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Cen-203 Ass-7 Sol (Bandhu Shekhar Tiwari 19113031 M2)

This document contains Nikhil Kumar's answers to questions about image enhancement and processing in ERDAS Imagine software. Nikhil defines image enhancement as improving image quality and information extraction before analysis. Enhancement is needed to more easily extract geospatial data. Nikhil then describes how to derive image characteristics like histograms in ERDAS Imagine and differentiate between linear and non-linear enhancements. The last question is answered by outlining the steps to perform linear enhancement in ERDAS Imagine using histogram equalization.

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45 views10 pages

Cen-203 Ass-7 Sol (Bandhu Shekhar Tiwari 19113031 M2)

This document contains Nikhil Kumar's answers to questions about image enhancement and processing in ERDAS Imagine software. Nikhil defines image enhancement as improving image quality and information extraction before analysis. Enhancement is needed to more easily extract geospatial data. Nikhil then describes how to derive image characteristics like histograms in ERDAS Imagine and differentiate between linear and non-linear enhancements. The last question is answered by outlining the steps to perform linear enhancement in ERDAS Imagine using histogram equalization.

Uploaded by

NIKHIL KUMAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CEN-203 (GEOMATICS II)

ASSIGNMENT-07
NAME: Nikhil Kumar
BATCH: M5
EN. NO: 19113089

Q1. What is enhancement? Why do you need to do enhancement of remotely sensed image?
Ans: Quality improvement and Information content extraction of original data before processing a
photographic image, is known as Image Enhancement. In this process we convert images into such form so
that extraction of Geospatial Information becomes an easier task. Image Enhancement includes Spatial
Filtering, Contrast Enhancement, Density Slicing, and False Colour Composite Creation.

Need of Enhancement: We need Image Enhancement for


1. Improvement of the interpretation or perception of information in images for human viewers.
2. Providing `better' input for other automated image processing techniques/software.
3. Improvement of the quality of input data for further processing.

Q2. How do you derive image characteristics in ERDAS Imagine (like Min DN Value, Max DN
Value, Mean DN Value, Standard Deviation, Histograms, Displaying False Colour Composite
(FCC)? (Support your answer with screenshots).
Ans: In the ERDAS Imagine software, we input the corresponding satellite image (remotely sensed data
downloaded from USGS Earth Explorer of a specific satellite for a fixed duration)
1. Arrange the different layers of the data set in order to create a FCC image from Band 1 to Band 7
and save the stack into a new output file.

FCC Output File (Path-144; Row-042) Created in ERDAS IMAGINE Software

2. Open the output file in the ERDAS Imagine Software.


3. Go to the “Metadata” option in the home tab and then click on show histogram.
4. Histogram of each layer of the images will appear. The image DNs are represented on the x-
coordinate and the absolute frequency is reported on the y-coordinate. These are some
screenshots representing the process:
Layer 1 Histogram

Layer 2 Histogram
Layer 3 Histogram

Layer 4 Histogram
Layer 5 Histogram

Layer 6 Histogram

Layer 7 Histogram
The histogram facility provided by the software will help us to derive characteristics like Max. DN, Min. DN
(Histogram extremes). Metadata tab will contain more information like standard deviation and mean DN.

Screen-Shot showing Mean, SD, Median, Mode, minDN, maxDN with FCC

Q3. What is linear and non-linear enhancements?


Ans: The redistribution of data points on the histogram or the stretching of histogram can be linear or
Non-linear.

Linear Enhancements: This procedure uniformly extends the DN interval from the available minimum
and the maximum values. Each pixel’s Digital Number is transformed according to a specific the
mathematical relation:

DN(o) = ([DN(I) − DNMIN] * 255) / (DNMAX − DNMIN)

where:
 DN(o): Digital Number of the transformed image.
 DN(i): Digital Number of the input image.
 DNMAX, DNMIN: Minimum and Maximum Digital Numbers of the original image (histogram’s
extremes).
 255: Maximum value corresponding to the white in 8bit scale (0–255).

The linear enhancement does not modify the histogram shape and preserves its radiance relations.

Non-linear (or non-uniform) enhancements: This belongs to another group of transformation


functions and do not have the property of preserving the radiance ratios.
Different functions are used according to the need of the user like exponential, logarithmic etc.

Q4. Explain the steps to carry out linear enhancement of image using ERDAS Imagine.
Include screenshots wherever necessary.

Ans: The steps to carry out linear enhancement of image in ERDAS Imagine software are as follows:
1. Open the (input) image from the file menu.
2. Go to the ‘Raster’ tab and open “histogram equalisation” from the ‘Radiometric’ menu.
3. Select the output file from the prompt and then click ok.

4. Now the process will start. The software will calculate the transformed value of DN and will plot the
graph accordingly.
5. The software will plot the new histogram and save the transformed image in the selected output
file.

Hence, the linearly enhanced image will be created and saved. Now we can open the file in ERDAS and
compare its metadata with the original image to observe the transformation.

Photogrammetry enhancements can also be done in ERDAS software. Here are some Screen-Shots showing
some photogrammetry enhancements:
Brightness-47; Contrast-60

Brightness-56; Contrast-44
SOME OTHER ENHANCEMENTS

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