IN THIS UNIT

2 Tourism and conservation

2.1 WISH YOU WERE HERE ?

GRAMMAR
• articles
• modal verbs
VOCABULARY
• travel collocations
• multi-word verbs
• the natural world
SCENARIO
• stating your position,
clarifying
• participating in a meeting
STUDY SKILLS
• planning and organising
essays
WRITING SKILLS
• a problem–solution essay

Travel makes a wise man better, but a fool worse. Thomas Fuller (1654–1734), English physician and writer

SPEAKING READING
1 Work with a partner and discuss how important 4a Read the holiday brochure extracts A–F and match
the following are for tourists. Put them in order of them with the holiday types in the box. You do not
importance (1–8). need all of the words in the box.
• weather • accommodation
• cost • sights adventure holiday backpacking city break
• food • activities cruise resort holiday safari self-catering holiday
• ease of travel • environmental considerations sightseeing tour working holiday

2 What are popular holiday destinations for people from

your country? How have these changed in the last ten years? 4b What other holiday types can you think of?
5a Which of the holidays in the extracts would be
VOCABULARY suitable for the following people? Work with a partner
TRAVEL COLLOCATIONS and discuss your ideas.
1 an adventurous ecology graduate travelling alone
3a Match 1–8 with a–h to make collocations. Then check 2 a sporty group of friends in their twenties looking for
your answers in the holiday brochure extracts opposite. fun and excitement
1 budget a deal 3 a young urban professional couple who want plenty
2 boutique b delicacy to do
3 carbon c monuments 4 a cultured holidaymaker interested in the
4 last-minute d footprint environment
5 local e airline 5 a wealthy couple looking for a relaxing holiday
6 ancient f temperatures 6 four student friends with a limited budget who want
7 organised g hotel to escape after the exams
8 baking h excursions
5b Which holiday would you choose? Why?
3b Match the collocations in Exercise 3a with the
categories in Exercise 1.
3c What other collocations can you add to each category?
accommodation: luxury hotel

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 WISH YOU WERE HERE ? 2.1

La d
st- ea
A Spend seven nights exploring the
6a Analysing a genre Find examples in the extracts

mi ls
Caribbean aboard a state-of-the-art vessel: The

nu
Palladium. Offering the ultimate on-board experience of typical language for travel brochures. Write them

te
and boasting eleven decks, it still retains a unique and under these headings.
intimate atmosphere. Select a stateroom with a balcony Positive adjectives (and collocations): comprehensive range
for awe-inspiring ocean views or share a cabin for four. With Imperatives: Call now
five restaurants to choose from, each meal is a gastronomic
Other expressions: … why not try … ?
delight. In the evenings, choose from a comprehensive range
of entertainment options: from cabaret to DJs and live bands. 6b Write a one-paragraph brochure entry about your
Pamper yourself with a wide variety of treatments available in
local area or the area you are studying in.
the Palm Court Spa. Or why not try indoor rock-climbing? Fully
escorted organised excursions are available at each port of call.
This is an experience not to be missed. Call now on … VOCABULARY
MULTI-WORD VERBS

B Romantic specials. Weekends for two in Paris.

7a Some tourists are talking about what they like
Explore the famous sights of the city of love – the Eiffel to do on holiday. Complete the sentences with the
Tower, the Louvre, Montmartre – and then sample the words in the box.
culinary skills of renowned Parisian chefs. Stylish boutique
hotel in the heart of this chic, bustling capital. Unbeatable around away back down in
prices. For more info, go to Earlybird.biz. of off (x2) up (x2)

1 ‘A holiday is all about getting from it all.’

C Feeling restless? Itchy feet? Active budget holidays in New
2 ‘I just want time away from work when I feel I can
Zealand. The holiday includes a week of escorted trekking with
breathtaking views, the opportunity to bungee jump and try really let my hair .’
paragliding. Experience a variety of exotic landscapes with a visit to 3 ‘I just love going somewhere new and soaking
a volcano, glacier hiking and whitewater rafting. Local specialities the atmosphere.’
and hospitality as you’ve never experienced before. All flights and 4 ‘We live in a big city, although I grew up in the
internal transfers included. Book now at DownUnder.net. country, so getting to nature is important.’
5 ‘I love to really live it on holiday. I like to
blow what money I have in a short time. I save all
D Thai Odyssey. Fully guided holidays to explore the year and then have a really good time.’
spectacular ancient monuments of a country rich in history. 6 ‘We’re keen on finding unusual places – going
Enjoy magnificent scenery, baking temperatures and indulge the beaten track.’
in mouth-watering local delicacies. Our ‘green’ under-canvas
7 ‘Steering clear the tourist traps is our main
‘hotels’ encourage visitors to calculate carbon emissions and will
priority when booking a holiday.’
arrange for guests to plant trees if they want to offset their carbon
footprint. Holidays for the discerning and sophisticated traveller 8 ‘I don’t really like to do very much on holiday. Just
with an interest in sustainable development. An experience to lounging by the pool is enough.’
savour. Flights not included. Single supplements apply. For 9 ‘The main thing is to avoid getting ripped ,
further details, visit Exped.biz. so I try not to look like a tourist.’
10 ‘I love seeing new things and taking the sights.’

E Explore the picturesque Greek island of Kefalonia. 7b 2.1 Listen and check your answers. Then
Help out restoring isolated cottages or work on an practise saying the sentences with the correct stress.
archaeological dig. Explore the island on foot. Experience the 7c Which of the opinions in Exercise 7a are most like
outstanding views and secluded beaches and unwind in this off-
your own?
the-beaten-track location, far from the stresses and strains of the
rat race. Steer clear of the tourist traps, recharge your batteries
and return completely refreshed. Ideal for groups. All-inclusive SPEAKING
budget deal. Special offer price includes flight (budget airline)
and basic s/c accommodation (upgrades available). Optional
8 What do you know about the specialised types of
Jeep hire. Athena Travel. tourism below? How do you feel about them? Work
in small groups and discuss your ideas.
• battlefield
F The holiday of a lifetime in the Badumbas National • culinary
Park. See the big game and get back to nature and make • eco
new friends. Staying at the exclusive Masai Game Lodge • disaster
with three-star facilities, you will also spend time under • celebrity
canvas out in the bush. Stunning flora and fauna. A visual • health/medical (including ‘surgery safaris’)
feast of wildlife, all experienced at close quarters, including
• volunteer
lions, elephants and rhinos. All travel is in air-conditioned
• space
off-road vehicles. New company. Special introductory offer.
Unbeatable fifty percent discount. No single supplements
apply. For more info, go to ZebraTourZ.

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 2.2 THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS

READING 3a Read the text again. Write a heading for each

paragraph.
1a Work in groups and brainstorm everything you
know about the Galapagos Islands. 3b Where would you expect to find this text? Why?
1b Read the text quickly and check your ideas in • online news website
Exercise 1a. • travel company website
• online encyclopedia
2a Work with a partner. Student A, read the first two
paragraphs of the text and write three quiz questions. 3c Which fact or facts in the text did you find most
Student B, read the last two paragraphs and write interesting? Why?
three quiz questions. 4 What do the highlighted words in the text refer to?
2b With your partner, ask and answer each other’s
questions from Exercise 2a.

The
Galapagos Islands
Located about 926 km off the coast of Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean and just a short flight from
Quito, the capital, the Galapagos Islands are a small chain of islands spread out over 220 km and
known for their vast number of endemic species. There are eighteen major islands in the chain,
five of which are inhabited, and more than 100 smaller islands covering a total land area of about
8,000 km2. The largest island is Isabela, which makes up three-quarters of the total land area and
rises to a height of 1,707 m. The islands are surrounded by the Galapagos Marine Reserve,
stretching over 137,269 km2.
The Galapagos archipelago is distributed on either side of the equator and sits on a tectonic plate
which is moving towards the South American continent at a rate of over 6 cm a year. The first
islands were formed by volcanoes that rose out of the ocean at least 8,000,000 years ago. Lava
built up underwater, forming undersea mountains which broke through the water and formed
islands. While the oldest islands have now sunk back beneath the sea, new ones are still being
formed by volcanic eruptions, the most recent of which was in 2009.
The islands, discovered in 1535, are among the most scientifically important and biologically outstanding
places on the planet. According to zoologists and botanists, they are home to some of the most beautiful
sights in nature. Almost all the reptiles and half the species are not found anywhere else. Marine iguanas,
flightless cormorants, mocking birds and thirteen species of finches are all endemic to the islands, which
are also famous for their giant tortoises, blue-footed boobies and the only living tropical penguins.
There are a number of environmental threats, the main one being the plants and animals, such as
feral goats, cats and cattle, brought to the islands by humans. An eradication plan only partially
succeeded in ridding the islands of introduced species. The island’s biodiversity is also under
threat from the human population, which is growing at an unsustainable rate. In the 1950s, the
population was 1,000, whereas it is now over 26,000. Furthermore, the Galapagos Marine Reserve
and whole ecosystem is under threat from illegal fishing activities, while the growth of tourism
also threatens the wildlife of the archipelago.

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 THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 2.2

VOCABULARY GRAMMAR
THE NATURAL WORLD ARTICLES

5 Find words or phrases in the text with 8a Match the uses of articles a–k with the underlined examples in the
these meanings. text on page 18.
1 native or restricted to a certain place 1 Definite article
2 an area for animals and birds where a common knowledge – we know/can tell from the context what is
they are protected being referred to
3 a chain of islands b repetition – this is not the first mention of the person or thing
4 a huge slab of rock that makes up the c uniqueness – the only one of its kind in the world or in this context
top layer of the Earth d with a superlative phrase
5 molten rock that flows from volcanoes e with names of countries, federations or groups of islands which are plural
6 escaped from domestication and f with names of rivers, oceans and seas
become wild 2 Zero article
7 a variety of different life forms living in g with uncountable nouns, when speaking about the noun in general
the area h with the names of most cities, streets, countries and continents
8 all the animals and plants that live in a i with plural countable nouns, when speaking about the noun in general
particular area j with most numbers (except a half, a hundred, a thousand)
3 Indefinite article
LISTENING k with a singular countable noun mentioned for the first time
6a 2.2 Listen to the first part
8b Match the correct article (a/an, the or zero) with the uses 1–3.
of an interview with Dr Graham
Watkins, the Executive Director of a 1 to introduce what is new or something the reader is unaware of
conservation charity and an expert 2 to indicate ‘common ground’ (e.g. to refer forwards, backwards or to
on the Galapagos Islands. Are the our shared experience or general knowledge)
statements about him true or false? 3 to make generalisations (with plural and uncountable nouns)
Correct the false statements. 8c Off the coast and a number of are fixed expressions, where the
1 His father was a conservationist. article is always the same. Complete the fixed expressions below with a or
2 Dr Watkins studied Biology at Oxford the.
University. 1 bit of 3 off record
3 He worked as a guide in the 2 in hurry 4 make start
Galapagos Islands.
4 He studied Zoology and Evolution at  Language reference and extra practice, pages 128–129
the University of Pennsylvania.
5 His first job after leaving the University
8d Complete the extracts from the listening, adding articles
where appropriate.
of Pennsylvania was in the field of
conservation biology. 1 I became conservationist in part because of my family background.
My father was agricultural scientist and travelled throughout world.
6b 2.3 Listen to the second part of the One of my brothers was born in Africa. I was born in British Guiana.
interview and answer the questions. 2 I went to University of Oxford to study Zoology. I finished my first
1 Does Dr Watkins think tourism is a degree there. After that, I was lucky enough to become guide in
bad thing? Why?/Why not? Galapagos Islands. I did that for about eighteen months and as a result
2 Give examples of negative of that experience, which was really quite life-changing experience, I
consequences of tourism that are went to University of Pennsylvania to study Ecology and Evolution.
a direct. b hidden. 3 I think first thing to say about tourism is that in many situations it’s
3 What are invasive species? very positive thing. It can help conservation quite substantially, but
there are also many examples in world, for example in Caribbean,
7a Predicting In the third part of the where tourism also causes problems and has direct impact on
interview, Dr Watkins is asked whether environment. Many of reefs in Caribbean have serious problems as
we should stay away from conservation result of pollution.
areas. Predict what he will say.

7b 2.4 Listen and check your SPEAKING

predictions. Then answer the questions.
9 Work in groups. Choose one of the following that you would like
1 How can the impact of tourism be to protect in your country. Discuss the threats facing it and how you
minimised? would protect it.
2 What are the best forms of tourism?
1 a natural feature
3 What is sustainable development?
2 a historical building
4 How do you feel about Dr Watkins’
3 an endangered species
final statement?
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 2.3 THE PERFECT BEACH

READING
A Picture a perfect beach. From an expanse of
1 Work in groups and discuss the advantages and
flawless white sand, implausibly turquoise water
disadvantages of going to:
shelves out over a stoneless seabed to a clear
1 an isolated, unspoilt beach with no amenities. horizon. Overhead, pelicans wheel lazily in search of
2 a resort beach with sun loungers, waiter service and fish. One suddenly folds its wings, like a prehistoric
full water sports facilities. umbrella, and hurtles downward. The splashdown is
the first sound you can remember hearing for several
2 Read the article quickly and choose the best title.
minutes.
K THE
A THE BEACH THAT TURNED BAC B Now imagine a whacking great hotel plonked
COMMERCIAL TIDE on all this; plus a golf course and a few jet skis, of
course, just to keep the decibel levels up. This is
B MEXICAN COMMUNITY STOPS DEVELOPERS the fate that has befallen so many of the world’s
idyllic places that there seems something almost
inevitable about it. Thanks to a determined and
3 Complete the introduction to the article with a organised grassroots campaign, however, it won’t be
possible ending. happening on this particular Mexican strand.
C Balandra beach, outside the city of La Paz, state
capital of Baja California Sur, has been spared from
Robert L. White reports on how a determined group future development after residents, civil society
of locals in Mexico … groups and environmentalists organised themselves
into a collective, amassing a petition of 18,440
4 Read the article again and match the paragraphs signatures calling on the regional authorities to
A–G with the topics 1–4. A topic can go with more than protect the area. On 25 March, after a protracted
one paragraph. One paragraph has no match. struggle by the Colectivo Balandra, state officials
finally designated a total of 2,131 hectares of land
1 resorts for the wealthy
and sea a natural protected area, in a move that
2 the campaign to save the beach
could signal a shift in Mexico’s approach to tourism
3 an unspoilt beach
and conservation.
4 the fate of other beaches

5 Compare paragraphs A and B of the article. What do

you notice about the writer’s language?
6 Find two-word phrases in the article with these
meanings.
1 a series of actions by ordinary people intended to
achieve a result
2 an official organisation that has power to make
decisions for a particular area
3 a long, hard fight
4 problems concerning the people and things around you
5 facts relating to human society that you think about
6 a group of companies working together

7 Answer the questions.

1 Do you agree that the destruction of many of the
world’s idyllic places is inevitable? Why?/Why not?
2 In which ways do you think this story is an example
of a significant or general change in attitude towards
tourism development?

8 Evaluating advantages and disadvantages Work with

a partner and do the tasks.
1 List the advantages and disadvantages of developing
Balandra, as described in the article.
2 Add your own ideas about the advantages and
disadvantages of this type of development, from the
viewpoint of different interest groups.
3 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages. Was the
right decision made?

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 THE PERFECT BEACH 2.3

GRAMMAR
D Environmental issues were, naturally, one of the MODAL VERBS
main planks of the collective’s campaign. As the group
warned on its website, ‘The landscapes of the rest of 9 Read a leaflet encouraging people to sign a petition
the beaches of La Paz have already been modified to save a beach and underline the modal verbs. Then
with various types of constructions and installations; match the modal verbs with these functions. A modal
Balandra is the only one that remains to us.’ verb can go with more than one function.

E But there were social considerations at stake here, 1 lack of obligation We don’t have to let them win.
too, because Balandra is essentially a beach for the 2 obligation not to do something 6 future possibility
people of La Paz, where tourism is of the unobtrusive 3 advice 7 obligation
variety. In stark contrast to the super-rich celebrity 4 refusal 8 deduction
playground of Cabo San Lucas, just down the road, 5 ability
this is not a place that exists to service the appetites of  Language reference and extra practice, pages 128–129
deck shoe-wearing management consultants from LA.
F The threat came, specifically, from a business SAVE OUR BEACH!
consortium headed by the son of a former state You might have seen reports that developers are
governor of Veracruz, whose family own land in planning to destroy our beach.
the area. Miguel Alemán Magnani’s hotel-and-golf
We mustn’t let them do that. We don’t have to
vision involved international capital, according to the
let them win. It might mean fewer tourists in the
Mexican newspaper El Universal, and the group had
short term, but we believe it is worth fighting
been trying since at least 2005 to get the go-ahead for
for. With your help, we can win this campaign
the project.
and we may be able to change the government’s
G Development of Balandra would surely have attitude to the environment.
brought jobs: margaritas would have been served, tour
You should sign the petition on the back now.
parties guided and pets pampered. But the people of La
Your signature could help us make a difference.
Paz have looked into that particular future and dared
to choose another path. They have shown that it is You have to be eighteen to sign this petition. We
possible to take on the inevitable – and win. won’t stop until the developers stop!

10 Complete the sentences with modal verbs.

1 The developers do that. I’m absolutely sure
it’s against the regulations.
2 That be the Mayor. He’s in Balandra.
3 I go to La Paz this afternoon. I have a
meeting there at 4.30 p.m.
4 We leave for La Paz yet. We’ve got lots of time.
5 The developers asked for a meeting with the
citizens of La Paz first.
6 We speak to the reporters until we are
absolutely clear what our message is.
7 I can’t meet you tomorrow. I work on the
environmental campaign.
8 Sorry, but I come to the residents’ meeting.
I’m too busy then.

SPEAKING AND WRITING

11a Work in groups. You are responsible for looking
after a local beach. Talk about the rules that users of
the beach will have to follow.
11b Write a notice with your list of rules to be placed
at the entrance to the beach.

MEET THE EXPERT

Watch an interview with Noirin Hegarty
from Lonely Planet, about the work of a
travel publisher.
Turn to page 150 for video activities.

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 2.4 SCENARIO
GRANVILLE ISLAND

SITUATION KEY LANGUAGE

STATING YOUR POSITION, CLARIFYING
Granville Island is a fairly large island in the
Caribbean with a population of 780,000. Its main 3a 2.6 Listen to a conversation between Ricardo
sources of income are fruit, fish and tourism. Five Hernandez and Louisa Bradshaw, the Mayor of the
years ago a hurricane devastated the capital city community where Hernandez would like to develop a
and nearby towns, as well as the fruit plantations. golf course. Answer the questions.
As a result, the unemployment rate on the island 1 What is Hernandez’s position concerning the length
has risen to 20 percent. Now foreign property of the golf course?
companies are coming to Granville Island to 2 What supporting arguments does he use to persuade
develop its economy and rebuild its tourist the Mayor to accept his point of view?
facilities. This has led local environmental groups 3 What will Hernandez do if his project is not
to accuse the authorities of sacrificing Granville’s accepted?
natural habitats in order to develop a seaside resort.
3b Listen again and complete the sentences from the
recording.
Ricardo Hernandez 1 I’d like to make about this.
2 The size of the course , I’m afraid.
Born in Cuba, Hernandez entered the United States
3 It to shorten its length. It’s my dream to
as a political refugee. He made a fortune in real estate build the golf course in the world here on
in New York refurbishing this island.
old apartment buildings, 4 But I if I have to build a shorter course.
then moved to Florida, 5 You see, a full-length, eighteen-hole course
where he made another if you want to attract the top golfers in the world to
fortune constructing play here.
hotels. A billionaire, now 6 I hope you .
of American nationality, he 7 Exactly. A full-length course .
is thought to be in the top 8 I couldn’t go ahead on that.
five of America’s 3c Work with a partner and practise saying the
richest sentences in Exercise 3b.
men.
4 Look at Audio script 2.6 on page 167. Find examples
of seeking and giving clarification.
Scale down? What do you mean exactly?

5 Paraphrase each of the examples you found in

Exercise 4.
Could you clarify what you mean by ‘scale down’?

1 Read the situation and the information about

Ricardo Hernandez above and answer the questions.
1 How might the authorities be sacrificing Granville’s
natural habitats?
2 What is special about Ricardo Hernandez?

2a 2.5 Listen to an excerpt from the local radio

news and make notes under these headings.
• Reason for buying the Roberts Estate
• Planned facilities
• Possible problems

2b Work in groups and discuss the possible

advantages and disadvantages of Hernandez’s project.

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 2.4
GRANVILLE ISLAND

TASK USEFUL PHRASES

PARTICIPATING IN A MEETING
Supporting the project
There’s no doubt it’ll bring great benefits to our
The Mayor decides to hold an informal meeting to community.
allow Ricardo Hernandez to talk about his project The resort is clearly in everyone’s interests.
and for other group representatives to express their The project will revitalise the area.
opinion and ask questions. Rejecting the project
After the meeting, the Mayor will decide whether to The project simply isn’t feasible.
recommend the project to the local council. It’s not the right thing for this area.
You haven’t thought it through.

6 Work in groups of five. You are going to attend the Asking polite questions
informal meeting. Read your role cards and prepare Could I (just) ask you, what else will you do for our
for the meeting. You can add your own ideas. community?
Student A: Mayor: look at page 155. I’d like to ask you a question. How does this project
Student B: Ricardo Hernandez: look at page 156. help young people?
Student C: Head of the Wildlife Society: look at
page 157. Checking understanding
Student D: Journalist: look at page 158. So what you’re saying is …
Student E: Chamber of Commerce representative: Do you mean … ?
look at page 158. If I understand you correctly, you’re saying …
7a Hold the meeting. Ask your questions and give Showing you don’t understand
your opinions. Try to persuade the other people at the
meeting to accept your ideas. Sorry, I’m not (quite) sure what you mean.
Could you explain that point again, please?
7b The Mayor announces whether he/she will
recommend that the local council supports the project. Expressing reservations
I’m not sure this is the right project for this area.
I think this needs further thought.
Let’s think about the implications.
There could be several harmful effects. For example, …
Challenging the argument
I think there’s a flaw in this argument.
I’m not totally convinced by what you say.
It sounds like a good idea, but …

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 2.5 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS

STUDY SKILLS WRITING SKILLS

PLANNING AND ORGANISING ESSAYS A PROBLEM–SOLUTION ESSAY

1a There are some fundamental steps involved in writing 4a Study this pattern of organisation, which is often
essays. Put these steps in the correct order (1–10). found in academic texts that present problems and
a Establish your argument or point of view. explore what can be done about them.
b Analyse the question and define key terms. 1 Situation
c Brainstorm ideas. 2 Problem(s)
d Complete and check your references and 3 Solution(s)
bibliography. 4 Evaluation (assessing the solution and implications)
e Research and take notes on the topic, using books,
journals, the internet and other credible academic 4b Read the problem–solution essay opposite. Match
sources. the paragraphs (A–F) with topics 1–4 in Exercise 4a.
f Write your plan and organise your ideas. Some paragraphs may go with more than one topic.
g Write a first draft to include your introduction, main 5 Underline linking words or phrases in the essay which:
body and conclusion.
1 add something. 4 show cause and effect.
h Prepare the final draft.
2 give an example. 5 indicate a good result.
i Redraft and edit your essay.
3 make a contrast.
j Have a friend or colleague read your final draft.
6 Work in groups. Read the essay question and
1b Work with a partner and compare your answers to
brainstorm ideas for the topic.
Exercise 1a.
2 Analysing the question To answer an essay
question effectively, it is essential to understand the The elephant is an endangered species. Discuss
verb which gives the key instruction. Look at these what action can be taken to protect elephants and
essay questions. Work with a partner and discuss the save them from extinction.
meaning of the verbs in bold.
1 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
ecotourism.
‘Discuss’ means you are being asked to write about
the advantages and disadvantages of ecotourism in
detail, considering different ideas and opinions.
2 Define the term ‘ecotourism’, giving examples.
3 Account for the decrease in the whale population
during the last twenty years.
4 Critically evaluate the role of tourism in protecting
the environment.
5 Outline the steps taken by your local community to
recycle waste.
6 Analyse the threats to the world’s coral reefs. 7a In your groups, match the information from your
7 Assess the effects of illegal logging on wildlife in brainstorming with topics 1–4 in Exercise 4a.
Mexico. 7b What is the best way to deal with the problem in
8 Compare the measures taken by Kenya and Uganda the essay question? What are the implications of the
to protect wildlife. solutions you propose?
3a 2.7 Brainstorming is an effective activity for 8 2.8 Listen to a wildlife expert describing the
generating new ideas about an essay topic. Listen to situation of the elephant population of Africa and
a university lecturer giving advice to a student, Erika, make notes on the main points.
about three approaches to brainstorming. Make notes 9a Write the first paragraph of the essay. Use a
under these headings. maximum of 70 words.
• Free association
• Visual thinking
9b Work with a partner. Read each other’s paragraph
and comment on its content and language.
• Question and answer
10 Write a problem–solution essay on one of these
3b Work with a partner and compare your notes. topics. Use the structure in Exercise 4a.
Which approach do you prefer?
1 an animal which is under threat of extinction, e.g. the
elephant, rhinoceros, cheetah, gorilla, tiger or whale
2 an environmental problem, e.g. the harmful effects
of tourism

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 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS 2.5

Discuss the reasons why the Antarctic is under threat and suggest
how its environment can be protected.

A The natural wilderness of the Antarctic is under threat because of the increasing number of
tourists who are visiting the area. As many as 30,000 are expected to come to Antarctica this
year to observe penguins, seals and seabirds.
B Scientists worry that this curiosity to see the Antarctic area before the ice melts away will
only hasten its deterioration. They believe that the growth in tourism could increase the risk
to the marine environment and land ecosystems.
C A major concern is that cruise ships are increasingly visiting the area and if there was an
accident, they could cause major pollution. For instance, a Norwegian cruise ship recently
ran aground on Antarctica’s Deception Island, spilling diesel fuel.
D Fortunately, the Norwegian ship was ice-strengthened and it only spilled a small amount of
fuel, which quickly dispersed in water. On the other hand, some bigger cruise ships do not
have super-strengthened hulls and use heavy fuel oil. This would be very difficult to clean
up in the event of a serious accident and thousands of penguins and other marine life could
become coated in oil.
E As a result of the Norwegian accident, there have been several proposals for dealing with
the problem. One idea is that there should be a ban on ships which have not been specially
strengthened to deal with sea ice. Another suggestion is that there should be a buddy system
for large ships so that if one gets into trouble, there would always be another vessel nearby,
which it could call for help. A more radical suggestion is that only small research vessels
should be allowed into the Antarctic area.
F Whatever the solutions, any action would be difficult to implement because, unlike in the
Arctic region, there are no state or international laws governing tourism practices in the
Antarctic. Moreover, the owners of the cruise ships do not seem to be able to agree on what
sort of checks and controls are needed in the region.

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