4/7/2019 Benevolent Assimilation - Philippine-American War, 1899-1902

PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR, 1899-1902

DEC. 21, 1898: MCKINLEY ISSUES "BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION" PROCLAMATION

On Dec. 21, 1898, President McKinley issued the BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION PROCLAMATION,

announced in the Philippines on Jan. 4, 1899, which stated the U.S.' "altruistic" mission in acquiring the Philippines.

The U.S. have "come, not as invaders or conquerors, but as friends, to protect the natives in their homes, in their employment,
and in their personal and religious rights."

Moreover, the U.S. wanted to "win the confidence, respect, and affection of the inhabitants of the Philippines by assuring them
in every possible way that full measure of individual rights and liberties which is the heritage of free peoples, and by proving to
them that the mission of the United States is one of benevolent assimilation substituting the mild sway of justice and right for
arbitrary rule."

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Christmas Day, 1898. US soldiers on a carabao-drawn dray cart at San Miguel district, Manila.

Christmas Day, 1898. 1st Nebraskans on outpost detail.

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Christmas Day, 1898. Men of Company E, 1st Nebraska Volunteers, enjoying the holiday meal at Santa Mesa district, Manila.

The San Francisco Call, issue of Tuesday, Dec. 27, 1898, Page 1

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The Evening Times, Washington, D.C., issue of Wednesday, Dec. 28, 1898, Page 1

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MGen. Elwell S. Otis proclaims American protection over the Philippines. Typo error in this original press release submitted to
Manila newspapers by the US army: the date "January 4, 1898" should have read "January 4, 1899."

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Emilio Aguinaldo's response to Otis's proclamation published in El Heraldo De La Revolucion, official newspaper of the
Philippine government, Jan. 5, 1899.

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Aguinaldo's response, in English, to Otis's proclamation; a soldier of the 1st Washington Volunteer Infantry said he pulled this
document off a public wall in Singalong district, Manila, in January 1899.

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The San Francisco Call, issue of Thursday, Jan. 5, 1899, Page 5

The San Francisco Call, issue of Thursday, Jan. 5, 1899, Page 5

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The San Francisco Call, issue of Thursday, Jan. 5, 1899, Page 5

The Scranton Tribune, Scranton, Pennsylvania, issue of Friday, Jan. 6, 1899, Page 1

On Jan. 5, 1899, Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation to Mckinley's "Benevolence". He warned that his government was
prepared to fight any American attempt to forcibly take over the country.

This sounded like a declaration of war to the American military although Aguinaldo had no wish to get into a war with the
United States. He knew that war would only cause untold suffering to the Filipino people.

He was still hopeful that the situation could be saved by peaceful negotiations between him and the American military leaders in
the Philippines.

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The Guthrie Daily Leader, issue of Friday, Jan. 6, 1899

The Guthrie Daily Leader, issue of Friday, Jan. 6, 1899

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The Guthrie Daily Leader, issue of Friday, Jan. 6, 1899

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During the period Jan. 9-29, 1899, the Philippine Government negotiated with General

Otis.

The Filipino panel was composed of Manuel Arguelles, Ambrosio Flores, and Florentino Torres; their American counterparts
were Brig. Gen. Robert P. Hughes, provost-marshal-general of Manila and inspector-general ; Col. Enoch H. Crowder, judge-
advocate-general; and Col. (later Gen.) James F. Smith, of the 1st California Volunteers. [Arguelles, Flores

and Torres later abandoned Aguinaldo and became founding members of the pro-American Partido Federal on Dec.23, 1900].

All this while, however, Otis was merely waiting for six regiments of the U.S. army to arrive to supplement his forces against the
Filipino army. When they did come in late January, the seventh negotiation session was forthwith called off.

Otis thought he was now ready to carry out President Mckinley's mandate to move on from Manila to occupy all of the
archipelago.

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Otis and staff at dinner, Malacañan Palace

©2006

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