Physics 1 Topic 1: Atoms, Isotopes and Photons

Extended Writing Task: Nuclear Model of the Atom

The basic structure of the atom is a scientific idea that has changed and developed over time. The most
recent model of the atom is the nuclear model that was proposed by Ernest Rutherford and his team back in
1911. Describe and explain what atoms are like, how they are different and how they can be changed.
You should include:
 The constituents and structure of the atom
A
 What the notation Z X means and where the numbers in the periodic table come from
 What an isotopes is
 What ions are and how they are formed
 What photons are and how they are formed
 Examples to support your explanations.

Continue this task on lined paper and attach it behind this sheet.

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Physics 1 Topic 1: Atoms, Isotopes and Photons Extended Writing Task: Nuclear Model of the Atom
This work was done by ________________________________________ and was marked by __________________________________________
Praise. What were the positive aspects of the work? What did they do well? What skills did they demonstrate?

P Improvements. What were the literacy issues in the piece of work? Write in ink. Draw in Pencil. Use a ruler.
Always use capital letters at the beginning of a sentence. Learn the spellings identified in your work.

I
Always use capital letters for proper nouns. Ensure sentences make sense.
Make sure you write on the line and not above or below it. Use correct punctuation.
Use scientific vocabulary appropriate to the task. Vary your sentences to demonstrate your understanding.

D answer B answer A* answer

The atom is described as a central nucleus ...this gives the atom an overall charge of zero/the ...the nucleus accounts for less than 1% of the
containing positive protons and neutral neutrons atoms is hence uncharged… entire atom/the nucleus is tiny compared to the
with negative electrons orbiting. The number of atom (owtte).
electrons is the same as the number of protons... The actual masses or charges are given. The actual masses and charges are given.
The notation is described as X being the chemical ...in the nucleus. Z is also the number of electrons ...A is named as the ‘nucleon number’.
symbol, Z is the number of protons and A is the that orbit the nucleus. The number of neutrons is
Examples are given.
number of protons and neutrons... calculated by A – Z...
An isotope is described as a different version of ...A (the nucleon number) is calculated from the ...and their abundances (owtte).
the same element. It contains a different number different isotopes that exist for each element...
Examples are given.
of neutrons but the same number of protons...
An ion is described as an atom with an overall ...an atom gaining electrons has an overall ...an atom losing electrons has an overall positive
charge due to gaining or losing electrons... negative charge... charge.
A photon is described as a ‘packet’ or ‘chunk’ of ...h is named as the Planck constant and f as the ...the word ‘discrete’ is used in the definition.
energy given by the equation E=hf… frequency...
Photons are released from annihilation... ...where a particle and its antiparticle touch and * *mass is converted into energy. There is a
convert in to energy... reference to the conservation of mass-energy.
Next Steps. How can they move their work onto the next grade? What didn’t they include? Grade Effort

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Physics 1 Topic 2: Particle Classification
Extended Writing Task: Classification
Hadrons and leptons are two groups of particles. Write an account of how particles are placed into one or the
other of these two groups. Your account should include the following:
 Examples of each type of particle
 Details of the similarities anddifferences between the two groups
 Details of how one group may be further sub-divided
 Information on the antiparticles of these groups and sub group
 How the type of interaction is used to classify the particles.

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Physics 1 Topic 2: Particle Classification Extended Writing Task: Classification
This work was done by ________________________________________ and was marked by __________________________________________

Praise. What were the positive aspects of the work? What did they do well? What skills did they demonstrate?

P Improvements. What were the literacy issues in the piece of work? Write in ink. Draw in Pencil. Use a ruler.
Always use capital letters at the beginning of a sentence. Learn the spellings identified in your work.

I
Always use capital letters for proper nouns. Ensure sentences make sense.
Make sure you write on the line and not above or below it. Use correct punctuation.
Use scientific vocabulary appropriate to the task. Vary your sentences to demonstrate your understanding.

D answer B answer A* answer

An example of a lepton is given, typically electron Two or three examples of leptons are given, All six leptons are named as electron, muon, tauon
or muon. typically electrons, muons and tauon. and corresponding neutrinos.
An example of a hadron is given, typically proton At least three examples of hadrons are given, Protons, neutrons, at least one pion and one kaon
or neutron. typically proton, neutron and a pion or kaon. are given as examples of hadrons.
Hadrons are made from smaller particles and Hadrons are made from quarks but leptons are not. Hadrons are made from quarks but leptons are
leptons are not. fundamental (owtte).
Hadrons and leptons both experience gravity... ...and have (rest) masses... ...both are involved in decay processes.
The different quarks are named as up (u), down ...the quark combinations of protons and neutrons ...the quark combinations of at least one pion and
(d) and strange (s)... are given... one kaon are given.
Hadrons can be sub-divided into baryons and ...baryons are made from three quarks and mesons ...mesons are made from a quark and an anti-
mesons... are made from two quarks... quark.
Antiparticles are described as having the opposite ...an anti-baryon is described as being made from ...an anti-meson is described as being made from
charge and lepton/baryon number to their three anti-quarks... the opposite quark and anti-quark combination.
corresponding particles...
Hadrons and leptons both experience the ...both are affected by the weak interaction... ...only hadrons experience the strong (nuclear)
electromagnetic interaction if they are charged... interaction.
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Physics 1 Topic 3: Fundamental Forces
Extended Writing Task: Exchange Particles
The current theory of forces is that there are four fundamental forces that all other forces can be derived
from: gravity, electromagnetism, the weak interaction and the strong interaction. These forces or interactions
occur because of the exchange of particles. Describe the similarities and difference between the four forces.
You should include:
 Which particles experience each force
 The exchange particles involved
 The ranges and strengths of the forces
 The relationship between the exchange particle and the range of each force
 An explanation of what Feynman diagrams show with the example for beta minus decay drawn.

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Physics 1 Topic 3: Fundamental Forces Extended Writing Task: Exchange Particles
This work was done by ________________________________________ and was marked by __________________________________________

Praise. What were the positive aspects of the work? What did they do well? What skills did they demonstrate?

P Improvements. What were the literacy issues in the piece of work? Write in ink. Draw in Pencil. Use a ruler.
Always use capital letters at the beginning of a sentence. Learn the spellings identified in your work.

I
Always use capital letters for proper nouns. Ensure sentences make sense.
Make sure you write on the line and not above or below it. Use correct punctuation.
Use scientific vocabulary appropriate to the task. Vary your sentences to demonstrate your understanding.

D answer B answer A* answer

All particles experience the force of gravity and ...hadrons (or baryons and mesons) and leptons ...but only hadrons (or quarks) experience the
the e.m. interaction if they are charged... may experience the weak interaction... strong interaction.
The exchange particles are named as (virtual) The exchange particles are correctly named and ...the strong interaction is explained in more detail
photon, (graviton), W+ and/or W– bosons and matched to the correct force... as gluons exchanged between quarks and pions
pions and/or gluons. between hadrons.
...There is some indication of the order of their ...there is some indication of the order of their ...with values of ~10–18, ~10–15 and infinity (∞) or
strengths (S, EM, W, G)... ranges (W, S, G and EM)... detailed description eg, within a quark, within a
nucleus and no limit to the range.
The relationship is described as the heavier the ...the mass of a large particle requires large ...meaning it only exists for a short time and hence
exchange particle the shorter the range (of the amounts of energy to be borrowed (to create it)... has a short range.
force) (accept the converse)...
Feynman diagrams are explained as showing the The lines from the bottom represent the particles ...the ‘wiggly’ line represents the exchange of a
particles before and after an interaction. before and the lines above (the wiggle) represent particle (owtte).
the particles after the interaction...
The diagram has straight lines and arrows. One of ...the decaying particle is labelled as n and becomes ...the decaying particle is labelled as d and becomes
the decay products is labelled as β– or e–... p, the other decay product is labelled as ν́ ... u. The exchange particle is labelled as W–.
Next Steps. How can they move their work onto the next grade? What didn’t they include? Grade Effort

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Physics 1 Topic 4: Quantum Phenomena
Extended Writing Task: Line Spectra
Line spectra were observed before they could be explained by theory. We now know that photons of
characteristic frequency are emitted from the vapour of an element. The spectrum of the light emitted
contains lines, each of a definite wavelength. Explain how this supports the idea that atoms have discrete
energy levels. Your explanation should include:
 What in meant by the ‘ground state’ of an atom
 What the process of excitation involves and how it occurs
 How line spectra is produced
 How this leads to the idea of discrete energy levels
 How a florescent tube works with an explanation of the purpose of the white coating.

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Physics 1 Topic 4: Quantum Phenomena Extended Writing Task: Line Spectra
This work was done by ________________________________________ and was marked by __________________________________________

Praise. What were the positive aspects of the work? What did they do well? What skills did they demonstrate?

P Improvements. What were the literacy issues in the piece of work? Write in ink. Draw in Pencil. Use a ruler.
Always use capital letters at the beginning of a sentence. Learn the spellings identified in your work.

I
Always use capital letters for proper nouns. Ensure sentences make sense.
Make sure you write on the line and not above or below it. Use correct punctuation.
Use scientific vocabulary appropriate to the task. Vary your sentences to demonstrate your understanding.

D answer B answer A* answer

The ground state is the lowest or most stable The ground state is the lowest and most stable ...that an atom/electron can occupy (owtte).
energy level. energy level...
Excitation involves an (orbital) electron moving to ...when it is given the exact amount of energy by ...or a collision with another (current/fast moving)
a higher energy level... absorbing a photon... electron.
When electrons deexcite (move to a lower energy ...that has energy equal to the energy difference of ...the electron could fall straight to the ground state
level) they release a photon... the energy levels that it has moved between... or fall to the various levels between its excited
This could have been shown using the equations. energy level and the ground state.
Photons released will have a particular* energy ...each ΔE is linked to the frequency of the photon ...so a range of coloured photons are released.
which means a specific colour is produced... and hence the wavelength (which governs colour)... * discrete is used instead of particular
If the photons have a fixed energy then the energy Each element produces a range of photons with ...suggesting fixed values of the energy levels.
levels must have a fixed value. fixed values of wavelength (and frequency)...
In a florescent tube a current is passed through a ...which excites them to a higher energy level. The ~ mercury
tube of ~ gas†. The electrons (current) collide with electron then falls down to a more stable/lower
† vapour is used instead of gas
the (orbital) electrons of the gas†... energy level and releases a photon...
The white coating is for protection. The powder absorbs the high energy # photons # ultra violet (UV)
It changes the frequency/wavelength of the light. emitted by the vapour ¤ and gives out visible light... ¤ which are dangerous to humans
Next Steps. How can they move their work onto the next grade? What didn’t they include? Grade Effort

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Physics 1 Topic 5: Electrical Circuits
Extended Writing Task: Resistance
Describe how you would use a voltmeter, ammeter and other standard laboratory equipment to obtain
accurate and reliable measurement of the resistance of a wire at temperatures between 0°C and 100°C. Your
description should include:
 A labelled circuit diagram
 Details of measurements you would take
 An account of how you would use your measurements
 Details of how to improve the precision of your measurements
 A risk assessment.

Continue this task on lined paper and attach it behind this sheet.

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Physics 1 Topic 5: Electrical Circuits Extended Writing Task: Resistance
This work was done by ________________________________________ and was marked by __________________________________________
Praise. What were the positive aspects of the work? What did they do well? What skills did they demonstrate?

P Improvements. What were the literacy issues in the piece of work? Write in ink. Draw in Pencil. Use a ruler.
Always use capital letters at the beginning of a sentence. Learn the spellings identified in your work.

I
Always use capital letters for proper nouns. Ensure sentences make sense.
Make sure you write on the line and not above or below it. Use correct punctuation.
Use scientific vocabulary appropriate to the task. Vary your sentences to demonstrate your understanding.

D answer B answer A* answer

There is a circuit diagram that contains a ...the voltmeter is connected in parallel to the wire ...there is some means of heating (water bath or
voltmeter, ammeter and cell or battery... and the ammeter in series... beaker) and a thermometer.
There is a description of how the temperature will ...and decreased by adding ice. ...the water must be stirred (so that the
be increased using a beaker of water and Bunsen thermometer gives the actual temperature).
burner or a water bath...
The interval of temperature values is missing or ...the interval is present... ...between (and including) 0°C and 100°C.
described vaguely such as ‘wide range of values’... The risk of burns at high temperatures is stated... ...and an appropriate control measure is given.
For each temperature of the water the current and ...anomalous results are removed and a mean is ...accuracy is improved further by reducing the
voltage is measured(at least) three times... calculated... interval so that R (or V and I) is measured at more
temperatures so a more detailed line (of best fit)
can be drawn.
Resistance is calculated using the equation ...resistance is plotted against temperature and a ...temperature is plotted on the x axis and
R=V/I... line of best fit is drawn... resistance on the y axis.
The precision of the measurements could be ...such as a digital temperature probe set to 0.1°C ...connected to a data logger.
improved by using instruments with smaller scale (or smaller)...
divisions (owtte)...
Next Steps. How can they move their work onto the next grade? What didn’t they include? Grade Effort

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Physics 1 Topic 6: Energy in Circuits
Extended Writing Task: Finding ε and r
Describe how you would use a voltmeter, ammeter and other standard laboratory equipment to obtain
accurate and reliable measurement of the e.m.f. and internal resistance of a battery. Your description should
include:
 A labelled circuit diagram
 Details of measurements you would take
 An account of how you would use your measurements to determine the values
 Details of how to improve the precision of your measurements and values.

Continue this task on lined paper and attach it behind this sheet.

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Physics 1 Topic 6: Energy in Circuits Extended Writing Task: Finding ε and r
This work was done by ________________________________________ and was marked by __________________________________________

Praise. What were the positive aspects of the work? What did they do well? What skills did they demonstrate?

P Improvements. What were the literacy issues in the piece of work? Write in ink. Draw in Pencil. Use a ruler.
Always use capital letters at the beginning of a sentence. Learn the spellings identified in your work.

I
Always use capital letters for proper nouns. Ensure sentences make sense.
Make sure you write on the line and not above or below it. Use correct punctuation.
Use scientific vocabulary appropriate to the task. Vary your sentences to demonstrate your understanding.

D answer B answer A* answer

The circuit diagram contains a voltmeter, ...the voltmeter is connected in parallel to the ...there is a switch and a variable resistor in series
ammeter, battery and external resistor... batteryand the ammeter in series... with the battery and ammeter.
There is a description of how the external ...with (between 5 and 10) values of external ...to clearly show the relationship between
resistance will be changed either by replacing the resistance (R)... voltmeter reading and ammeter reading.
external resistor or altering the variable resistor... The battery must be disconnected or switched off ...as this will change the value of the e.m.f./the
between readings... battery will run down.
For each value of external resistance (R) the ...anomalous results are removed and a mean is ...accuracy is improved further by using a wide(r)
current and voltage is measured(at least) three calculated... range of values of R so a more detailed line (of
times... best fit) can be drawn.
The voltmeter reading is plotted (on the y axis) ...a (straight) line of best fit is drawn... ...and extrapolated (owtte).
against the ammeter reading (on the x axis)...
The e.m.f. is obtained from where the line (of best ...the internal resistance is given by the *gradient *some reference to ‘negative’ or the gradient
fit) intercepts (or cuts) the y axis... of the line (of best fit) giving –r.
The precision of the measurements could be ...the values of e.m.f. and internal resistance could ...or using a computer program to draw the graph
improved by using a probe with smaller scale be more precise by having smaller scale divisions (previous statements needed for this to be
divisions connected to a data logger... on the graph... awarded).
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Physics 1 Topic 7: Alternating Currents
Extended Writing Task: Oscilloscopes
An alternating current power supply provides an output voltage of 12 V rms at a frequency of 50 Hz.
Describe how you could use an oscilloscope to check the accuracy of the rms output voltage and the
frequency of the supply. Your answer should include the following:
 Details of how the controls of the oscilloscope will affect the trace which is shown
 Details of measurements you would take
 An account of how you would use your measurements to determine the values
 Details of how to improve the precision of your measurements and values.

Continue this task on lined paper and attach it behind this sheet.

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Physics 1 Topic 7: Alternating Current Extended Writing Task: Oscilloscopes
This work was done by ________________________________________ and was marked by __________________________________________

Praise. What were the positive aspects of the work? What did they do well? What skills did they demonstrate?

P Improvements. What were the literacy issues in the piece of work? Write in ink. Draw in Pencil. Use a ruler.
Always use capital letters at the beginning of a sentence. Learn the spellings identified in your work.

I
Always use capital letters for proper nouns. Ensure sentences make sense.
Make sure you write on the line and not above or below it. Use correct punctuation.
Use scientific vocabulary appropriate to the task. Vary your sentences to demonstrate your understanding.

D answer B answer A* answer

Connect power supply to the oscilloscope and turn ...adjust the x and y controls until the trace is ...the trace will be a vertical line.
the time base off... visible on the screen...
Increasing the volts per division setting... ...will mean each division/box is worth a higher ...so traces will appear shorter/smaller.
value of volts... Accept the opposite but check the same
relationship.
Measure the length of the trace (or measure from a Measure the length of the trace, half this value and ...making the line fill as much of the screen as
peak to a trough) to find the peak to peak voltage. then multiply by the volts per division to find the possible will make the results more precise as a
peak to peak voltage... smaller scale will be used.
The peak to peak voltage is halved to find the peak ...this is compared to 12 V or the stated/given ...the closer this is to 12 the more accurate the
voltage which is divided by root two to find the value... value is or repeat the reading several time and
rms voltage... calculate a mean.
Increasing the time base setting... ...will mean each division/box is worth a higher ...so the wavelength of the traces will decrease.
value of time... Accept the opposite but check the same
relationship.
The time base should be turned on to produce a The time base is adjusted so that (at least) one ...making the wave fill as much of the screen as
wave and measure the length to find the time wave fills the screen, measure the length and possible will make the results more precise as a
period. multiply it by the time base setting... smaller scale will be used.
The frequency is 1/time period... ...this is compared to 50 Hz/the given value... ...time period must be measured in seconds.
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