HIGHER TECHNNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

TENTH OF RAMADAN CITY

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Principles of electronic Engineering

(EEC 102)

Prepared by :
Dr.Eng. Eslam Samy EL-Mokadem
 Course Contents (Syllabus)
week parts Topic No. of Lecture Tutorial
hours
1 Semiconductor theory 3 2 1
2 Semiconductor theory 3 2 1
3 P.N Junction 3 2 1
4 Part 1 Semiconductor diodes 3 2 1
types and applications
5 Diodes Semiconductor diodes 3 2 1
types and applications
6 Quiz 1 - - -
7 Special purpose diodes 3 2 1
8 Midterm Exam - - -

9 Part 2 Bipolar junction transistor 3 2 1

10 Bipolar Junction Bipolar junction transistor 3 2 1
Transistors (BJT) Bipolar junction transistor 3 2 1
11
12 Quiz 2 - - -
13 Part 3 JFET transistor 3 2 1
14 Field-Effect MOSFET transistor 3 2 1
Transistors (FET):
 Resources
(Recommended References)

❑ Text book 1: Microelectronic Circuits, Sixth Edition, by Adel

S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith

❑ Text book 2 : Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Eleventh

Edition, by Robert L. Boylestad Louis Nashelsky

❑ Text book 3: Microelectronic circuits analysis and design,

Fourth Edition, by Donald Neamen.

❑ Text book 4: Electronic Principles, Eighth Edition, by Albert

Malvino.

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 Evaluation Strategy

Grading will be based on the following:

Attendance (10 Marks)
 Quiz 1 (10 Marks )
Quiz 2 (10 Marks )
Activities (10 Marks)
Midterm Exam (20 Marks)
Final Exam (40 Marks)

Total Marks (100 Marks)

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Principles of electronic Engineering
(EEC 102)

Lecture (1)
Semiconductor Materials
 Block diagram of any Electronic
system:
Composed of subsystems (sub-blocks) and each
subsystem (subblock) contains electronic circuits,
each electronic circuit contains components that are
connected together to create an electronic circuit
with a particular function

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 Examples for electronic systems:

Security access systems

Communication and entertainment:

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 Examples for electronic systems:

In Industries:

Automated assembly line system

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 Examples for electronic systems:

Electronic Systems used on aircraft, spacecraft and artificial satellite

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Examples for Basic electronic
components

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 Atomic Structure
(Bohr's Atomic Model )

All the materials are composed of very small particles

called Atoms

Atom is composed of :
1- Nucleus : is the central part of an atom
That contains:
➢Proton : is a positively charged particle
➢Neutron: it has the same mass as the proton but has no
charge (neutral particle)
2- Electron : lies in the orbits surrounding the nucleus.
It has a negatively charged particle and negligible mass
 Atomic Particles Weight Comparison
(protons, neutrons, electrons)
Neutron = 1.6749286 x10-27 kg
Proton = 1.6726231 x10-27 kg
Electron = 9.1093897 x10-31 kg

+
-
-
- -
- -
- - -
- - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - - - -
- - - - - - -

1839 electrons = 1 neutron 1836 electrons = 1 proton

How do you think the mass of a neutron

compares to that of a proton?

+
1 neutron ≈ 1 proton
 Energy levels

 Each orbit has a certain energy

level
 Orbits that are near in energy
levels are grouped into energy
band called a shell
 Each atom has a fixed number of
shells and each shell has a fixed
max. number of electrons at a
permissible energy levels
 The difference in energy levels
within the shell are much smaller
than the difference in energy levels
between shells
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 The Atom Properties

 The energy of an electron increases as its distance

from the nucleus increases

 Electrons with the highest energy levels exists in

the outermost shell of an atom and are loosely
bound to the atom.

 This outermost shell is known as the valence

shell and electrons in this shell are called valence
electrons.

 When an electron gains a certain amount of

energy, it moves to an orbit farther from the
nucleus.

 The process of losing an electron is called

ionization.

 The escaped valence electron is called a free

electron.
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 Types of Atoms

charged atoms
Neutral atoms
(Ions)

cations anions
 Atomic Structure
❑Neutral atoms have the same number of
protons and electrons.

❑Charged atoms (Ions).

1) Cations: have more protons than electrons
and are positively charged
2) Anions: have more electrons than protons
and are negatively charged
 Atomic Structure

If a neutral atom looses one or more electrons

it becomes a cation.

11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na+ 10 electrons

If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons

it becomes an anion.

17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl- 18 electrons
 Atomic Structure
In the neutral state : The number of electrons = the number of protons

Atomic number = number of electrons or number of protons in neutral

atom

Atomic weight = no. of protons + no of neutrons

As the electrons have a negligible weight as compared to protons and
neutrons weight
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙(𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡)(𝑁𝑒 )

𝑁𝑒 = 2* 𝑛2
Where :
𝑁𝑒 ∶ 𝑖𝑠 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 (𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡)
n: is the number of the shell (orbit)
 Atomic Structure

Example 1:
Determine the Atomic number and Atomic weight for
Solution :
Atomic number
2
the number of protons in an atom
He
4
Atomic Weight
the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
 Atomic Structure

Example 2 :
Determine the atomic structure of copper atom where the atomic
weight for copper is 64 and the atomic number is 29 .
Solution
the atomic number= number of electrons = number of protons= 29
Atomic weight = no. of protons + no of neutrons
64 = 29+ no of neutrons
no of neutrons= 64-29= 35
Max. no. of electrons in each shell(orbit) (𝑁𝑒 )= 2* 𝑛2
Max. no. of electrons in First shell (𝑁𝑒 )= 2* 12 = 2
Max. no. of electrons in second shell (𝑁𝑒 )= 2* 22 = 8
Max. no. of electrons in third shell (𝑁𝑒 )= 2* 32 = 18
Max. no. of electrons in fourth shell (𝑁𝑒 )= 2* 42 = 32
 Types of Solid Materials with respect to their
electrical properties

Conductors Insulators Semiconductors

 Types of Solid Materials with respect to
their electrical properties
▪ Conductors : Materials that permit flow of
electrons (High conductivity(σ) and low
resistivity(Ω) )
(e.g., gold, silver, copper, etc.)

▪ insulators : Materials that block flow of

electrons (Low conductivity(σ) and High
resistivity(Ω) )
(e.g., rubber, glass, Teflon, mica, etc.)

▪ semiconductors: Materials whose

conductivity falls between conductors and
insulators.
(e.g., Germanium, Silicon, Gallium
Arsenide, etc.)
 Energy Diagrams

❑ In insulators: Energy gap between VB and CB is large

(typically 5 to 10eV)
❑ In semiconductors: Energy gap between VB and CB is low
(typically 1 to 3 eV) .
❑ In conductors valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB)
overlap hence no Energy gap.
 Energy Bands

 Valence Band: A band of energy levels

where the valence electrons are confined
to the band
 Conduction Band: A band of energy
levels that accepts the electrons from the
valence band to become free electrons .
 Energy Gap : is the amount of energy
that valence electrons must have to jump
from valence band to conduction band to
become free

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 Examples on Semiconductors
➢ Both the silicon and germanium atoms have four valence electrons.
➢ Silicon has 14 protons in its nucleus and germanium has 32 protons.
➢ The valence electrons in germanium are in the fourth shell while in silicon
are in the third shell closer to the nucleus

➢ This property makes germanium more unstable than silicon at high

temperatures.

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Crystal lattice structure of Semiconductor Materials

Intrinsic Extrinsic
Semiconductors Semiconductors

n-type material p-type material

 Intrinsic Semiconductor Materials

❑ Definition
Intrinsic semiconductor : is A crystal of pure and regular lattice
structure.
 Doping

❑ Definition
Doping is the process of adding impurities to intrinsic (pure)
semiconductor materials to increase no. of current carriers
(electrons or holes) to increase the conductivity of
semiconductor materials
▪“Impurities” means different elements such as (arsenic and boron).
 There are two types of Impurities
1- n-type semiconductor material
2- P-type semiconductor material

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 n-type material

 An impurity, or element like

phosphorus or arsenic, has 5
valence electrons.

 Adding arsenic atom (doping) to

intrinsic (pure) Crystal Lattice
Structure of silicon will allow
four of the arsenic valence
electrons to bond with the
neighboring silicon atoms.

 The one electron left over for

each arsenic atom becomes
available to conduct current
flow.
 P-type material

 You can also dope a semiconductor

material with an atom such as boron
that has only 3 valence electrons.
 The 3 electrons in the outer orbit do
form covalent bonds with its
neighboring semiconductor atoms as
before. But one electron is missing
from the bond.
 This place where a fourth electron
should be is referred to as a hole.
 The hole assumes a positive charge so
it can attract electrons from some other
source.
 Holes become a type of current carrier
like the electron to support current flow.
 Semiconductors

 Atoms in a pure silicon wafer contains four electrons in outer orbit

(called valence electrons).
➢ Germanium is another semiconductor material with four valence
electrons.
 In the crystalline lattice structure of Si, the valence electrons of every Si
atom are locked up in covalent bonds with the valence electrons of four
neighboring Si atoms.
➢In pure form, Si wafer does not contain any free charge carriers.
➢An applied voltage across pure Si wafer does not yield electron flow
through the wafer.
➢A pure Si wafer is said to act as an insulator.
 In order to make useful semiconductor devices, materials such as
phosphorus (P) and boron (B) are added to Si to change Si’s
conductivity.

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 Types of Semiconductor Materials

The silicon doped with extra electrons is called an

“N type” semiconductor.
⚫ “N” is for negative, which is the charge of an electron.
Silicon doped with material missing electrons that
produce locations called holes is called “P type”
semiconductor.
⚫ “P” is for positive, which is the charge of a hole.
 What is the effect of increasing the
temperature on Semiconductors?

 When the temperature increase, the valence electron gains

energy that enable him to break the covalent Bond in the
crystal and move from valence band to conduction band

▪ When an electron in the valence

band of a semiconductor makes a
transition to the conduction band, it
leaves behind a vacant state known
as a ‘hole’.

▪ When a potential difference is

applied across the semiconductor
sample, the electrons in the
conduction band result in a current
flow. 33/37
Questions ?

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Thank you

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