 100 500
1
Ctotal = ≈ 83 µF [1]
0.012
1 1 1 1
c = + + [1]
C total C1 C2 C3
1 1 1 1
= + + = 0.13 µF−1 [1]
C total 10 50 100
1
Ctotal = ≈ 7.7 µF [1]
0.13
d Total capacitance of the two capacitors in parallel = 50 + 50 = 100 µF. [1]
1 1 1 −1
= + = 0.03 µF [1]
C total 50 100
1
Ctotal = ≈ 33 µF [1]
0.03
e Total capacitance of the two capacitors in series is 83 µF (from b). [1]
Ctotal = 83 + 50 = 133 µF ≈ 130 µF [1]

5 a Ctotal = C1 + C2 [1]
Ctotal = 100 + 500 = 600 µF [1]
b The potential difference across parallel components is the same and equal to 1.5 V. [1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 1

24 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

–6
c Q = VC = 1.5 × 600 × 10 [1]
Q = 9.0 × 10–4 C (900 µC) [1]
1 1 –4
d E = QV = × 9.0 × 10 × 1.5 [1]
2 2
–4 –4
E = 6.75 × 10 J ≈ 6.8 × 10 J [1]

1 2 1 2 –6
6 a E= V C= × 32 × 10 000 × 10 [1]
2 2
E = 5.12 J ≈ 5.1 J [1]
E 5.12
b P= = [1]
t 0.300
P ≈ 17 W [1]
–6
7 a Q = VC = 12 × 1000 × 10 [1]
–2
Q = 1.2 × 10 C (12 mC) [1]
b i Ctotal = C1 + C2 [1]
Ctotal = 1000 + 500 = 1500 µF [1]
Q
ii V = (The charge Q is conserved and C is the total capacitance.) [1]
C
−2
1.2 × 10
V= = 8.0 V [1]
1500 × 10 −6

I 225 ×10 −3
8 a ∆Q = I∆t = = = 4.5 × 10–3 C [1]
f 50
Q 4.5 × 10 −3
b C = = [1]
V 9 .0
–4
= 5.0 × 10 F = 500 µF [1]
c i The capacitors are in parallel, so the total capacitance = 2C and charge stored = 2Q;
current =2I = 2 × 225 = 450 mA [1]
1 1
ii The capacitors are in series, so the total capacitance = C and charge stored = Q;
2 2
1 1
current = I= × 225 = 113 mA [1]
2 2
–6
9 a Q = CV = 200 × 10 × 200 = 0.040 C [1]
1 1
b E = CV 2 = –6 2
× 200 × 10 × 200 = 4.0 J [1]
2 2
c The two capacitors now make a pair of capacitors in parallel of total capacitance
= 100 µF + 200 µF = 300 µF [1]
Q 0.040
The charge is conserved, therefore V = = [1]
C 300 × 10 −6
= 133 V [1]
1 2 1 –6 2
d E = CV = × 300 × 10 × 133 [1]
2 2
= 2.67 J [1]
e The energy is lost as the connected wires are heated as the current passes through them. [1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 2

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24 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

10 The capacitors are in parallel, so the total capacitance = 3C. [1]

The total charge Q remains constant. [1]
Q2
The energy stored by a capacitor is given by E = . [1]
2C
2 2
Q Q
Einitial = and Efinal = [1]
2C 2(3C )
Efinal Q 2 2(3C ) 1
Fraction of energy stored = =
2
= [1]
Einitial Q 2C 3
2 1
Fraction of energy ‘lost’ as heat in resistor = . = 1– [1]
3 3
The resistance governs how long it takes for the capacitor to discharge. The final voltage
across each capacitor is independent of the resistance. Hence, the energy lost as heat is
independent of the actual resistance of the resistor. [1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 3

25 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

1 The direction of the magnetic field should be clockwise (and not anticlockwise). [1]
The separation between adjacent circular field lines should increase further away from
the wire (see below). [1]

2 a The conductor is pushed to the left. [1]

b The conductor is pushed to the left. [1]
c The conductor is pushed out of the plane of the paper. [1]
F
3 B= [1]
Il
N −1
[B] = = N A m−1 [1]
Am
4 F = BIl [1]
F = 0.12 × 3.5 × 0.01 (length = 1.0 cm) [1]
F = 4.2 × 10–3 N [1]

5 a F = BIl sin θ
F = 0.050 × 3.0 × 0.04 × sin 90° [1]
F = 6.0 × 10–3 N [1]
b F = 0.050 × 3.0 × 0.04 × sin 30° [1]
F = 3.0 × 10–3 N [1]
c F = 0.050 × 3.0 × 0.04 × sin 65° [1]
F = 5.44 × 10–3 N ≈ 5.4 × 10–3 N [1]

6 Force experienced by PQ = force experienced by RS (but in opposite direction). [1]

No force experienced by QR and PS (since current is parallel to the field). [1]
torque = one of the forces × perpendicular distance between forces = ( BIL)x [1]
torque = BI(Lx), Lx = area of loop = A [1]
torque = BIA ∝ A [1]
The torque is directly proportional to the area of the loop.

7 a Current is at right angles to magnetic field. [1]

Left-hand rule produces force on AB towards the right. [1]
Wire leaves mercury and breaks contact/current stops/force stops. [1]
Weight causes AB to fall back/return and make contact again. [1]
b i Moment = Fd [1]
− 5
3.5 × 10
F= = 1.0 × 10−3 N [1]
0.035

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 1

25 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

F
ii F = BIl ⇒ I = [1]
Bl
− 3
1.0 ×10
I= − 3
= 2.38 A ≈ 2.4 A [1]
(6.0 ×10 × 0.07)
8 a F = BIl × number of turns [1]
F = 0.19 × 2.8 × 0.07 × 25 = 0.93 N [1]
b Torque= Fd = 0.93 × 0.03 [1]
torque = 0.028 N m [1]
c The longest side always stays at 90º to the magnetic field as the coil turns
so the force is constant. [1]
The perpendicular distance between the forces changes as the coil turns
so the torque (moment) changes. [1]
–3 –2 –2
9 a F = mg = (103.14 – 102.00) × 10 × 9.81 so F = 1.12 × 10 N ≈ 1.1 × 10 N [1]
F
b B= [1]
Il
− 2
1.12 × 10
B= [1]
8.2 × 0.05
B = 2.73 × 10 2 T (27 mT) −
[1]

AS and A Level Physics Original material © Cambridge University Press 2010 2

26 Marking scheme: Worksheet (A2)

5 −19
1 F = EQ = 5.0 × 10 × 3.2 × 10 [1]
13 −
F = 1.6 × 10 N [1]

V 600
2 a E= = [1]
3.0 × 10 2
−
d
4 1 −
E = 2.0 × 10 V m [1]
The field acts towards the negative plate. [1]
b The electric field is uniform between the plates (except at the ‘edges’). [1]
The electric field is at right angles to the plate. [1]
c i Since the droplet is stationary,
the electric force on the droplet
must be equal and opposite to its weight. [1]
The electric force must act upwards,
so the charge on the droplet must
be negative. [1]

F
ii E=
Q
− 15
F 6.4 × 10
Q= =
4
[1]
2.0 10 E ×

19 −
Q = 3.2 × 10 C [1]

3 F = BQv [1]
–19 6
F = 0.18 × 1.6 × 10 × 4.0 × 10 [1]
–13 13 −
F = 1.15 × 10 N ≈ 1.2 × 10 N [1]

4 a F = BQv [1]
–19 6
F = 0.004 × 1.6 × 10 × 8.0 × 10 [1]
15 15 − −
F = 5.12 × 10 N ≈ 5.1 × 10 N [1]
− 15
F 5.12 ×10
b a= =
− 31
[1]
m 9.11 ×10
15 − 2 15 − 2
a = 5.63 × 10 m s ≈ 5.6 × 10 m s [1]
c From circular motion, the centripetal acceleration a is given by:
2
v
a=
r
2
v (8.0 × 10 6 ) 2
r= = [1]
5.63 × 1015
a
2 − − 2
r = 1.14 × 10 m ≈ 1.1 × 10 m (1.1 cm) [1]