Coordination System Piping Arrangement

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Coordination System Piping Arrangement
Views in Piping Drawings
There are two types of views in hand-drawn piping drawings:
 Orthographic - Plans and Elevations
 Pictorial - Isometric Views

Orthographic drawings are views (front, side, top etc.) of an piping system, and in
Piping they are called "Piping Arrangements".
An orthographic view shows only one side, and therefore multiple drawings (views)
are necessary to show a complete Piping Arrangement.
In complex systems, where orthographic views do not illustrate the details of the
design, pictorial view in isometric presentation is made for clarity.

Priorities on a Piping Arrangement

Process equipment and piping have priority on the Piping Arrangement. The major
primary beams and secondary beams are also shown, even as Utility stations so
that the most efficient route for utilities can be determined.
Order of importance of pipe lines in a Piping Arrangement:
 Alloy steel and other special materials
  Large bore piping

 High temperature/high pressure piping

 Lined piping

 Carbon Steel Process Piping

 Utility piping

Further (if possible) all equipment, instrument connections, with the tag numbers
will be shown on a Piping Arrangement. Important details are often in a larger scale
in the same drawing shown.
Even as a Plot Plan, a whole process plant usually can not be given on a readable
drawing. Therefore the Piping Arrangement show parts of a process plant.

Types of Piping Arrangement Drawings

Pipelines on a Piping Arrangement are shown by single lines and double lines.
In single line representation only the center line of the pipeline is drawn using a
solid line. In double line representation the actual size to scale is drawn with center
line marked in chain-dotted lines.
Single lines representation
 Flanges are shown as thick lines drawn to the scaled outsite diameter of the
flange.
 For flanged joints a small gap between dimension lines will be shown to
indicate a gasket.

 Valves are shown with identification number and a handwheel is drawn with
stem fully extended. If a valve is lever operated, then the movement of
handle position is given.

 Dimensions for flanged valves are given to the flange faces, while non
flanged valves are dimensioned to the center lines of their stems.
EXAMPLE OF A SINGLE LINE PIPING ARRANGEMENT
The drawing shows 2 pumps, 4 valves (all Handwheel operated and flanged), a pipe line and a
column.

The line number  CD - PL - 101 - 12 - C300 - T2 - I2  tells something about the pipe line.

CD Indicator for plant or system, where the pipeline is located.

PL Indicator for a service designation.

101 Indicator for the serial number of the pipe line.

12 Indicator NPS, in this case the main pipeline is NPS 12.

C300 Indicator for Pipe Line Class or "Pipe Spec".

C tells that the material is Carbon Steel, and 300 indicates the Pressure Class.
T2 Indicator for E-tracing type.

I2 Indicator for Insulation type.

Above description of the line number is only an example. For line numbers are no
standard definitions, and therefore a customer specification can be different from
what is here defined.
The indication 12-314 (Typ) on the valve told that the valve is 12 inches and 314
indicates the type of valve. The same applies also to the valve near the pump,
where DR indicates a Drain Valve.
Typ stands for Typical and means that there is another ore more valves in that
drawing with the same specification. The advantage of this indicator is, that items
with the same specification only once need to be defined.
Furthermore, the red arrow indicates the flow direction, which perhaps is
unnecessary, because the pipe line is connected to the Suction side of the pump.
 Dis. = Discharge, pressure side of a pump
 Suc. = Suction, suction side of a pump

An important item is designation TF (Top Flat) which is shown to the eccentric

reducer at the pump. That means that the flat side of the reducer is on the top of
de pipe line. If it was vice versa BF (Bottom Flat), also the elevation to the suction
side of the pump must be given.
Example for the pump suction side:
A eccentric reducer 12 to 8 inch has a center-line difference from 52.4 millimeters.
(12" = O.D. 323.9 mm / 8" = O.D. 219.1 mm / Length = 203 mm / Center-line
difference = 52.4 mm).
If the reducer bottom flat, an elevation round off upwards EL. 100548 must be
shown.

Note: The connection to the column is Class 600. This change in Pressure Class is
indicated
by a so-called "Spec break" (change of Piping Class Specification). In this case it
means, that the flange that connect to nozzle C1 also must be have a Pressure Class
of 600, and that the material probably not changed.
Another important item is the elevation (given in red) of nozzle C1 from the column.
The elevation EL. 104966 is shown, because the pipe line ends with an eccentric
reducer Bottom Flat (BF). In this case it means, that the vertical centerline from
nozzle C1 is 15.88 mm above the center line of the pipeline.
A eccentric reducer 14 x 12 (355.6 mm x 323.9 mm) has a length of 330 mm and a
center-line difference from 15.88 mm.

Symbols on a Piping Arragement Drawing

On the drawing can be seen that the pipe line(s) from the pumps run up to the
column. The pipeline starts with elevation EL. 100600 at the pump suction site and
ends at elevation EL. 104950 at nozzle "C1" from the column. But without the
elevations, the upward routing is also visible.
For single line representation there are a lot of symbols, which illustrate a
directional change.
The three partly open blue circles in the drawing, indicate three Elbows which are
bending down.
The two blue half-moons around the pipelines/valves indicate that the valves are at
the bottom of the pipeline are located. The two valves are needed to drain the
pipeline. By applying eccentric reducers (Top Flat) in the lowest part of the pipeline,
the two valves make it possible to fully empty the system.
In the main Menu "Docs" the most used drawing symbols can be found.

3-DIMENSIONAL VIEW
More and more engineering companies show Plot Plans, equipment and piping
arrangements in a 3D view. Better 3D software has made this possible, and
generally has this way of drawing many advantages.
There are many programs that can be made 3D views, but they are all very
expensive. Large engineering companies often have developed their own software.
Some of these programs make it possible "to walking through a whole plant" in
order to find a particular item. It is very impressive, what is possible with that type
of software.

Summary
A standard Piping Arrangement does not exist.
Like a Plot Plan or Equipment Arrangement, in the development phase of a new
plant, the requirements for the drawings will be made by customer and/or
engineering company.
REMARK(S) OF THE AUTHOR...

MY OWN EXPERIENCE WITH 3-DIMENSIONAL VIEWS...

Since 1999, I draw many topics in 3D views.
The reason is, that I have noted that a pipefitter or construction worker knows
immediately what he must build. Another reason is, that people who are not able to
read a drawing, also know what I am trying to explain.
For myself, I discovered that it cost me less time, to make different views, because
with acceptable 3D software, each view (what ever you want) in seconds can be
displayed and printed.
My first 3-D drawing
In recent years I have found a combination of both, Orthographic and 3D view. If it
is a simple drawing I show only two or three orthographic views. In complex
drawings I show the necessary orthographicthis views with in the right corner of the
drawing, a 3D view. It works perfectly for those who must carry out the job.
Simple drawing of a 3-Dimensional view from the Piping Arrangement above mentioned.
 The 3D view from the Piping Arrangement is simple but it probably shows, for most users, a
direct understandable drawing.
At the end of 2008 I had a job for the design of a new 14 inch pipeline from and between two
storage tanks. Normally I had made isometric views from the new pipe line and orthographic
views of the supports. But in that case, for the first time, I made only 3d views to scale from the
pipeline, valves, supports etc.. I gave the pipefitters and construction workers all possible
views...the job is performed without any problems.
With respect to our "grandfathers", they builded without our current techniques, the largest
plants on earth.

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Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

This content provides you with a sample Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification
that is useful for field inspectors. 

Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

This specification covers the minimum basic requirements for various aspects of the
above ground piping and in trench piping for the industrial plants as follow: 

a)       Shop and filed fabrication and erection of piping.

b)       Installation of in-line instrument items like orifice flanges, control valves, rota
meters, safety valves, etc.

c)        Installation of items like line mounted filters, ejectors sample cooler, etc.

d)       Installation of expansion joints.

e)        Fabrication & erection of pipe supports including installation of spring supports, etc.
both shop and field fabrication include cutting, threading, bending, welding, bolting, etc.

Administration of material certificates, welding operations and execution, administration

of all destructive & non-destructive examination and all testing operations as required by
the applicable procedure and standards.

1.1.     Where this specification and the petroleum refinery piping code ASME B31.3
conflict, this standard shall govern. Sound engineering practice shall be followed in the
absence of specified standards or specification subject to OWNER prior approval.  

1.2.            CODES AND STANDARDS - Piping Fabrication and Erection

SpecificationStandards referred to in this specification shall be the latest editions,

including all revisions and addenda as listed below:

Process Piping                                                                    ASME B31.3

Unified Inch Screw Threads                                           ASME B1.1

Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)                                    ASME B1.20.1

Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings NPS 1/2”                             ASME B16.5

Through NPS 24”

Factory-Made Wrought Steel Butt welding Fittings                   ASME B16.9

Forged Steel Fittings, Socket Welding and Treaded                  ASME B16.11

Butt Welding Ends                                                                    ASME B16.25

Square and Hex Nuts   (Inch Series)                                      ASME B18.2.2

Welded and seamless Wrought Steel Pipe                                 ASME B36.10

Stainless Steel Pipe                                                        ASME B36.19

Wrought Stainless Steel Butt Welding Fittings                        MSS-SP-43

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code                                               ASME-VIII

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code                                                ASME-IX

1.3.            RELATED  ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION

The following specifications are applied as supplement of this specification.

A.    Piping Material                                                              

B.    Construction Work for Piping                                                    

C.    Pressure Test of Piping System                                         

D.    Cleaning for Pipe Lines                                                    

E.    Welding Procedure for Piping                                           

F.    Welder Qualification Test                                                                   

G.    Inspection & Test of Piping Construction                             

H.    Piping hanging & support                                              

I.     Piping Design                                                                   

J.     Marking & Color Coding                                        

K.   Painting Specification                                                             

2.                 DEFINITION

2.1.            DIVISION OF WORK

All piping will be fabricated by a field construction crew either in a pipespool fabrication
shop hereinafter referred to as the "shop” (as per ------) or in-place hereinafter called the
"field".

2.2.            PIPE SPOOL DEFINITION - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

The word pipespool, as used in this specification, is a unit of prefabricated piping
consisting of pipe, fittings, flanges, and other components integral to the assembly. This
piping is assembled in the shop and conveyed to the construction site for installation.  

2.3.            PIPE SPOOL INDEX

All pipespools to be constructed by the fabricator are listed in the Pipespool Index.  Each index
is in numerical order for each field assembly area.  The shop shall fabricate the pipespools in
the order they are listed in the index, unless a list giving some other priority is provided by
Consultant.

The index will show for each pipespool the pipespool number, quantity of identical  
pipespools, revision mark, line number, material class, and special information or
treatment.  The assembly area, revision date, and material are given at the top of each
sheet.  Included with each index for each area is a Pipespool Index Revision page.  This
page is a record of all revisions to the pipespool index.  The shop shall fill out and keep
current the information columns on the pipespool indexes, and provide copies to
Consultant when requested or completed. 

3.                 DRAWING APPLICATION

3.1.            PIPESPOOL INDEX

All pipelines are identified with the line classification  on  the  plan and isometric
drawing.

3.2.            EXTENT OF PIPESPOOLS

Where field installed material connects to shop  fabricated  pipespools, the  shop
fabricated spool will include all branch connections for field piping, up to the first field
butt weld, first  field socket weld, first screwed connection, or first flanged joint including
the first flange.  Pipespools in all sizes of butt welded and socket welded construction
will be prefabricated in the shop.  Threaded piping and threaded components which are
installed as attachments to shop fabricated pipespools shall be termed field installed
materials.  Straight runs of piping indicated as random piping are not pipespools.  These
straight runs are installed by the field crews in random lengths.  The division between
the three different types is shown on the  drawings as indicated in figure.

Here, "S" means shop fabricated, "F" means field-installed material and "R" stands for
field-installed random lengths.  "FW" is a weld done in the field. 

3.3.            ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

Consultant will provide the isometric drawings for all 1-1/2 inch and larger for stainless steel
and 2 inch and larger for carbon steel . The isometric drawing will show also combined line
number, equipment nozzles to which the pipeline is connected, call outs and high point vents
and low point drains. A bill of material take off for the isometric shall be attached.  The bill shall
include the code, size, quantity and description for each piping component. 

3.4.            SYMBOLS

Drawing symbols used on the piping drawings are defined on legend.  The following 
definitions specify what  is  required  when certain letter symbols are used on the
drawings.

"FW"  A field weld is the joining of two components, beveled for welding, made to drawing
dimensions, and to be welded at the construction site.

"FU"    A fit-up weld is a field weld that allows some dimensional adjustment of a
pipe spool during final assembly. One of the mating ends is square-cut 3 inches longer than the
dimensions required.  The other mating end is bevel-cut to the exact dimension indicated on the
drawings.

"DW"   A dummy weld is a weld connecting a supporting appurt enance to a pipeline.  The
support is an extension of the piping but with no connection into the fluid stream. 

3.5.            FIELD WELDS

The Construction contractor shall locate on the piping erection drawings, field welds or fit-up
welds as required for site erection, except no location will be shown for socket  weld connections
between pipe spools built in the shop and those built at the construction site. 

3.6.            DIMENSIONS

Unless otherwise specify all dimensions terminating at a flange are measured from the
gasket face for raised-face flanges and flat-face flanges, and the raised face of ring-joint
flanges. Gaskets are indicated by a short line placed beside or between the dimension
limit lines. Only gaskets which  have a different thickness than the material class gasket
are dimensioned.

Whenever an overall dimension does not appear on a drawing, the dimension is

assumed to be the sum of individual standard fitting lengths coincident with the piping
line class material. 

4.                 FABRICATION
4.1.            GENERAL - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

Fabrication works shall comply with the drawings and this specification including
relevant Engineering and Construction Specifications.

4.1.1.    All weld numbers and welder’s identification number shall be painted close to the
weld, to enable trace ability of each weld and each welder, socket welds shall be
numbered per fitting, e.g. S.W tee has one weld number.

4.1.2.     Construction Contractor shall maintain the color coding on piping materials to
allow easy and quick reference in accordance with the project engineering specification.

4.1.3.       All materials included in the finished piping systems shall be undamaged.

4.1.4.       Construction Contractor must provide adequate protection for piping, flange

faces, threaded connections, etc. to prevent damage during handling and storage.
Construction Contractor shall ensure that flange faces are protected from corrosion or
rust.

4.1.5.      Piping shall be stored in a relatively clean, dry or well drained area on elevated
dunnage and protected against contact with salts or salty water.

4.1.6.   All attachments to piping, i.e. saddles, pads, etc. are to be made of same
material to the pipe.

4.2.            DIMENSIONAL - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

TOLERANCE

4.2.1.      Wrought Bends 

A.     Wrought bends shall show no significant marks or corrugations and shall be smooth and
regular in outline.  Flattening shall not exceed 8% of the pipe outside diameter for pressure
duties, or 3% of the pipe outside diameter for vacuum duties. There shall be no significant
thinning when the pipe bend radius is 5 x nominal diameter or greater.

B.   In general thickness stainless steel pipe of equivalent to schedule 10S and thinner shall not
be bent.

4.2.2.      Pipe Dimensions

Tolerances shall be ±1.5mm from flange face to flange face, or centerline of pipe to flange
face.
4.2.3.      Flange Face

Flange faces shall not be concave.  Convexity from flange bore to joint face periphery
shall not exceed 0.15mm per centimeter width of joint face.

4.2.4.      Squareness of Flanges

Flanges shall be square to the axis of the pipe to within an angle of 0° - 18' (0.3°) I.E. 
0.05mm per centimeter measured across the face of the flange, with the pipe adequately
supported.

4.2.5.      Bolt Holes of Flanges

Flange bolt holes shall straddle the established centerlines (Horizontal or vertical). However,
flanged connections on equipment may vary and should be individually checked.  When these
connections differ, the bolt hole orientation shall be indicated on the isometric piping detail
sheet. Holes in double flanged pipes shall be correctly aligned. 

4.3.            WELD DETAILS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

4.3.1.       Butt Welds

The term "Butt-Weld" refers to circumferential butt joints only. Special requirements may
be imposed where longitudinal welds are to be made and these welds shall not be
carried out before Consultant has approved the methods to be used.  Longitudinal and
spiral welds existing in pipes as produced at the mill are outside the scope of this
specification.

4.3.2.      Weld Preparation

Weld preparation shall be in accordance with the following:

A.   Preparation standard shall be applied to ASME B31.3 and the modifications to the standard
contained within clause 5.3.6 of this specification.

B.  Ends shall be beveled or square cut for welding as follows:

1)  Beveled for wall thickness greater than 2.3mm

2)  Square cut for wall thickness 2.3 mm and less

4.3.3.      Root Gaps
Spacers shall be used while tack welding pipe and fittings in position to insure proper
gap and full penetration in welding. The tack welds complying with the requirements of
ASME B31.3, 328.5.1(C) may be allowed to become a part of the finished weld,
whereas those not complying are not acceptable and must be chipped out before
completing the weld.

4.3.4.      Bore Matching and Alignment

Bore matching and alignment shall be in accordance with ASME B31.3.  Where pipe,
fittings and flanges are to be joined by circumferential butt-welds, the corresponding
parts shall be modeled and matched so that any misalignment at the inside of the piping
shall not exceed 1/16 inch at any point of the circumference of the joint.

Fit-up work may include pressing, hammering, local heating or grinding as required to reduce
any misalignment due to diameter tolerances, out-of-roundness or unequal wall thickness of the
parts of less than 1/16 inch. parts having unequal wall thickness and bores shall be prepared in
accordance with one of the  details  shown  in  ASME  B31.3.

4.3.5.      Cutting

A.  Pipes may be cut mechanically by sawing or grinding machine.

B. Cutting method involving heating e.g. Flame or arc cutting for carbon steel are
allowed providing the cut edge is machined or ground back sufficientl y far to give
specified parent material properties at the cut edge with a minimum of 1.5 mm.

C. Plasma-jet cutting may be use to cut austenitic stainless steel pipes and other
materials.

D.   Flame cutting of austenitic stainless steel pipe is not allowed.

E.   Other methods of cutting may be used providing written approval is obtained from
Consultant.

4.3.6.      Welding Position of Longitudinal Seams

Longitudinal seams in seam welded pipe shall be located so as to clear openings and external
attachments possible.  Longitudinal seams in adjoining courses shall be  preperably at 180°but
a minimum between seams are in accordance with construction specification. 

4.4.            BRANCH WELDS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

Branch connections shall be located as indicated on the piping detail sheet or isometric
piping drawings. All branch connections shall be designed in accordance with Para.
304.3 of ASME B31.3.   Forged or extruded branch connections are preferred.

4.4.1.      No Fitting

Branches shall be of  'Stub-in' design in accordance with Construction Specification 0000-
S1830-003 and ASME B31.3.

4.4.2.   Forged branch attachments (Brancholets) shall be of the type specified on Consultant's

drawings and fitted accurately to the contours of the run pipe.

4.4.3.      Reinforcing Pads

A.    For pressure reinforcement

Reinforcing pads required by the referenced code or by piping detail sheets shall be provided
with at least one vent hole if fully welded. The hole shall be drilled and tapped with a 1/8 inch
pipe thread for testing and venting. The tapped hole shall be plugged using wood, plastic or
mastic material not capable of retaining pressure. 

B.    For structural attachment

Reinforcing pads for structural attachment shall be provided with an untapped hole of 1/4 inch (6
mm) diameter for venting.

C.  Where reinforcing pads are fitted either for branches or structural attachments they shall be 
accurately shaped so that no gap larger than 1/8 inch (3.0mm), measured before welding, shall
exist between the periphery of the pad and the pipe to which it fits.

4.4.4.      Mitered Bends

Mitered bends shall be in accordance with piping material specification ------. The number of

cuts shall be as stated on the drawing.  Mitered bends are used only when specified on the
drawings and shall be in accordance with ASME B31.3 Chapter V. A joint efficiency not
exceeding 70% shall be used in the strength calculations for mitered bends. The welds in
mitered bends shall penetrate the full thickness of the pipe and the bead on the inside of the
throat shall be smooth and have an even curvature. In order to prevent a notch effect.

4.4.5.      Beveled Ends

Refer to Construction Specification XXX

4.4.6.      Fillet Welds
Refer to Construction Specification XXX

4.5.            BENDING - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

4.5.1. Bends shall conform dimensionally to the drawings and relevant clauses of this
specification. Hot bend is not permitted.

4.5.2.      Cold Bending

A.  Cold bends to a centerline radius greater than five (5) times the nominal pipe diameter may
be manufactured without a subsequent heat treatment unless a heat treatment is specified on
the project specification, piping detail sheets, or isometric drawings.

B.    Cold bends to a radius less than five (5) times the nominal pipe diameter is not allowed.

C.   Bending after completion of fabrication to meet dimensional requirements shall not be
carried out without the approval of the engineer.

5.                 WELDING - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

5.1.            WELDING PROCESS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

5.1.1.     Basic welding requirements are to be in accordance with ASME B31.3.  Welders
shall be approved in accordance with the relevant clauses of this standard.

5.1.2.  Welding shall be carried out by one, or a combination of  the  following processes:

A. Shield metal arc welding (SMAW)

B. Inert gas metal (MIG)

C. Tungsten inert gas with filler wire (TIG)

The (SMAW) and (TIG) processes are preferred as welding process.

5.1.3.   Backing rings shall not  be  used  without  prior  written  content  and approval of
Consultant.

5.1.4.  Where tack welding is carried out, tacks shall be as large as possible and to the
satisfaction of  the Consultant inspection. Tack welds shall be removed so that they do not form
part of the finished weld unless they are produced fully qualified and tested welders to the same
procedure as the finished weld, in which case they may be absorbed into the finished weld.
5.1.5.     Flange faces shall be kept free from weld spatter and arc strike.  

5.2.            WELDING PROCEDURE - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

5.2.1.     Welding procedures are to be qualified in accordance with the ASME boiler and
pressure vessel code section IX and ASME B31.3, and shall be approved by Consultant
before any work is carried out.

5.2.2.   Welder's competence shall be determined in accordance with Welder Qualification Test        

5.2.3.     It is fabricator's responsibility to reference each weld to  its  welder and correct
procedure.

5.2.4.      Electrodes and filler wires shall conform to the requirements  specified in para.
7.1.

5.2.5.      Requirements for mixed metal welds are specified in para. 6.

5.2.6.   Fusion faces may be prepared by sawing, chipping, machining or grinding. They

shall be smooth and free from defects and together with the adjacent material shall be
thoroughly cleaned of oil, grease, paint and shall be free from all rust, scale, ice/water
for a distance of 50 mm from the edge of the weld.

5.2.7.    The visible surface of all welds are to be clean of slag, regular uniform in contour,
without undercuts, crack or blowholes and free from spatter.

5.2.8.  Weld reinforcement: The thickness of weld reinforcement shall not exceed the
following, considering the thinner component being joined:

Component Thickness  (in.)               Maximum Reinforcement (in.)

1/2 and Under                                                  1/8

from 1/2 to 1                                                    5/32

Over 1                                                               3/16

For double welded joints this limitation on reinforcement shall apply separately to the weld
reinforcement inside and outside.  The finished internal and external surfaces of the weld shall
merge smoothly into the component surfaces or the weld toe.

5.2.9.    When unacceptable defects are found in complete welds, they are to be removed by
grinding, chipping or machining.
5.2.10.   The basic principles of the welding procedure initially used are to be employed
for repair of faulty welds. 

5.3.            SPECIAL PROCESS CONTROL - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

5.3.1.    Work control procedure shall be prepared prior to start the special process such
as heat treatment.  Processing and result of special process shall be recorded and
maintained to verify the work quality.

5.3.2.   Heat Treatment of flame-cut edges for carbon steel is not required when the
edges are dressed  back in accordance with para. 4.3.5. B where dressing back proves
to be impossible, then such undressed or partly dressed edges shall be stress relieved
before welding.

5.3.3.       Preheating - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

A.    When the welding procedure does not include pre-heating and the ambient conditions  are
such that the metal temperature of the parts to be welded are below 4°C, the surface in a  zone
extending 15 mm each side of  the joint is  to  be  heated to  20°C "Handwarm" before welding
commences.

B.   Preheating shall be carried out in accordance with ASME B31.3 unless para. 5.3.4. A
applies.

C.  In addition to the requirements of ASME B31.3, when rutile and cellulosic electrodes
are used, then preheat shall be applied on wall thicknesses of 20 mm (3/4") and above.

5.3.4.      Normalizing

Normalizing shall be carried out as follows:

Temperature                                      920°C/950°C

Time/Inch of Thickness                       1 Hour

Minimum soaking time                         1/2 Hour

Cooling shall be uniform at a rate less than 250°Cper hour down to 300°C, thereafter
cool in still air.

5.3.5.      Stress Relieving - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

A.     Irrespective of pipe wall thickness, PWHT shall be performed on all type joints butt,
socket, etc, for piping classes A2T3MR, AUT3P, B2T3MR, B2T6MR, D2T3MR, A2D2,
B2D2V, BCDX, D2D2V, for other piping classes PWHT shall be carried out in
accordance with ASME B31.3.

B.     After completion of final P.W.H.T. hardness test shall be performed in accordance

with ASME B31.3. One test is required in the weld and one test is required in the heat
affected zone (HAZ). 

C.  Welds produced in austenitic stainless steel shall not require stress relief, unless this
is specifically called for in the drawings or pipeline specifications.

5.3.6.      Temperature Measurement

Temperature measurement shall be in accordance with ASME B31.3.

5.3.7.      A record of the time/temperature for normalising and stress relief  must be kept. 

6.                 MIXED METAL WELDS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

6.1.           CARBON AND AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS - Piping Fabrication and

Erection Specification

6.1.1.    Where welds are to be produced between carbon steels and austenitic stainless steels,
the weld procedures, welding techniques etc., shall be those appropriate to the austenitic
stainless steel.

6.1.2.   Electrodes and filler wire shall be ER 309, E309, or ER NiCr3, ENiCr Fe3 the
choice depending on service conditions. Any heat treatment required shall be that
appropriate to the grade and thickness of carbon steel involved. The welding procedure
proposed shall be approved in writing by Consultant.  

6.2.        LOW ALLOY (CHROME MOLYBDENUM, ETC.) AND CARBON STEELS

6.2.1.   Where welds are to be produced between low alloy steels and carbon steels, the above
procedures, electrodes, filler wires, welding technique and heat treatment etc., shall be
appropriate to the grade and thickness of the low alloy steel involved. Electrodes must be of the
basic type. 

6.3.      DIFFERENT GRADES OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS - Piping

Fabrication and Erection Specification
Where welds are to be produced between differing grades of stainless steels, the weld
procedures, electrodes, filler wires, welding techniques, etc., shall be those required by
the higher grade of material. 

6.4.   LOW ALLOY (CHROMIUM MOLYBDENUM ETC.) AND AUSTENITIC STAINLESS

STEEL - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

6.4.1.  Where welds are to be produced between low alloy steels and austenitic stainless
steels, the weld procedures, welding techniques, etc., shall be those appropriate to the
austenitic stainless steel.

6.4.2.       Electrodes and filler wires shall in general be of higher alloy content than the
austenitic stainless steel.  Any heat treatment required shall be that appropriate to the
grade and thickness of low alloy steel involved. 

7.                 MATERIALS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

7.1.            ELECTRODES AND FILLER WIRES

7.1.1.      For Carbon Steel Pipes

A.   All electrode and filler wires shall comply with AWS A5.1, AWS A5.2 and AWS A5.18.

B.   Electrodes to be used for general butt welding of low carbon steel pipes will be as follows:

1)  Pipe wall thickness up to 19 mm  (0.75")  use  cellulosic electrodes E6010 and E7018.

2)  Pipe wall thickness 19mm (0.75") and above and special carbon steel (for low  temperature 
or  high  carbon  content), ER70S-3 & basic electrodes E7018.

7.1.2.    For Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes

A.    All electrode and filler wires shall comply with AWS A5.4 and AWS A5.9.

B.    Electrodes to be used for general butt welding of austenitic stainless steel will be rutile type
EXXX-16.

7.1.3.    For Alloy Steel Pipes

A.       All electrode and filler wires shall comply with AWS A5.4 and AWS A5.5.

B.  Welding electrodes to be used for general butt welding of alloy steel piping shall be as
follows:
PIPE ELECTRODE ASTM SPECIFICATION A335 AWS-ASTM CLASSIFICATION   Grade P9,
9%Cr-1% Mo Grade P7, 7%Cr-1/2% Mo Grade P5, 5%Cr-1/2% Mo Grade P22, 2-1/4%Cr-1%
Mo Grade P11, 1-1/4%Cr-1/2% Mo Grade P12, 1%Cr-2% Mo   E 505-15 E 7Cr-15 E 502-
15 E9018-B3 E8018-B2 E8018-B2 

7.1.4.   For Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Pipes

A.    All electrode and filler wires shall comply with AWS A5.5.

B.    Welding electrode shall be 7018 A1.

7.1.5.     Welding Dissimilar Metals

A.  The dissimilar metal welds should be avoided whenever possible, using instead some
mechanical joint such as a thread or flanged connection.

B.   There are innumerable combination of dissimilar alloys which could be jointed, and most of
these combinations are special cases which must be handled on an individual  basis,  with  the 
welding  procedure depending on the intended use.

C.   The composition of the joining metal must be compatible with both alloys, or a buffer layer
must be placed between them.

D.  If high temperatures are involved, particularly if cycle, the coefficients of thermal expansion
of the parent metals and diluted weld metal must be considered.

E.   If hardenable alloys are involved, consideration must be given to eliminating hard  areas
and brittle areas, or to restoring strength, hardness and toughness, depending  on  whether  or 
not  the  design requires a high strength member.

F.   If corrosion is involved, galvanic attack and resistance to process corrodents must be taken
into account.

G.  Mechanical, formability and other fabrication operations may require special consideration.

H.     Welding electrodes shall be in accordance with Specification XXX.

7.1.6.     The particular brands of electrodes and wires chosen shall be approved in writing by the
engineer before use.

7.1.7. Storage of electrodes and other welding materials shall be in accordance with the
vendor's instructions.
7.1.8. Refer to following specification for complete list of electrodes and filler materials. 

7.2.     GRINDING WHEELS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

7.2.1. For Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes

A.  Grinding shall be carried out using resin bonded alumina or silicon carbide grinding wheels. 
Rubber bonded wheels or wheels containing sulphur shall not be used.

A.       Wheels previously used on ferritic steels shall not be  used  on  the carbon steels. 

7.3.    WIRE BRUSHES - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

All wire brushes used on austenitic stainless steel pipes  shall  be  of stainless steel. 

8.         INSPECTION AND TEST - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

Inspection shall be in accordance with ASME B31.3 and the following inspection
requirements.

8.1.            PROCEDURE AND RECORD - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

8.1.1.   Inspection and test procedure/plan shall be prepared and approved prior to inspection
activity.

8.1.2.     Result of inspection and test shall be recorded and maintained to verify the
quality of items and activities. 

8.2.            RADIOGRAPHY

Radiography shall be applied in accordance with  Inspection & Test of Piping Construction 

8.3.            VISUAL EXAMINATION

Visual examination shall be carried out in accordance with Inspection & Test of Piping
Construction

8.4.            PRESSURE TEST

8.4.1. Pressure testing shall be carried out in accordance with ASME B31.3 and Pressure Test
of Piping System
8.4.2.      Extent of pressure testing shall be indicated on the line list.

8.4.3.   Pressure testing shall be hydrostatic unless otherwise stated.

8.4.4.   Shop testing of  finished  fabricated  piping  is  not  required  unless specified.

8.4.5.   Where site hydraulic testing is to be avoided, all shop fabricated piping, including
make-up lengths and lengths with loose flanges, shall be shop tested hydraulically.  Provision
shall be made by the fabricator for closing the open ends of pipe for this test.  Where this
procedure is  required,  it  will  be specified on  the  drawings and  pipeline specifications.

8.4.6. All pressure testing shall be carried out after the application of any specified heat
treatment.

8.4.7.  For austenitic stainless steel pipelines, hydrostatic tests shall be carried out using clean
water unless other fluids are specified on the drawings or pipeline specifications. Particular
attention must be paid to using potable water. Chlorine content of less than 50 PPM should be
used wherever possible, water having a chlorine content above 100 ppm should not be used in
any circumstances, and where it is necessary to use water within a range of 50-100 ppm, lines
shall be flushed with a chlorine-free liquid with a short period of testing. 

9.      CLEANING - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

9.1 All bores of all fabricated piping shall be free from all sand, scale, weld spatter etc.
refer also to para. 5.2.7 and 5.2.8.

9.2.    If special cleaning is required, this will be the subject of  a  special specification.

9.3. The cleaning of austenitic stainless steel pipe surfaces prior to welding shall not
involve the use of hydrochloric acid, chlorine compounds, or water with a chloride
content in excess of 50 ppm. 

10.            PROTECTION AND PACKING

10.1.        DRAINING OF BORES - After hydrostatic testing and cleaning, where specified,

the bores of pipes shall be thoroughly drained and the ends immediately sealed in
accordance with para. 10.2. 

10.2.        PROTECTION - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

10.2.1.  Pipe-ends and flange faces shall be properly protected against the ingress of
dirt, mechanical damage and atmospheric corrosion.  The term "pipe-end" shall include
any weld preparation.  The  protection applied shall not be capable of passing into the
bore of the pipe.

10.2.2. Threaded connections shall be fitted with a line class plug  or  covered with a
plastic sheet securely wired or taped to the spool.

10.2.3.   Socket weld connections shall be fitted with taped polyethylene plugs or plastic
sheet securely wired or taped to the spool. 

11.            ERECTION - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

11.1.        VALVES

Valves equipped with chain wheels shall have the stems arranged so that chains do not fall on
equipment.  Hooks shall be provided to hold chains clear of operating areas.  Chain wheels will
be shown on the piping drawings.  Install valves so that the stems are not below a horizontal
position.  Orient all valves so that the hand wheels do not obstruct passageways. 

11.2.        FLANGED JOINTS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

Protect all flange faces from damage. Take care not to mar the faces of the flanges.  Bring all
flanged joints up flush so that the entire flange face bears uniformly on the gasket, and then
take up with uniform bolt  tension.  In bolting joints with spiral wound gaskets, the gasket shall
be compressed until the raised faces of the flanges uniformly contact the compression gauge
ring. 

11.3.        FLANGED OR BUTT WELDED EQUIPMENT CONNECTION

A flange cover shall be kept on all flanged connections to pumps, compressors, turbines, and
similar equipment until ready to connect the piping. Piping connecting to mechanical equipment,
such as pumps, turbines, and compressors shall be fitted-up  in close parallel and lateral
alignment, prior to tightening the bolting or welding the joints.  The installation shall be approved
by the inspector prior to tightening the bolting.  Carbon steel piping that has not required
post-weld heat treatment may be heated for minor corrections in fit.  The temperature shall not
exceed 660℃ Cooling of the pipe shall not be accelerated by the application of water. The
inspector shall be notified when heating for fit-up is required. 

11.4.        RESTRICTIONS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

All restrictions which would interfere with filling, venting, draining, or flushing shall not be
installed until after completion of the pressure test and line flushing operations.  This includes
orifice plates, flow nozzles, venturis, rotameters, PD meters, turbine meters, magnetic meters,
strainer screens, and similar in-the-line equipment. 
11.5.        TEMPORARY GASKETS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

Protect gaskets from damage until final installation is complete. When temporary make up at
flanged joints is required in piping systems using special gaskets, make up the joint with a less
expensive sheet  gasket and save the special gasket for the final installation. 

11.6.        PIPE SUPPORTS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

All field supports shall be installed in accordance with the standard drawings.  If the field
supports are not installed or are unavailable when the piping is erected, u se temporary blocking
or other adequate means of support until the field supports can be installed.  Careful
consideration must be given to the support of 2-inch and smaller piping to prevent excessive
deflection. 

11.7.        EXPANSION JOINTS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

Check the expansion joint specification for special instructions.  Corrugated expansion joints
shall be installed with length extended or compressed for the ambient temperature condition at
erection, depending on anticipated direction and magnitude of movement after the line reaches
the operating temperature.  Make a final check to see that shipping ties have been removed
after line tests and that any preset that may be specified has been accounted for.

11.8.        TEMPORARY STRAINERS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

Temporary suction strainers shall be installed at the suction nozzles of all pumps and 
compressors before pipeline flushing.  They shall be located between the suction block valve
and the equipment. 

11.9.        SPRING HANGERS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

The variable and constant support type spring hangers are preset, for the cold condition, in the
factory.  The gags and shipping spacers should be removed until after hydrostatic testing of the
line has been completed.

Any dimensional adjustments that have to be made to the load flange on the compression-type
springs, or to the rod assembly on suspended-type springs, should be made before the gags
are removed.  Once the spring is unblocked it is very difficult to make any adjustments. 

11.10.    PLATFORM HOLES - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

Platform holes for piping have been sized for pipe or insulation outside diameter plus
approximately 25mm clearance. Field welds are necessary for the installation of flanged
pipespools unless the platform supports are intended to be clear of piping, the field shall add or
relocate any structural supports and stiffeners required because of holes made for piping. 
 11.11.    THREADED CONNECTIONS - Piping Fabrication and Erection Specification

All pipe threads shall be taper-pipe threads in accordance with ASME B1.20.1 without
exception.  Teflon tape shall be used for all threaded joints where the design temperature in
205°C or below.

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