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Homework - 2 Module: Biostatistics (MPH 521) YEAR-2021: Girls Boys

This document contains 9 questions related to biostatistics concepts and calculations. It asks the reader to define key terms, calculate probabilities for sample means and differences, construct confidence intervals, and determine if data provides sufficient evidence to conclude differences between population means.

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Shyam Shrestha
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363 views

Homework - 2 Module: Biostatistics (MPH 521) YEAR-2021: Girls Boys

This document contains 9 questions related to biostatistics concepts and calculations. It asks the reader to define key terms, calculate probabilities for sample means and differences, construct confidence intervals, and determine if data provides sufficient evidence to conclude differences between population means.

Uploaded by

Shyam Shrestha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HOMEWORK - 2

MODULE: BIOSTATISTICS (MPH 521)


YEAR-2021

1. Explain in your own words:


a) Sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement
b) Estimate and Estimator
c) Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis
d) One-sided test and Two-sided test
e) Type I error and Type II error

2. Wright et al. used the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES) to estimate dietary intake of 10 key nutrients. They found the mean sodium
intake in in all adults 60 years or older to be 2940 mg with a standard deviation of 1476
mg. Use these values for the mean and standard deviation of the U.S. population and find
the probability that a random sample of 75 people from the population will have a mean:
i. Less than 2450 mg
ii. Over 3100 mg
iii. Between 2500 and 3300 mg
iv. Between 2500 and 2900 mg

3. For a population of 17-year-old boys and 17-year-old girls, the means and standard
deviations, respectively, of their subscapular skinfold thickness values are as follows:
boys, 9.7 and 6.0; girls, 15.6 and 9.5. Simple random samples of 40 boys and 35 girls are
selected from the populations. What is the probability that the difference between sample
means x̅girls – x̅boys will be greater than 10?

4. a) In a simple random sample of 125 unemployed male high-school dropouts between the
ages of 16 and 21, inclusive, 88 stated that they were regular consumers of alcoholic
beverages. Construct a 90, 95 and 95 percent confidence interval for the population
proportion and state the practical and probabilistic interpretations.

b) Given a population in which p = 0.6 and a random sample from this population of size
100, find:
i. P( ^p ≤ 0.58)
ii. P(0.56 ≤ ^p ≤ 0.63)
5. Spertus et al. (A-20) performed a randomized single blind study for subjects with stable
coronary artery disease. They randomized subjects into two treatment groups. The first
group had current angina medications optimized, and the second group was tapered off
existing medications and then started on long-acting diltiazem at 180 mg/day. The
researchers performed several tests to determine if there were significant differences in
the two treatment groups at baseline. One of the characteristics of interest was the
difference in the percentages of subjects who had reported a history of congestive heart
failure. In the group where current medications were optimized, 16 of 49 subjects
reported a history of congestive heart failure. In the subjects placed on the diltiazem, 12
of the 51 subjects reported a history of congestive heart failure. State the assumptions that
you think are necessary and construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the difference
between the proportions of those reporting congestive heart failure within the two
populations from which we presume these treatment groups to have been selected.

6. In a study of the effects of early Alzheimer’s disease on non-declarative memory, Reber


et al. used the Category Fluency Test to establish baseline persistence and semantic
memory and language abilities. The eight subjects in the sample had Category Fluency
Test scores of 11, 10, 6, 3, 11, 10, 9, 11. Assume that the eight subjects constitute a
simple random sample from a normally distributed population of similar subjects with
early Alzheimer’s disease.
a) What is the point estimate of the population mean?
b) What is the standard deviation of the sample?
c) What is the estimated standard error of the sample mean?
d) Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population mean category fluency
test score.
e) State the probabilistic and practical interpretation of the confidence interval you
constructed.

7. Escobar et al. performed a study to validate a translated version of the Western Ontario
and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire used with
Spanish-speaking patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis. For the 76 women classified
with severe hip pain, the WOMAC mean function score (on a scale from 0 to 100 with a
higher number indicating less function) was 70.7 with a standard deviation of 14.6. We
wish to know if we may conclude that the mean function score for a population of similar
women subjects with severe hip pain is less than 75. Consider 99% level of confidence
(i.e., α = 0.01).

8. The purpose of a study by Ingle and Eastell was to examine the bone mineral density
(BMD) and ultrasound properties of women with ankle fractures. The investigators
recruited 31 postmenopausal women with ankle fractures and 31 healthy postmenopausal
women to serve as controls. One of the baseline measurements was the stiffness index of
the lunar Achilles. The mean stiffness index for the ankle fracture group was 76.9 with a
standard deviation of 12.6. In the control group, the mean was 90.9 with a standard
deviation of 12.5. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to allow you to conclude that,
in general, the mean stiffness index is higher in healthy postmenopausal women than in
postmenopausal women with ankle fractures? Consider 5% level of significance (i.e., α =
0.05).
9. For a population of 17-year-old boys and 17-year-old girls, the means and standard
deviations, respectively, of their subscapular skinfold thickness values are as follows:
boys, 9.7 and 6.0; girls, 15.6 and 9.5. Simple random samples of 40 boys and 35 girls are
selected from the populations. What is the probability that the difference between sample
means x̅girls – x̅boys will be greater than 10?
1

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