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EE-215 Electronic Devices and Circuits Assignment#2

This document contains a group assignment submitted to an assistant professor. It includes 10 questions about bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and their circuitry. The group members are listed at the top. The questions cover topics such as why BJTs need biasing, why the emitter is always forward biased, why the base is lightly doped, using a BJT as a diode, effects of improper biasing, constructing a BJT from diodes, the relationship between alpha and beta, calculating base current from given emitter and collector currents, drawing and explaining the common base configuration, and justifying the constant behavior of collector current with respect to collector-emitter voltage.

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55 views

EE-215 Electronic Devices and Circuits Assignment#2

This document contains a group assignment submitted to an assistant professor. It includes 10 questions about bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and their circuitry. The group members are listed at the top. The questions cover topics such as why BJTs need biasing, why the emitter is always forward biased, why the base is lightly doped, using a BJT as a diode, effects of improper biasing, constructing a BJT from diodes, the relationship between alpha and beta, calculating base current from given emitter and collector currents, drawing and explaining the common base configuration, and justifying the constant behavior of collector current with respect to collector-emitter voltage.

Uploaded by

umer luqman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE-215 Electronic Devices and Circuits

Assignment#2

Group Members

1. Muhammad Umer Jamil Reg#297287


2. Muhammad Ans Reg#307940
3. Farhan Khalid Kambojan Reg#301118

Submitted to: Asst. Professor Kanwal Naveed


Q1: Why do we need to Bias a BJT?
The main objective of biasing a transistor is to ascertain a known quiescent operating point, or a
Q-point for the bipolar transistor to work effectively and generate an undistorted output signal. By
the DC biasing of the BJT, we obtain a specific DC collector current at a specific DC collector
voltage i.e. (Q-point). The basic requirement for transistor biasing is to maintain the base-emitter
(B-E) junction properly forward biased and the collector-emitter (C-E) junction properly reverse
biased during the application of AC signal. This type of transistor biasing is required for normal
and proper operation of the transistor used for amplification.

Q2: Why is emitter always forward Biased?

In order to function properly, bipolar transistors must have both junctions biased. This condition
causes a current to flow through the circuit. The depletion region of the device is reduced, and
majority current carriers are injected towards the junction. One of the junctions of a transistor must
be forward biased and other must be reverse biased when it operates.
For a proper functioning of the transistor, the emitter-base region must be forward-biased and
collector-base region must be reverse-biased. The Emitter is always forward biased with respect
to base, for the purpose of supplying majority charge carriers to the base.

Q3: Why is base so lightly dopped?

In a transistor the base is made very thin and is lightly doped with an impurity, so as to enable the
collector to collect about 95% of the holes or electrons coming from the emitter side.

Q4: Can you use a transistor as a Diode? Is it even possible?


It is possible for a transistor to function as a diode, because a transistor is basically two diodes.
Nonetheless, since bipolar transistors are not intended to be utilized as diodes, utilizing them as
diodes may cause an issue regarding current and other ratings. For example, the base current that
is usually used in a transistor, is one-tenth the essential collector current. Consequently, the
components of a transistor are designed for their specific use, and their current ratings are specified
accordingly.

Q5: What would happen if a transistor is not properly biased?


In case of Digital circuits, there wouldn’t be any problem in the circuit because digital circuits
almost always use unbiased transistors. However, in case of Analog circuits If the transistor is not
biased appropriately, it may lead to the poor amplification of the signals resulting in the voltage
gain being very low.
Q6: Can you construct a transistor by simply connecting two diodes in
cascade?

No, we cannot construct a transistor by simply connecting two diodes in cascade. First of all, two
diodes can’t be joined in such a way because they are monolithic (Single piece) devices. Secondly,
joining two diodes will make the base double the emitter size. Moreover, the collector size will be
same as emitter. While in transistor the sizes are in the order “Collector > Emitter > Base”.

Q7: Explain the mathematical relationship of α and β with each-other?

The relational between α and β is given by the mathematical expression.

𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐
Dividing by 𝐼𝑐 on both sides, we get:
𝐼𝑒 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑏
= +
𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐
1 1
= 1+
𝛼 𝛽
1 1 1 1
−1 = = 1+
𝛼 𝛽 𝛼 𝛽
1− 𝛼 1 1 1+ 𝛽
= =
𝛼 𝛽 𝛼 𝛽
𝛼 𝛽
𝛽 = 𝛼 =
1−𝛼 1+𝛽
Q8: In a BJT, the emitter current is 10 mA, and the emitter current is 1.01
times the collector current. Find the base current.

As we know that,
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐
Substituting the value of 𝐼𝑐 in above equation, we get:
𝐼𝑒
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑏 +
1.01
1.01𝐼𝑒 − 𝐼𝑒
𝐼𝑏 =
1.01
0.01𝐼𝑒 0.01 × 10
𝐼𝑏 = =
1.01 1.01
𝐼𝑏 = 0.099 𝑚𝐴

Q9: Draw the biasing diagram for a npn Common Base transistor.
Explain its working very briefly in 4- 5 lines and justify the direction of
arrow for B to E in the symbol?
Working:
For common base to operate, the input signal is applied to emitter terminal & output is taken from
collector. Emitter current is input, and collector current is output. But, since transmitter has 3
layers, it must be forward biased to work as common base amplifier.

Direction from B to E:
It has n-type semiconductor material used as emitter, p-type material for base and n-type material
for collector region with doping connections. The arrow mark in emitter side shows the direction
of conventional current, current flow will be from base to emitter. B is base and E is emitter in
NPN which will explain the directions case.

Q10: If you look at the following characteristic graph of the BJT. Why do
u think that the behavior of the Ic is constant wrt to increasing VCB.
Earlier, we established the fact that Ie is higher for a higher value of VCB.
And we also know that Ie is almost equal to Ic. Then shouldn’t the
graphical relation of Ic and VCB be sort of like kind of linear? Justify
your answer?

Due to early effect, the base current will nearly be equal to 0. So,
𝐼𝑏 = 0 𝐴
Hence the collector current and emitter current will be equal.
𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑒

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