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Principles of Electronic Engineering : DR - Eng. Eslam Samy EL-Mokadem

This document discusses various topics related to diode applications: 1. It describes the operation of bridge full-wave rectifiers, including how the diodes conduct during positive and negative cycles to allow current flow in one direction. 2. It also discusses capacitor-input filters used in power supplies to reduce ripple voltage. The document provides an example calculation of ripple factor. 3. Diode clipper circuits are introduced as circuits that clip portions of signal voltages above or below certain levels. Positive, negative, and combined clipping circuits are described. 4. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating output voltages for different clipping circuit configurations. 5. The final sections cover voltage-divider bias and take

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40 views

Principles of Electronic Engineering : DR - Eng. Eslam Samy EL-Mokadem

This document discusses various topics related to diode applications: 1. It describes the operation of bridge full-wave rectifiers, including how the diodes conduct during positive and negative cycles to allow current flow in one direction. 2. It also discusses capacitor-input filters used in power supplies to reduce ripple voltage. The document provides an example calculation of ripple factor. 3. Diode clipper circuits are introduced as circuits that clip portions of signal voltages above or below certain levels. Positive, negative, and combined clipping circuits are described. 4. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating output voltages for different clipping circuit configurations. 5. The final sections cover voltage-divider bias and take

Uploaded by

macaruois sameh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

HIGHER TECHNNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

TENTH OF RAMADAN CITY


ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Principles of electronic Engineering


(EEC 102)

Prepared by :
Dr.Eng. Eslam Samy EL-Mokadem
Principles of electronic Engineering
(EEC 102)

Lecture (6)
Diode Applications(part 2)
Types of Full-wave Rectifier

Center-Tapped Full- Bridge Full-Wave


Wave Rectifier Rectifiers
Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier
Operation
❑ The bridge rectifier is a type of full-
wave rectifier that uses four diodes
connected as shown in Figure

❑ During the positive half cycle of the


input
▪ D1 and D2 are forward-biased and
conduct current the direction through
RL.
▪ D3 and D4 are reverse-biased.

During the negative half cycle of the input


▪ D3 and D4 are forward-biased and
conduct current in the same direction
through RL.
▪ D1 and D2 are reverse-biased.
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Bridge Output Voltage

In case of ideal diode


▪ During the positive half-cycle of the total secondary voltage, diodes D1
and D2 are forward-biased. Neglecting the diode drops, the secondary
voltage appears across the load resistor. The same is true when D3 and
D4 are forward-biased during the negative half-cycle

𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) = 𝑽𝒑(𝒔𝒆𝒄)

In case of practical diode


 two diodes are always in series with the load resistor during both the
positive and negative half-cycles. If these diode drops are taken into
account, the output voltage is

𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) -1.4

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The Basic DC Power Supply

 The dc power supply is used to convert the standard 220 V,


60 Hz ac voltage available at wall outlets into a constant dc
voltage.

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Rectifier are circuit that convert ac to dc.

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The filter is a capacitor connected from the rectifier
output to ground. It is used to eliminate the
fluctuations in the output voltage of half wave or full
wave rectifier and produces a constant-level DC
voltage but with some ripples
Voltage regulator prevents changes in the filtered
dc voltage due to variations in input voltage or load.

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Capacitor-Input Filter
 Initial charging of the capacitor
(diode is forward-biased) happens
only once when power is turned
on.
 The capacitor discharges
through 𝑅𝐿 after peak of positive
alternation when the diode is
reverse-biased.
 The capacitor charges back to
peak of input when the diode
becomes forward-biased.

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Ripple Voltage

 Ripple voltage is the variation in the capacitor voltage


due to the charging and discharging.

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Ripple Factor
 The ripple factor ( r ) is an indication of the effectiveness of the
filter 𝑽𝒓(𝑷.𝑷)
𝒓=
Where 𝑽𝑫𝑪
✓ 𝑽𝒓(𝒑.𝒑) is the peak-to-peak ripple voltage

✓ 𝑽𝑫𝑪 is the dc (average) value of the filter's output voltage

❑ When 𝑹𝑳 or C increases, the ripple voltage decreases, and


the dc voltage increases.

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Example

 Determine the ripple factor for the filtered bridge rectifier with a
load as indicated in the Figure

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Solution

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Diode Limiters (Clipper)
Diode Limiters (Clipper)

 Diode circuits that called clippers or limiters are used


to clip off portion of the signal voltages above or below
certain levels.
 Diode clipping circuits also called wave shaping circuits
because it takes the input waveform and clip or limit its
top half or bottom half or top and half together.
 Clipping circuits can be used to protect the circuit from
high voltage spikes

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Types of Clipping circuits

Positive Diode Negative Diode Clipping for


clipping circuits clipping circuits Both half cycles
1- Positive Diode clipping circuits

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1-Positive Diode clipping circuits

 During the positive half cycle


 the diode becomes forward biased and conducts current. Point A is
limited to +0.7 V when the input voltage exceeds this value.

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1-Positive Diode clipping circuits

 During the Negative half cycle


the diode becomes Reverse biased (open circuit ). and the output voltage
can be calculated by the voltage divider formed by R1 and the load
resistor, RL, as follows:
𝑹𝑳
𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) = 𝑽𝒑(𝒊𝒏)
𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝑳

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2- Negative Diode clipping circuits

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2- Negative Diode clipping circuits

 During the positive half cycle


 the diode becomes Reverse biased (open circuit ). and the output
voltage can be calculated by the voltage divider formed by R1 and the
load resistor, RL, as follows:

𝑹𝑳
𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) = 𝑽𝒑(𝒊𝒏)
𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝑳

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2- Negative Diode clipping circuits

 During the negative half cycle


 the diode becomes forward biased and conducts current. Point A is
limited to - 0.7 V when the input voltage exceeds this value

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Clipping for both half cycles

❑During the positive half cycle


• D1 becomes forward biased and conducts current. Point A is
limited to +0.7 V when the input voltage exceeds this value.
• D2 becomes Reverse biased (open circuit ).

❑ During the negative half cycle


• D1 becomes Reverse biased (open circuit ).
• D2 becomes forward biased and conducts current. Point A is
limited to - 0.7 V when the input voltage exceeds this value.

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3- Clipping for both Half Cycles

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Clipping for both half cycles
❑During the positive half cycle
• D1 becomes forward biased and conducts current. Point A is limited to
+0.7 V when the input voltage exceeds this value.
• D2 becomes Reverse biased (open circuit ).

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Clipping for both half cycles
❑ During the negative half cycle
• D1 becomes Reverse biased (open circuit ).
• D2 becomes forward biased and conducts current.
Point A is limited to - 0.7 V when the input voltage
exceeds this value.

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Example 2

Determine the output voltage for the circuit


shown

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Solution
❑During the positive half cycle
•D1 becomes Reverse biased (open circuit ).
𝑹𝑳
𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝒑(𝒊𝒏)
𝑹𝟏 +𝑹𝑳

❑During the negative half cycle


•D1 becomes forward biased and conducts current.
Point A is limited to - 0.7 V when the input voltage
exceeds this value.

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Example 3

Determine the output voltage for the circuit shown

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Solution

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Voltage-Divider Bias

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Example 4

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solution

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Questions ?

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Thank you

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