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Arithmos, Meaning "Number," and Technē, Referring To An Art or Skill. Thus, Arithmetic Means The Art of Numbers. The Numbers Used in Arithmetic

Arithmetic is the branch of mathematics dealing with counting and manipulating numbers through operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. A sequence is an ordered list of numbers or quantities defined by a rule to determine each term. A series is the sum of the terms in a sequence. Important types of sequences include arithmetic and geometric sequences where the differences or ratios between successive terms are constant. A sequence converges if its terms approach a limit, while a series converges if the sequence of its partial sums converges. Infinite series are important in many areas of mathematics.

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79 views

Arithmos, Meaning "Number," and Technē, Referring To An Art or Skill. Thus, Arithmetic Means The Art of Numbers. The Numbers Used in Arithmetic

Arithmetic is the branch of mathematics dealing with counting and manipulating numbers through operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. A sequence is an ordered list of numbers or quantities defined by a rule to determine each term. A series is the sum of the terms in a sequence. Important types of sequences include arithmetic and geometric sequences where the differences or ratios between successive terms are constant. A sequence converges if its terms approach a limit, while a series converges if the sequence of its partial sums converges. Infinite series are important in many areas of mathematics.

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Rhoda Grace Agustin Ilisan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Arithmetic, 

branch of mathematics that arises from counting, the most basic mathematical operation. Arithmetic encompasses various ways of
counting, or manipulating numbers: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The ancient Greek word arithmētikē combined the words
arithmos, meaning “number,” and technē, referring to an art or skill. Thus, arithmetic means the art of numbers. The numbers used in arithmetic
may be positive integers (whole numbers), negative integers, fractions, or decimals. For the history of arithmetic and mathematics, see
Mathematics.

Sequence and Series

Sequence and Series, in mathematics, an ordered succession of numbers or other quantities, and the indicated sum of such a succession,
respectively.

A sequence is represented as a1, a2..., an, .... The as are numbers or quantities, distinct or not; a1 is the first term, a 2 the second term, and so on. If
the expression has a last term, the sequence is finite; otherwise, it is infinite. A sequence is established or defined only if a rule is given that
determines the nth term for every positive integer n; this rule may be given as a formula for the nth term. For example, all the positive integers, in
natural order, form an infinite sequence; this sequence is defined by the formula an=n. The formula an = n2 determines the sequence 1, 4, 9, 16, ....
The rule of starting with 0, 1, then letting each term be the sum of the two preceding terms determines the sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...; this
is known as the Fibonacci sequence.

Important types of sequences include arithmetic sequences (also known as arithmetic progressions) in which the differences between successive
terms are constant, and geometric sequences (also known as geometric progressions) in which the ratios of successive terms are constant.
Examples arise when a sum of money is invested. If the money is invested at a simple interest of 8 percent, then after n years an initial principal of
P dollars grows to an = P + n × (0.08)P dollars. Since (0.08) P dollars is added each year, the amounts an form an arithmetic progression. If the
interest is instead compounded, the amounts present after a sequence of years form a geometric progression, gn = P × (1.08)n. In both of these
cases, it is clear that an and gn will eventually become larger than any preassigned whole number N, however large N may be.

Terms in a sequence, however, do not always increase without limit. For example, as n increases, the sequence an = 1/n approaches 0 as a limiting
value, and bn = A + B/n approaches A. In any such case some finite number L exists such that whatever tolerance e is specified, the values of the
sequence all eventually lie within a distance e of L. For example, in the case of the sequence 2 + (-1)n/2n,L = 2. Even if e is as small as 1/10,000, it
can be seen that if n is greater than 5000, all values of n are within e of 2. The number L is called the limit of the sequence, since even though
individual terms of the sequence may be bigger or smaller than L, the terms eventually cluster closer and closer to L. When the sequence has a
limit L, it is said to converge to L. For the sequence an, for example, this is written as lim an = L, which is read as “the limit of an as n goes to infinity
is L.”

The term series refers to the indicated sum, a1 + a2 + ... + an, or a1 + a2 + ... + an + ..., of the terms of a sequence. A series is either finite or infinite,
depending on whether the corresponding sequence of terms is finite or infinite.

The sequence s1 = a1,s2 = a1 + a2, s3 = a1 + a2 + a3, ..., sn = a1 + a2 + ... + an, ..., is called the sequence of partial sums of the series a1 + a2 + ... + an + ....
The series converges or diverges as the sequence of partial sums converges or diverges. A constant-term series is one in which the terms are
numbers; a series of functions is one in which the terms are functions of one or more variables. In particular, a power series is the series a0 + a1(x -
c) + a2(x - c)2 + ... + an(x - c)n + ..., in which c and the as are constants. In the case of power series, the problem is to describe what values of x they
converge for. If a series converges for some x, then the set of all x for which it converges consists of a point or some connected interval. The basic
theory of convergence was worked out by the French mathematician Augustin Louis Cauchy in the 1820s.

The theory and application of infinite series are important in virtually every branch of pure and applied mathematics.

Mean (mathematics), also known as the arithmetic mean, a value that helps summarize an entire set of numbers. A set’s mean is calculated by
adding the numbers in the set together and dividing their sum by the number of members of the set. For example, the mean of the set {3, 4, 8} is
5, calculated (3 + 4 + 8)/3 = 5. Similarly, the set {16, 13, 9, 2} has a mean of (16 + 13 + 9 + 2)/4 = 10.

In examining large collections of numbers, such as census data, it is helpful to be able to present a number that provides a summary of the data.
Such numbers are often called descriptive statistics. The arithmetic mean is probably the best-known descriptive statistic. The mean is often called
the average, but it is actually only one of several kinds of averages, such as the median and the mode.

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