Academic Integrity

Documenting Research Sources

QUICK TIPS

In an assignment, when you use someone else’s idea or information by quoting directly or by re-phrasing the
material in your own words, you must acknowledge and identify the source. This is done in two places:
• In the body of the assignment, where you insert a quotation or re-phrase an idea, you provide a brief reference to the
source in an in text citation (the reference is enclosed in parentheses or brackets).
• At the end of your assignment, you provide complete publication information about the source in a References list.

The in text citations and the References list work together. The in text citation, a brief reference to a work, enables the
reader to identify the source of an idea quickly and easily. Knowing the author’s last name (or the title) from the in text
citation, a reader can locate the complete publication information for that work in the alphabetically arranged References list.
An in text citation must point clearly to a specific source in References.

GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING A REFERENCES PAGE

• List only the resources to which you have specifically referred, not those merely consulted
• Place the page of references at the end of your assignment on a separate page titled References
• Use authors’ names in the order they appear on the title page; do not alphabetize multiple authors of a source
• Invert authors’ names and include only initials of first and middle names (i.e. Adam Smith becomes Smith, A.) Use an
ampersand (&) to connect two authors’ names (e.g. Spacey, K., & Butler, G.)
• Use commas to separate authors and an ampersand for the last author if there are three to six authors
• List the first six authors and then et al. if there are more than six
• Begin the reference with the title of the work if no author is given
• Arrange the list alphabetically; if there is no author and the title begins with a, an, or the, alphabetize by the second word
• Begin each entry with a hanging indent (first line begins at the left margin and all other lines are indented ½ inch)
• Double space within and between entries in your list of references
• Capitalize only the first word in the title and the first word after a colon

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WANT MORE HELP? KEEP READING…

HELP: FIVE CHOICES…

Help is always available through the Library@Mohawk.

2. Follow the link Cite Your Sources for:

3. Use the Ask Us! button on TheBRAIN’s homepage to submit questions via chat, email, or phone.

4. A print copy of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is available in the Library @ Mohawk’s
collection (call number Ref. BF 76.7.P83 2010). Other print resources are also available to help you with the research
process and using APA style. Search the Library’s catalogue or browse the shelves at and around call number BF 76.

5. The Library @ Mohawk now offers RefWorks. This online tool manages your research and allows you to create
bibliographies in seconds.

DISCLAIMERS
WE HAVE TWO…

1. This brief guide highlights how to cite sources most commonly used by Mohawk College students as agreed upon by
Library staff. The manual outlines far more resources and sources. When in doubt, consult the manual for full citation
details and apply good judgement.

2. It is important to remember individual instructors may choose to modify these guidelines or use an earlier edition of the
manual. To avoid confusion (and disappointment with your grade) use instructions communicated in your course.

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 The examples used are based on the Publication Manual
th
of the American Psychological Association 6th ed.
(2010). The relevant section of the manual is included
for each entry. Consult the manual for further explanation

Examples of Resources in APA Format

NOTE: Examples of “In Text Citation” are single spaced, but your document text would be double-spaced.

Print Format References In Text Citation

Book - single author Johnson, S. (2006). Everything bad is good for you: How today’s popular “Environmental complexity is
not limited to …” (Johnson,
Section 6.11 culture is actually making us smarter. New York: Riverhead Books. 2006, p. 146).
Example 18 (p. 203)

Book – multiple authors Tapscott, D., & Williams, A. (2006). Wikinomics: How mass collaboration changes “If you consider the
vernacular, the term ‘open’ is
Section 6.12 everything. New York: Portfolio. loaded…” (Tapscott &
Follow example 18 (p.203) Williams, 2006, p. 200).

Dictionary/Encyclopedia entry Hall, C. (1968). Dreams. In International encyclopedia of the social sciences (Vol. “Freud hypothesized that the
dream…” (Hall, 1968, p.
Section 7.02 4, pp. 258-264). New York: Macmillan Company & The Free Press. 261).
Example 27 (p. 204)

Journal/Periodical article Anucha, U. (2005). We are not just rent receipts. Canadian Social Work Review, 22(1), “The magnitude of the
homelessness problem… by
Section 7.01 189-210. NOTE: Italicize the volume number, but not the issue. its dynamic nature” (Anucha,
Example 3 (p.199) 2005, p. 190).

Magazine article Farran, S., & Keller, T. (2007, April 2). What can 70,000 students teach you? “On the whole, small schools
… better than larger
Section 7.01 Maclean’s, 120, 28-37. institutions” (Farran & Keller,
Example 7 (p. 200) 2007, p. 32).

Newspaper article Moko, L. (2007, April 2). Smooth moves; Mohawk honours outstanding athletic, Moko’s (2007) article covers
contributions and
Section 7.01 academic Mountaineers. The Hamilton Spectator, p. SP10. backgrounds (p. SP10).
Example 10 (p. 200)

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Digital Format References In Text Citation

Online document – general form O’Reilly, T. (2005). What is Web 2.0?: Design patterns and business models for the “In the year and a half since, the
term "Web 2.0" has clearly taken
Section 6.31 next generation of software. Retrieved from hold, with more than 9.5 million
Examples 33 (p.206 ); 61 (p.212); citations in Google” (O’Reilly,
76 & 77 (p. 215) http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html 2005, ¶ 3).

Online document (no author or Guide to physical activity. (n.d.). Retrieved from “Most weight loss occurs because
date) of decreased caloric intake”
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/phy_act.htm (“Guide,” n.d., ¶ 1).
Section 6.31

Online document - Government Health Canada. (2006). The national strategy: Moving forward - the 2006 progress “Canada is internationally
report recognized for its success in
report on tobacco control. Retrieved from http://www.hc- legislating the tobacco industry”
Section 6.31 (Health Canada, 2006, Policy
Example 31 (p. 205) section, ¶ 1).
sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/pubs/tobac-tabac/prtc-relct-2006/index_e.html

Dictionary/Encyclopedia entry Harrison, T. (2007). Popular music. In The Canadian encyclopedia. “In 1996, 3 of the top recording
artists were women” (Harrison,
Example 29 (p. 205) Retrieved from http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com 2007, ¶ 1).

Journal article Hard, S., Conway, J., & Moran, A. (2006). Faculty and college student beliefs about The researchers hypothesized …
With DOI behaviour would influence their
the frequency of student academic misconduct. Journal of Higher Education, own misconduct. (Hard, Conway &
Section 6.31 Moran, 2006, p. 1059).
Example 1 (p.198)
77 (6), 1058-1080. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2

Online Newspaper article $1 Salaries for Google billionaires. (2007, April 5). The Hamilton Spectator, p. A22. “Schmidt, Page and Brin have
refused to take anything more than
Example 11 (p. 200) Retrieved from http://www.thespec.com/ a token paycheque …” (“$1
Salaries,” 2007, ¶ 4).

Audiovisual Media Schonbach, G. (Producer), & Sharpe, J. (Director). (2005). Weird sex and Schonbach (2005) in Weird sex
dives deeply into Canadian
Example 49 (p.209) snowshoes: A trek through the Canadian cinematic psyche. [DVD]. Vancouver, contributions…

BC: Omni Film Productions.

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