Introduction to Engineering

Surveying I

Er. Ganesh RAj Sharma

BE in civil Engineering

Msc in Structure,DREM
Outlines
 Introduction
 Reading Materials
 Table of Contents
 History of Surveying
 Purpose of Surveying
 Basic concept of Surveying
 Basic Measurement
 Control Network
 Locating Position
 Introduction
 Course assessment
 Excellent 90-100 %
 Very good 80- 89 %
 Good 70- 79 %
 Average 60- 69 %
 Pass 50- 59 %
 Fail 00- 49 %

You’re required to achieve a minimum of 50% to pass

the course.
Introduction
 Lecturers (Theory)
 Er. Ganesh Raj Sharma

 Practical


 Attendance monitoring system

 < 90 % may lead to failing the cours.
 Each 1 hr absence = 0.5 mark lose
 Table of Contents
 Basic concept of Surveying (1st Semester)
 Definition – Basic measurements – Control networks –
Locating position
 Error and uncertainty (1st Semester)
 Units of measurement – Scale – Significant figures ––
Errors in measurement – Indices of precision – Weight –
Rejection of outliers – Combination of errors.

 Distance measurement (1st Semester)

 Tapes – Field work – Distance adjustment – Errors in
taping – Accuracies –Electromagnetic distance
measurement (EDM) – Measuring principles –
Meteorological corrections – Geometrical reductions –
Errors, checking and calibration – Other error sources –
Instrument specifications – Development in EDM.
 Table of Contents
 Vertical Control (1st Semester)
 Introduction – Levelling – Definitions – Curvature and
refraction – Equipment – Instrument adjustment –
Principle of levelling – Sources of error – Closure
tolerances – Error distribution – Levelling applications –
Reciprocal levelling – Precise levelling – Digital levelling –
Trigonometrical levelling – vertical measurement with GPS.

 Earthworks (1st Semester)

 Areas – Partition of land – Cross-sections – Dip and strike
– Volumes – Mass-haul diagrams

 Angle Measurement (2nd Semester)

 The theodolite – Instrumental errors – Instrument
adjustment – Field procedure – Measuring angles –
Sources of error.
 Conventional control surveys (2nd Semester)
 Plane rectangular coordinates – Traversing – Triangulation
– Networks.
 Table of Contents
 Curves (2nd Semester)
 Circular curves – Setting out curves – Compound and
reverse curves – Short and/or small-radius curves –
Transition curves – Setting-out data – Cubic spiral and
cubic parabola – Curve transitional throughout – The
osculating circle – Vertical curves.
 Position (2nd Semester)
 Introduction – Reference ellipsoid – Coordinate systems
– Local systems – Computation on the ellipsoid – Datum
Transformations – Orthomorphic projection – The
Universal Transverse Mercator Projection – Ordnance
Survey National Grid – Practical applications.
 Satellite positioning (2nd Semester)
 Introduction – GPS segments – GPS receivers – Satellite
orbits – Basic principle of position fixing – Differencing
data – GPS observing methods – Error sources. GPS
survey planning – Transformation between reference
systems – Datums.
History of Surveying
 The Early Days Of Surveying
 Surveying has been around approximately 6000
years ago
Monument Stonehenge may have included the use of
surveyors, employing peg and rope geometry.
 History of Surveying
 The Early Days Of Surveying
 2700 BC by Egyptian
Great Pyramid by using basic
geometry.
 1400 B.C by Egyptian
land division into plots for the
purpose of taxation.
 Romans were the Next
an official land surveyor was
employed by the empire
 History of Surveying
 The Early Days Of Surveying
 120 B.C
 Greeks developed the science of geometry and were
using it for precise land division.
 Greeks developed the first piece of surveying equipment
(Diopter).
 Greeks standardized procedures for conducting surveys.
 History of Surveying
 The Early Days Of Surveying
 1800 A.D.
 Beginning of the industrial revolution.

- "exact boundaries" importance.

- demand for public improvements (i.e. railroads, canals,

roads).

- More accurate instruments were developed.

- Science of Geodetic and Plane surveying were developed.

 History of Surveying
 Survey Today
- To map the earth above and below the sea.
- Prepare navigational maps (land, air, sea).
- Establish boundaries of public and private lands.
- Develop data bases for natural resource management.
- Development of engineering data for
Bridge construction.
Roads.
Buildings.
Land development.
 History of Surveying
 Chain
 Compass
 Plane table
 Barometer
 Alidade
 History of Surveying
 Three of these four
famous faces were
surveyors
 Washington,
Jefferson, and Lincoln

George Washington (1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore

Roosevelt (1858–1919), and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865)
 Purpose of Surveying
 To prepare a topographical maps.

Show both natural and man-made features

 Purpose of Surveying
 To prepare the engineering detailed plans and sections of roads and
other structures.
 Purpose of Surveying
 To determine the required areas and volumes of a land.
 Purpose of Surveying
 To ensure that the construction takes place in the correct relative
and absolute position on the ground.
 Purpose of Surveying
 To record the final position of the construction, including any design
changes.
 Purpose of Surveying
 To provide permanent and temporary control points.
 Purpose of Surveying
 To prepare a map of a country of detailed out location of cities,
towns, villages and major roads.
 Purpose of Surveying
 To develop artificial vision, examples, an autonomous car or robot
vacuum cleaner
 Purpose of Surveying
 To record archeological, crimes scenes
Basic concept of
Surveying
 Definition
 The art of making measurements of the relative positions of
natural and man-made features on the Earth’s surface, and
the presentation of this information either graphically or
numerically.

 surveying requires management and decision making in

deciding the appropriate methods and instrumentation
required to complete the task satisfactorily to the specified
accuracy and within the time limits available.
 Basic Measurement
 Earth is not mathematically definable.

 Surface close to fit the mean position of the oceans called

Geoid.

 Geoid is equipotential surface that most closely approximates to

mean sea level (MSL).

 A level or equipotential surface through a point is normal to the

direction of gravity (plumb line).

 Geoid, which although very smooth is still an irregular surface

and so cannot be used to locate position mathematically.

 best is an ellipsoid formed by rotating an ellipse about its minor

axis.
Basic Measurement
Basic Measurement
Sea surface Ellipsoid

Earth surface

Geoid
 Basic Measurement
 Most engineering surveys are carried out in small areas.

 The reference surface may be taken tangent plane to the geoid, fig.

 For areas < 10 KM 2 Principle of plane survey is applied and curvature is

neglected.

 Knowing that for 200 KM 2 , the difference between the sum of the
spherical angles and the plane angles would = 1”.

 Difference of 20 km Arc to its chord length is about 8mm.

 Above assumption is true for positional applications but not elevations.

 Cause geoid deviate from tangent plane by about 80 mm / 1 km.

 Or error due to earth curvature in elevation is about 80 mm / 1 km.

Basic Measurement
 Control Network
 A large or small areas of land require control network.

 Control network are series of control points for

 topographic surveying
 control
 supplementary points, or
 dimensional control on site.
 Projects require set out of structure to sub-cm accuracy.

 Design of survey stations for CPs based mainly on the time of project

 Long wooden peg with nail in middle and concrete around is enough for
most construction projects.
 Control Network
 Possible procedures for CPs

1) Reconnaissance.

2) Structure of Survey station.

3) Survey of CPs using one of the

following:

1) Intersection or resection

2) Traversing

3) Networks

4) GPS satellites
 Locating position
 Positions of CPs could be known by polar coordinates (Total
station) or by GPS.
 With total station (2 points should be known AB).
 If positions of all points in network known, then details survey
starts.

Intersection

No check
Resection