2.

1 Gerakan Linear
Linear Motion

Nota
1. Gerakan linear adalah gerakan dalam satu lintasan yang lurus.
Linear motion is motion in a straight line.
2. Kuantiti fizik yang boleh menghuraikan gerakan linear adalah:
Physical quantities that can describe linear motion is:

Kuantiti fizik Takrif Kuantiti Simbol Unit

Physical quantity Definition Quantity Symbol Unit

Jarak Jumlah panjang lintasan yang dilalui Skalar

s meter (m)
Distance Total path length travelled Scalar

Sesaran Jarak antara dua tempat yang diukur sepanjang

Displacement laluan terpendek pada arah tertentu Vektor
s meter (m)
Distance between two location measured along the Vector
shortest path in a specific direction

Laju Kadar perubahan jarak Skalar

v m s–1
Speed Rate of change of distance Scalar

Halaju Kadar perubahan sesaran Vektor

v m s–1
Velocity Rate of change of displacement Vector

Pecutan Kadar perubahan halaju

Acceleration Rate of change of velocity Vektor
a m s–2
Nota/Note: (halaju bertambah dengan masa) Vector
(velocity increases with time)

Nyahpecutan Kadar perubahan halaju

Deceleration Rate of change of velocity Vektor
a m s–2
Nota/Note: (halaju berkurang dengan masa) Vector
(velocity decreases with time)

3. Istilah yang digunakan untuk menerangkan gerakan

Terms used to describe motion

Istilah/Terms Maksud/Meaning
Halaju seragam/malar/Uniform/constant velocity Pecutan sifar/Zero acceleration
Halaju sifar Objek pegun atau dalam keadaan rehat
Zero velocity Object at stationary or at rest
Halaju bertambah/Increasing velocity Pecutan/Acceleration
Halaju berkurang/Decreasing velocity Nyahpecutan/Deceleration
Halaju negatif Objek bergerak pada arah yang bertentangan
Negative velocity Object moves in opposite direction
Pecutan negatif/Negative acceleration Nyahpecutan/Deceleration
Pecutan seragam/malar Halaju meningkat pada kadar seragam
Uniform/constant acceleration Velocity increases at uniform rate
Nyahpecutan seragam/malar Halaju berkurang pada kadar seragam
Uniform/constant deceleration Velocity decreases at uniform rate

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4. Gerakan linear boleh dikaji di dalam makmal menggunakan jangka masa detik dan pita detik.
Linear motion can be studied in the laboratory using a ticker timer and a ticker tape.
Jangka masa detik
Ticker timer
Tali kenyal
Elastic cord
Landasan terpampas
geseran
Pita detik Troli Friction compensated
Ticker tape Trolley plane
Kaki retort
Retort stand

Bekalan kuasa 12 V a.u.

12 V a.c. power supply

Rajah/Diagram 2.1
Menentukan masa untuk 1 detik menggunakan jangka masa detik.
Determining time for 1 tick using a ticker timer.

Masa yang diambil untuk membuat Masa untuk satu

Gunakan: Bekalan 50 detik pada pita detik ialah detik
kuasa 12 V a.u, 50 Hz 1 saat. 1 detik = masa antara 2 titik. Time for 1 tick
Use: 12 V a.c, 50 Hz The time taken to make 50 ticks on the 1
= —–
power supply ticker tape is 1 second. 50
1 tick = time interval between 2 dots. = 0.02 s

5. Menganalisis gerakan menggunakan pita detik

Analysing motion using ticker tape
(a) Menghuraikan gerakan dengan menggunakan pita detik dan carta pita detik.
Describe motion by using ticker tape and ticker tape chart.

Arah gerakan
Direction of
motion Arah gerakan
Direction of
Arah gerakan motion
Direction of
motion Panjang / Length (cm)

Panjang / Length (cm)

Masa / Time (s)

Carta pita detik
Masa / Time (s) Ticker tape chart

Jenis gerakan/Type of motion: Jenis gerakan/Type of motion:

Objek bergerak dengan halaju malar. Halaju objek meningkat dengan seragam.
The object moves with constant velocity. The velocity of the object increases uniformly.

Arah gerakan Jenis gerakan/Type of motion:

Direction of motion
• Halaju objek menurun dengan seragam.
The veloctiy of the object decreases uniformly .
Panjang / Length (cm)
• Objek bergerak dengan nyahpecutan seragam/
malar.
The object moves at uniform/constant deceleration.

Masa / Time (s)

Carta pita detik
Ticker tape chart

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 (b) Mengira halaju dengan menggunakan pita detik.
Calculating velocity by using ticker tape.
10 detik / ticks
Masa/Time, t = 10 detik/ticks  0.02 s
= 0.2 s
Sesaran/Displacement, s = x cm
s x
x cm Halaju/Velocity, v = — = ——
Jenis gerakan: Halaju seragam t 0.2
Type of motion: Uniform velocity

(c) Mengira pecutan dengan menggunakan pita detik.

Calculate acceleration by using ticker tape.

x1
Halaju awal/Initial velocity, u = ——
x1 cm x2 cm 0.2
x
10 detik setiap keratan Halaju akhir/Final velocity, v = —— 2

10 ticks each strip 0.2

Jenis gerakan: Pecutan seragam/Halaju bertambah Masa/Time, t = (5 – 1)  0.2 s = 0.8 s
Type of motion: Uniform acceleration/Increasing velocity v–u
Pecutan/Acceleration, a = ——–
t

(d) Mengira pecutan dengan menggunakan carta pita detik.

Calculate acceleration by using ticker tape chart.

Panjang / Length (cm) v–u

Pecutan/Acceleration, a = ——–
S5 t
S4 s1
S2
S3 Halaju awal/Initial velocity, u = ——
S1 0.2
s2
Halaju akhir/Final velocity, v = ——
0.2
Masa/Time, t = (5 – 1)  0.2 s = 0.8 s
Masa / Time (s)

Setiap keratan mempunyai 10 detik

Each strip has 10 ticks

(e) Mengira halaju purata dengan menggunakan carta pita detik.

Calculate average velocity by using ticker tape chart.

Panjang / Length (cm) Halaju purata/Average velocity

S5 Jumlah sesaran/Total displacement
S4 = ———————————————––—
S3 Jumlah masa diambil/Total time taken
S2
S1 Jumlah sesaran/Total displacement
= s1 + s2 + s3 + s4 + s5
Jumlah masa/Total time = 5  0.2 = 1 s
Masa / Time (s)

Setiap keratan mempunyai 10 detik

Each strip has 10 ticks

6. Gerakan linear juga boleh dikaji menggunakan sistem photogate dan pemasa elektronik.
Linear motion also can be analysed by using photogate system and electronic timer.

Rajah/Diagram 2.2

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 7. Masalah gerakan linear juga boleh diselesaikan menggunakan persamaan gerakan linear.
Linear motion also can be solved by using linear motion equation.

v = u + at di mana/where:
1
s = ut + —at2 u = halaju awal/initial velocity
2 v = halaju akhir/final velocity
v2 = u2 + 2as t = masa diambil/time taken
u+v s = sesaran/displacement
s = 1—––—2t a = pecutan malar/constant acceleration
2

A Menghuraikan jenis gerakan linear

Describe the type of linear motion

Nyatakan jenis gerakan dalam setiap keadaan di bawah.

State the type of motion in each case below.
(a) Jenis gerakan/Type of motion: (b) Jenis gerakan/Type of motion: (c) Jenis gerakan/Type of motion:
Nyahpecutan malar Halaju malar / Pecutan sifar Pecutan malar
Constant deceleration Constant velocity / Zero acceleration Constant acceleration

Arah Arah Arah

gerakan gerakan gerakan
Direction Direction Direction
of motion of motion of motion

B Memahami jarak, sesaran, laju, halaju, pecutan dan nyahpecutan

Understanding distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration and deceleration

1. Lengkapkan peta i-Think berikut.

Complete the i-Think map.
(a) Perbandingan antara jarak dan sesaran
Difference between distance and displacement

Definisi/Definition Definisi/Definition
Jumlah panjang lintasan yang dilalui. Jarak di antara dua tempat yang diukur
Total path length travelled. sepanjang laluan terpendek pada arah
tertentu.
Distance between two places measured along the
shortest path in a specified direction.

Unit S.I.
Jarak S.I. Unit Sesaran
Distance Meter (m) Displacement

Jenis kuantiti Jenis kuantiti

Type of quantity Type of quantity
Skalar/ Scalar

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 (b) Perbandingan antara laju dan halaju
Difference between speed and velocity

Definisi/Definition Definisi/Definition
Kadar perubahan jarak Simbol/Symbol Kadar perubahan sesaran
Rate of change of distance v Rate of change of displacement

Jenis kuantiti Jenis kuantiti

Type of quantity Type of quantity
Laju Halaju
Kuantiti skalar Speed Velocity Kuantiti vektor
Scalar quantity Vector quantity

Laju purata Halaju purata

Average speed Average velocity

Unit S.I.
S.I. Unit
m s–1 s
v=—

(c) Perbandingan antara pecutan dan nyahpecutan

Difference between acceleration and deceleration

Definisi/Definition
Kadar perubahan halaju
Rate of change of velocity

Jenis kuantiti/Type of quantity

Vektor/Vector

Formula

Pecutan Nyahpecutan
Acceleration Deceleration

Halaju/Velocity Halaju/Velocity
Simbol/Symbol
Bertambah dengan masa Berkurang dengan masa
Increases with time Decreases with time

Unit S.I./S.I. unit

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2. Perhatikan pita detik di bawah dan jawab soalan berikut.
Observe the ticker tape below and answer the questions. TP 3

X 13.7 cm Y

Rajah/Diagram 2.3

(a) Sesaran XY / The displacement of XY = 13.7 cm

(b) Masa diambil dari X ke Y / Time taken from X to Y = 7  0.02 = 0.14 s

13.7
(c) Halaju XY / The velocity of XY, v = ——– = 97.86 cm s–1
0.14

3. Rajah menunjukkan gerakan sebuah kereta.

The diagram shows the motion of a car. TP 3

t=2 s t=2 s
A B C

00000000 00000000 00000000

0 m s-1 20 m s-1 40 m s-1

Rajah/Diagram 2.4
Hitung pecutan:
Calculate the acceleration:
(a) Dari A ke B (b) Dari B ke C
From A to B From B to C
20 – 0 40 – 20
a = ———– = 10 m s–2 a = ———– = 10 m s–2
AB
2 AB
2

4. Rajah menunjukkan keratan pita detik bagi gerakan sebuah troli. Berapakah pecutan troli itu jika frekuensi jangka
masa detik ialah 50 Hz?
The diagram shows a section of ticker tape for the motion of a trolley. What is the acceleration of the trolley if the frequency of the
ticker timer is 50 Hz?
Arah gerakan
Direction of motion

5.2 cm 2.8 cm

Rajah/Diagram 2.5
Penyelesaian / Solution:

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Uji Kendiri 2.1

1. Setiap hari Rania berjalan ke sekolah. Rajah menunjukkan laluan Penyelesaian / Solution:
yang diambil oleh Rania untuk ke sekolah. Berapakah jarak dan
sesaran Rania ke sekolah? Jarak / Distance = 30 + 150 + 250
Rania walks to school everyday. The diagram shows the path taken by Rania = 430 m
to the school. What is the distance and displacement of Rania to the school? Sesaran / Displacement
KBAT Mengaplikasi = AB
(1B5B
02B
)B
+B (2B8B
02B
)
= 317.65 m
250 m

Sekolah
C D School

150 m

Rumah Rania
A B
Rania’s house
30 m

2. Adnan mengambil masa 10 minit untuk mengayuh basikal dari rumahnya ke kedai yang terletak 4 km ke arah timur
dari rumahnya. Dia berhenti di kedai untuk membeli sebotol air minuman. Adnan kemudiannya mengayuh ke
sekolah selama 2 minit, yang terletak 2 km ke arah utara. Hitung:
Adnan takes 10 minutes to cycle from his house to the shop, which is located 4 km east of his house. He stops at the shop to buy
a bottle of drinking water. Adnan then cycles to the school for another 2 minutes, which is located 2 km north. Calculate:
KBAT
(a) Laju purata / The average speed (b) Halaju purata / The average velocity
1

3. Rajah menunjukkan pergerakan seekor semut sepanjang pembaris dari titik A ke titik B dan kemudiannya berpatah
balik dan berhenti di titik C dalam masa 5 saat. Hitung:
The diagram shows a movement of an ant along the ruler from point A to point B and then turns back and stops at point C in
5 s. Calculate: KBAT Mengaplikasi

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A C B
cm

(a) Jarak yang dilalui (b) Sesaran (c) Laju / Speed (d) Halaju / Velocity
Distance travelled Displacement

4. Rajah menunjukkan seorang budak lelaki bermain papan luncur.

The diagram shows a boy playing a skateboard. KBAT Mengaplikasi
t=0s t=2s t=5s

A B C
0 m s–1 2 m s–1 3.5 m s–1

Hitung pecutan budak lelaki itu.

Calculate the acceleration of the boy.

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 (a) Dari A ke B / From A to B (b) Dari B ke C / From B to C
v–u v–u
a = ——– a = ——–
t t
2–0 3.5 – 2
= ——– = ——––
2 3
= 1.0 m s–2 = 0.5 m s–2
5. Rajah menunjukkan carta pita yang terhasil dari pergerakan sebuah
Panjang / Length (cm)
troli. Setiap jalur mempunyai 10 detik dan frekuensi bagi jangka masa
detik ialah 50 Hz. 10
The diagram shows the tape chart produced by the motion of a trolley. Each
8
strip consists of 10 ticks and the frequency used by the ticker timer is 50 Hz.
(a) Nyatakan jenis gerakan troli. KBAT Menganalisis 6
State the type of motion of the trolley. 4

Pecutan seragam / Constant acceleration 2

Masa / Time (s)
(b) Hitung / Calculate:
(i) pecutan troli (ii) sesaran troli (iii) halaju purata
the acceleration of the trolley the displacement of the trolley the average velocity
2 30
u = —– = 10 cm s–1 s = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 v = ———– = 30 cm s–1
0.2 5  0.2
10 = 30 cm
v = – = 50 cm s–1
—
0.2
t = (5 – 1)0.2 = 0.8 s
50 – 10
a = ———– = 50 cm s–2
0.8

6.

Arah pergerakan
Direction of
0.5 cm 4 cm
motion
Rajah menunjukkan pita detik bagi gerakan sebuah troli. Frekuensi bagi pita detik yang digunakan ialah 50 Hz.
Hitungkan pecutan bagi troli itu.
The diagram shows a ticker tape of the motion of a trolley. The frequency of the ticker timer used is 50 Hz. Calculate the
acceleration of the trolley. KBAT Menganalisis
0.5 4
u = —–– = 25 cm s–1 v = —–– = 200 cm s–1
0.02 0.02
200 25
a = ———–——– = 1 750 cm s–2
(6 – 1)  0.02

7. Rajah menunjukkan seorang budak lelaki berbasikal menuruni bukit dari keadaan pegun. Jika
dia menuruni bukit dengan pecutan seragam, 1.25 m s-2 dalam masa 40 saat, hitung halaju
akhir basikal itu.
The diagram shows a boy cycles downhill from rest. If he moves down the hill with constant acceleration
1.25 m s-2 in 40 s, calculate the final velocity of the bicycle. KBAT Mengaplikasi
Penyelesaian / Solution:
v u
a = —–––
t
v 0
1.25 = — –– –
40
v = 50 m s–1
8. Sebuah van bergerak dengan kelajuan 30 m s-1. Pemandu menekan brek Penyelesaian / Solution:
v u
dengan tiba-tiba dan van itu berhenti dalam masa 3.5 saat. Hitung a = —–––
nyahpecutan bagi van itu. t
0 30
A van is moving at a speed of 30 m s-1. The driver suddenly steps on the brake = —––––
and it stops 3.5 seconds later. Calculate the deceleration of the van. 3.5
KBAT Mengaplikasi = –8.57 m s–2
Nyahpecutan / Deceleration = 8.57 m s–2

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9. Sebuah lori bergerak dengan halaju 20 m s-1 ke arah timur dan kelajuan Penyelesaian / Solution:
meningkat secara seragam menjadi 45 m s-1 dalam masa 5 saat.
v = u + at
Hitung pecutan lori tersebut.
45 = 20 + a(5)
A lorry moves with velocity 20 m s–1 to the east and speeds up uniformly to
velocity of 45 m s–1 in 5 seconds. Calculate the acceleration of the lorry. 5a = 25
KBAT Mengaplikasi
a = 5 m s–2

10. Sebuah superbike bergerak dengan halaju 15 m s–1 memecut dengan Penyelesaian / Solution:
seragam pada kadar 4.2 m s-2 dalam masa 30 saat. Kira sesaran 1
s = ut + —at2
superbike itu ketika memecut. 2
A superbike travelling with velocity of 15 m s-1 accelerates uniformly at a rate 1
= 15(30) + —(4.2)(30)2
of 4.2 m s-2 in 30 seconds. Calculate the displacement of the superbike while 2
it is accelerating. KBAT Mengaplikasi = 2 340 m
11. Sebuah kereta dengan jisim 1500 kg bergerak dengan halaju malar Penyelesaian / Solution:
36 m s-1. Pemandu kereta itu ternampak sekumpulan lembu di v u 0 36
a = —––– = —–––– = –6 m s–2
hadapan dan dia terus menekan brek dan dapat memberhentikan t 6
kereta dalam masa 6 saat. Jarak lembu dan kereta semasa pemandu 2 2
v = u + 2as
itu ternampak lembu-lembu itu ialah 160 m. Berapakah jauh lembu-
0 = 362 + 2(–6)s
lembu itu dari kereta apabila kereta itu berhenti?
A car with mass 1 500 kg moves with constant velocity of 36 m s-1. The driver
s = 108 m
sees a group of cows in front and he immediately steps on the brake pedal
Jarak dari lembu / Distance from the cows:
and manages to stop the car in 6 seconds. The distance of the cows from the
s = 160 – 108
car when the driver spotted them was 160 m. How far are the cows from the
car when the car stops. KBAT Menganalisis = 52 m

12. Sebuah bas memulakan perjalanan dari terminal dan bergerak dengan Penyelesaian / Solution:
halaju malar 25 m s-1. Apabila sampai di persimpangan jalan,
pemandu menekan brek dan bas berhenti selepas bergerak sejauh 50 v2 = u2 + 2as
m. Hitung nyahpecutan bas itu selepas brek dikenakan. 0 = (25)2 + 2a(50)
A bus starts its journey from the terminal and moves with constant velocity a = –6.25 m s–2
25 m s-1. When reaching the junction of a road, the driver steps on the brake
pedal and the bus stops after travelling a distance of 50 m. Calculate the
deceleration of the bus after the brake is applied. KBAT Menganalisis