Palawan

 Philippines' Best Island

 Philippines' Last Frontier
 The (Spaniards') Land of Promise

The province is composed of the long and narrow Palawan Island, plus a number of other
smaller islands surrounding it, totaling roughly 1,780 islands and islets. The Calamianes Group
of Islands to the northeast consists of Busuanga, Coron, Culion,
and Linapacan islands. Balabac Island is located off the southern tip, separated from Borneo by
the Balabac Strait. In addition, Palawan covers the Cuyo Islands in the Sulu Sea. The disputed
Spratly Islands, located a few hundred kilometers to the west, are considered part of Palawan
by the Philippines, and is locally called the "Kalayaan Group of Islands".

Palawan's almost 2,000 kilometers (1,200 mi) of irregular coastline is lined with rocky coves
and sugar-white sandy beaches. It also harbors a vast stretch of virgin forests that carpet its
chain of mountain ranges. The mountain heights average 3,500 feet (1,100 m) in altitude, with
the highest peak rising to 6,843 feet (2,086 m) at Mount Mantalingahan. The vast mountain
areas are the source of valuable timber. The terrain is a mix of coastal plain, craggy foothills,
valley deltas, and heavy forest interspersed with riverine arteries that serve as irrigation. The
province has a total land area of 14,649.73 square kilometers (5,656.29 sq. mi). When Puerto
Princesa City is included for geographical purposes, its land area is 17,030.75 square
kilometers (6,575.61 square miles). The land area is distributed to its mainland municipalities,
comprising 12,239 square kilometers (4,726 square miles), and the island municipalities, which
altogether measure 2,657 square kilometers (1,026 square miles). In terms of archipelagic
internal waters, Palawan has the biggest marine resources that covers almost half of the Sulu
Sea and a big chunk of the South China Sea that is within the municipal waters of Kalayaan
Municipality which was official annexed to the Philippine jurisdiction by virtue of Presidential
Decree 1596 dated June 11, 1978.

Balabac, officially the Municipality of Balabac, is a 2nd class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
40,142 people. Balabac is known of Malaysian brands industry and some people are
speaking Malay language. The municipality consists of some 36 islands, including the
eponymous Balabac Island. The islands are notable for its uncommon indigenous plant and
animal species, such as the nocturnal Philippine mouse-deer (or Pilandok). The islands are also
home to dugongs, saltwater crocodiles, sawfishes, and sea turtles. Due to its biodiversity, the
terrestrial and marine ecosystems of the Balabac archipelago are currently being pushed by
scholars to be included in the tentative list of the Philippines for a possible UNESCO World
Heritage Site nomination in the future.

Bataraza, officially the Municipality of Bataraza, is a 1st class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
75,468 people.The municipality was named after Datu Bataraza Narrazid, a locally influential
Muslim chieftain and father of the town's first mayor and former mayor of Brooke's Point, then
Datu Sapiodin Narrazid. Bataraza was part of the municipality of Brooke's Point until 1964 by
the virtue of Philippine RA 3425. Main industries of Bataraza includes farming, fishing, and
nickel mining and processing.
 Rizal, officially the Municipality of Jose P. Rizal, is a 1st class municipality in
the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
50,096 people. Prior to its formation as a separate municipality, the place was known as
Tarumpitao Point and was part of the Municipality of Quezon. By virtue of Batas Pambansa Blg.
386, it was formed as a municipality on April 14, 1983, called Marcos. It was renamed
after José Rizal in 1987 through Republic Act No. 6652. The municipality is home to the
Singnapan charcoal petro graphs.

Brooke's Point, officially the Municipality of Brooke's Point, is a 1st class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
66,374 people. It is named after Sir James Brooke. This is where the original home of the
biggest pearl in the world, known as the Pearl of Lao Tzu or the Pearl of Allah, found in its
waters on May 7, 1934.

Sofronio Española, officially the Municipality of Sofronio Española, is a 2nd

class municipality in the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has
a population of 32,876 people. It is the province's newest municipality, officially established on
June 5, 1995 and Iber Chou became the first Municipality Mayor., when Republic Act No. 7679
partitioned the town from Brooke's Point.[4] It was named after former Congressman Sofronio
Española.

Quezon, officially the Municipality of Quezon, is a 1st class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
60,980 people. It is home to the Tabon Caves where the remains of the Tabon Man were
discovered.

Narra, officially the Municipality of Narra, is a 1st class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
73,212 people. Besides spelling out the local name for the Pterocarpus indicus—the
Philippines' national tree—it is an acronym
for National Resettlement Rehabilitation Administration. This program, established on June 18,
1954, resettled landless people from Luzon to Palawan. On June 21, 1969, the Municipality of
Narra was created by virtue of Republic Act No. 5642 signed by President Ferdinand Marcos.

Having a title as "The Rice Granary of Palawan" Municipality of Narra is the main rice
producer of the Province of Palawan. The municipality also held "Palay Festival" (Formerly
called as "Anihan (Reaping) Festival") held every middle or end week of the October. Narra
also includes Rasa Island, home of the endangered endemic cockatoo species called "Katala or
Abukay or Kalangay (depends on local dialect)" or Philippine red-vented cockatoo (cacatua
haematuropygia) and other rare animal species.

Aborlan, officially the Municipality of Aborlan, is a 1st class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
35,091 people. It lies in a vast plain between the Sulu Sea and the mountains. It is located 69
kilometres (43 mi) south of Puerto Princesa City.

Aborlan was made into a regular municipality on June 28, 1949, by virtue of Executive Order
No. 232. In 1951, it lost the barrios of Berong and Alfonso XII when these were transferred to
the then newly created town of Quezon. It is the only town in the province with an agricultural
college, now called the Western Philippines University. It was founded in 1910.
 Puerto Princesa, officially the City of Puerto Princesa, (Cuyonon: Siyudad i'ang
Puerto Princesa; Hiligaynon: Dakbanwa sang Puerto Princesa; Filipino: Lungsod ng Puerto
Princesa; Spanish: Ciudad de Puerto Princesa), and often referred to as Puerto Princesa City,
is a 1st class Highly Urbanized City in the Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a
population of 255,116 people. It is a city located in the western province of Palawan,
and westernmost city in the Philippines. Though the seat of government and capital for the
province, the city itself is one of 38 independent cities within the Philippines not controlled by the
province in which it is geographically located and is therefore an independent area located
within Palawan. It is the least densely populated city in the Philippines. In terms of land area, the
city is the second largest geographically after Davao City with an area of 2,381.02 square
kilometres (919.32 sq mi).Puerto Princesa is the location of the Philippines' Western
Command headquarters.Today, Puerto Princesa is a popular tourist city with many beach
resorts and seafood restaurants. It has been acclaimed several times as the cleanest and
greenest city in the Philippines.

Roxas, officially the Municipality of Roxas, is a 1st class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
65,358 people. Roxas was created in 1951 from the barrios of Tinitian, Caramay, Rizal, Del
Pilar, Malcampo, Tumarbong, Taradungan, Ilian, and Capayas of Puerto Princesa It is located
on the eastern coast of the island.

San Vicente, officially the Municipality of San Vicente, (Tagalog: Bayan ng San Vicente), is a

1st class municipality in the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it
has a population of 31,232 people. It is located in the north-western side of the main island of
Palawan and is 186 kilometres (116 mi) from Puerto Princesa City. It occupies a total land area
of 146,294 hectares (361,500 acres). San Vicente's 14.7 kilometres (9.1 mi) of beachfront,
popularly called the Long Beach, is being converted into an emerging tourist destination that will
be the beneficiary of government spending on infrastructure. The Long Beach have two (2)
rocky cliffs interrupting the continuous expanse of approximately 14.7 kilometers of sugary white
sand beach dividing it into three (3) coves. It is the longest white sand beach in the Philippines
and is the flagship of the Municipality. The Long Beach spans to the coastline of four barangays
namely Poblacion, New Agutaya, San Isidro and Alimanguan.[

Dumaran, officially the Municipality of Dumaran, is a 3rd class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
23,734 people. The municipality covers the southern part of the namesake Dumaran
Island (where the poblacion is located), as well as a portion on Palawan Island. It is bounded on
the north-east by Municipality of Araceli, on the south by Sulu Sea, on the south-west by Roxas,
and on the north-west by the municipality of Taytay. Dumaran also celebrate the Kalabukay
Festival - Kalabukay refers to a local bird that is common to the people of Dumaran. The
Municipality of Dumaran is in rich with natural resources. The majority of the people living in
Dumaran are farmer and fisherman.

Araceli, officially the Municipality of Araceli, is a 4th class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
14,909 people. The municipality covers roughly the northern half of Dumaran Island. Cuyono is
the principal language of the area.
 Araceli was formerly part of Dumaran Municipality, but was made into a separate
municipality in 1961. The Catholic Parish is Nuestra Sra. de Araceli, that can be translated to
"Altar of the Sky" (from ara, meaning altar; and celi, meaning sky).

Taytay, officially the Municipality of Taytay, is a 1st class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
75,165 people. Since 2002, its Cathedral of St. Joseph the Worker is the episcopal see of the
pre-diocesan missionary Apostolic Vicariate of Taytay.

El Nido, officially the Municipality of El Nido, is a 1st class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
41,606 people. It is about 420 kilometres (260 mi) south-west of Manila, and about 238
kilometres (148 mi) north-east of Puerto Princesa, Palawan’s capital. A managed resource
protected area, it is known for its white-sand beaches, coral reefs, limestone cliffs and as the
gateway to the Bacuit archipelago. El Nido is currently ranked #4 in Condé Nast Traveler's list
of "20 Most Beautiful Beaches in the World."  CNNGo has called it the Best Beach and Island
destination in the Philippines for its "extraordinary natural splendor and ecosystem."

Linapacan, officially the Municipality of Linapacan, is a 5th class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
15,668 people.

Culion, officially the Municipality of Culion, is a 3rd class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
20,139 people. Culion consists primarily of Culion Island as well as 41 minor surrounding
islands, as part of the Calamian group of islands.

It was a former leprosarium, starting in 1906 under the American colonial regime until
the American commonwealth of the Philippines era. Although leprosy on the island-town was
abolished in the 1980s, it was only in 2006 when it was declared a leprosy-free area by
the World Health Organization. The municipality was created by virtue of Republic Act No.
7193 on February 19, 1992. In May 2017, the Philippine National Commission
for UNESCO began its initiative to prepare the dossier of Culion's leprosy documentary
heritage, which will be nominated in the future in the UNESCO Memory of the World
Programme. If approved byUNESCO, it will be the fifth internationally recognized documentary
heritage of the Philippines, making it more feasible into becoming a world heritage site in the
future. In May 2018, the Culion Museum and Archives was officially nominated by the
Philippines in the UNESCO Memory of the World Programmed.

Busuanga, officially the Municipality of Busuanga, is a 3rd class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
22,046 people. The territory of Busuanga covers the western one-third of Busuanga Island, as
well as Calauit Island, which both are part of the Calamian Islands, lying
between Mindoro and Palawan Island. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
22,046 people.

The Busuanga town center, Salvacion, is approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) from

the poblacion of its neighboring municipality of Coron. Travel time is approximately two and a
half to three hours by land.
 Coron, officially the Municipality of Coron (Filipino: Bayan ng Coron) is a 1st
class municipality in the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has
a population of 51,803 people. It comprises the eastern half of Busuanga Island, all of Coron
Island and about 50 other minor islets stretching as far as Tara Island in the north-east and
Canipo Island in the south. All these islands are part of the Calamian Archipelago in Northern
Palawan that separates the South China Sea from the Sulu Sea.

The main population center of the municipality is composed of Poblacion barangays 1 to

6, where the Municipal Building, the Municipal Legislative Building, and the Judicial Hall of the
Municipal Circuit Trial Court are located. Its fiesta is held annually on August 28 in honor of
Saint Augustine. It is the commercial capital of the Calamian Islands. The municipality is home
to the Coron Island Natural Biotic Area, which is listed in the natural category of the UNESCO
World Heritage Tentative List.

Agutaya, officially the Municipality of Agutaya, is a 5th class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
12,545 people. An island municipality, it is the eastern part of the Cuyo Archipelago in the Sulu
Sea, and the municipality covers several islands, including its namesake Agutaya Island, which
is the second largest island of the Cuyo archipelago, as well as Diit, Halog, Maracanao,
Matarawis (also spelled Matarabis), Oco, and Quiniluban islands.

Magsaysay, officially the Municipality of Magsaysay, is a 5th class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
12,196 people. It is the easternmost of the three municipalities of the Cuyo Archipelago, and its
territory includes the eastern half of Cuyo Island, as well as Alcoba, Canipo, Cocoro, Patunga,
Paya, Putic, Siparay, Tacbubuc, and Tagauanian islands.

Cuyo, officially the Municipality of Cuyo, is a 4th class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
22,360 people. Its territory includes the western half of Cuyo Island, as well as Bisucay,
Caponayan, Cauayan, Imalaguan, Lubid, Manamoc, Pamalican, Pandan, Round, and
Quiminatin islands, all part of the Cuyo Archipelago. Cuyo is the oldest town in Palawan which
has a culture of its own and was preserved for more than 350 years. During the Spanish
colonization of the Philippines, Cuyo became the second capital of Palawan from 1873 to 1903.

From the sea, Cuyo Island's first visible landmark is a lighthouse by the pier. Many of the
streets leading to the town have already been cemented but the town has preserved the
Hispanic plaza-iglesia structures. Dominating the town center is Cuyo's 1860 church, convent,
and fort built by the Spanish and finished in 1680. Nearby stands a schoolhouse, and a
monument of national hero Jose Rizal. The municipality is served by Cuyo Airport in the
neighboring municipality of Magsaysay. The town and its cultural and natural environs are being
considered to be nominated in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site declaration in
the future.

Cagayancillo, officially the Municipality of Cagayancillo, is a 6th class municipality in

the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 6,285
people. Located between the islands of Palawan and Negros in the Sulu Sea, Cagayancillo is
the closest settlement to the Tubbataha National Marine Park. The word Cagayancillo is
Spanish meaning "Little Cagayan."
 Science and technology in the Philippines represents the wide scientific and
technological advances the Philippines has made. The main managing agency responsible for
science and technology (S&T) is the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). The
science department have consulting agencies for Forestry, Agriculture and Aquaculture, Metal
Industry, Nuclear Research, Food and Nutrition, Health, Meteorological and the Volcanology
and Seismology.

Numerous national scientists have contributed in different fields of science including Fe

del Mundo in the field of Pediatrics, Eduardo Quisumbing in the field of Plant taxonomy, Gavino
Trono in the field of tropical marine Phycology, and Maria Orosa in the field of Food technology.
Pre-Spanish Period

Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine islands, the natives of

the archipelago already had practices linked to science and technology. Filipinos were already
aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of extracting
medicine from herbs. They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring
system and a calendar. Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and
weaving. The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by
pre-Spanish era Filipinos.]
Spanish Colonial Period

The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in

the archipelago. The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution.
During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were established where
religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught. Sanitation and more advanced
methods of agriculture was taught to the natives. Later the Spanish established colleges and
universities in the archipelago including the University of Santo Tomas. The study of medicine in
the Philippines was given priority in the Spanish era, especially in the later years. The Spanish
also contributed to the field of engineering in the islands by constructing government buildings,
churches, roads, bridges and forts. Biology is given focus. Contributors to science in the
archipelago during the 19th century were botanists, Fr. Ignacio Mercado., Dr. Trinidad Pardo de
Tavera and Dr. Leon Ma Guerrero, chemist Anaclento del Rosario, and medicine scholars Dr.
Manuel Guerrero, Dr, Jose Montes and Dr. Elrodario Mercado.

The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy. Trade was given
more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits. Agriculture
and industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected. [3] The opening of
the Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and some Filipinos
were able to study in Europe who were probably influenced by the rapid development of
scientific ideals brought by the Age of Enlightenment.
 American Period and Post-Commonwealth era

Angel Alcala is a national scientist noted for his work in marine and aquatic biology. The
progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under American rule of the
islands. On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government
Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the
Laboratorio Municipal, which was established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt
with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects. On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of
Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science and on December 8, 1933,
the National Research Council of the Philippines was established. The Bureau of Science
became the primary research center of the Philippines until World War II. Science during the
American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine and
pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due to free
trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and
trade.

In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. In a report by
the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which
were necessities to the country's industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal
budget for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government. In
1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the
Science Act of 1958 which established the National Science Development Board.

Marcos Era and Martial Law

During Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, the importance given to science grew. In the

amended 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9 (1), he declared that the
"advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development." In his
two terms of presidency and during Martial Law, he enacted many laws promoting science and
technology.

In his Second State of the Nation Address on January 23, 1967, he declared that
science was necessary for the development programs, and thus, directed the Department of
Education to revitalize the science courses in public high schools. The Department of
Education, with the National Science Development Board (NSDB), is organizing a project to
provide selected high schools with science teaching equipment over a four-year period.

In his Third State of the Nation Address on January 22, 1968, he recognized that
technology was the leading factor in economic development, and channeled additional funds to
support projects in applied sciences and science education.

In his Fourth State of the Nation Address on January 27, 1969, he gave a big part of the
war damage fund to private universities to encourage them to create courses in science and
technology and to research. He stated that he planned a project to have medical interns do a
tour of duty in provincial hospitals to arouse their social conscious and reduce the "brain drain."
On April 6, 1968, he proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site of the
Philippine Science Community. The government also conducted seminars for public and private
high school and college science teachers, training programs and scholarships for graduate and
undergraduate science scholars, and workshops on fisheries and oceanography. In his Fifth
State of the Nation Address on January 26, 1970, he emphasized that the upgrading of science
curricula and teaching equipment is crucial to the science development program. He added the
Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the coconut industry. The
NSDB also established the Philippine Textile Research Institute. The Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission of the NSDB explored the uses of atomic energy for economic development.
Marcos assisted 107 institutions in undertaking nuclear energy work by sending scientists to
study nuclear science and technology abroad, and providing basic training to 482 scientists,
doctors, engineers, and technicians.

In 1972, he created the National Grains Authority to provide for the development of the
rice and corn industry to fully harness it for the economy of the country. (Presidential Decree
No. 4, s. 1972) He established the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research to support the
progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries for the nation. It was attached to
the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources for administrative purposes. He provided
further support for the promotion of scientific research and invention with Presidential Decree
No. 49, s. 1972. This decree contains details on the protection of intellectual property for the
creator or publisher of the work. He established the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) under the Department of National Defense to
provide environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the
people. (Presidential Decree No. 78, s. 1972)

In 1973, he created the Philippine National Oil Company to promote industrial and
economic development through effective and efficient use of energy sources. (Presidential
Decree No. 334, s. 1973).

In 1976, he enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish
the National Academy of Science and Technology, which is composed of scientists with
"innovative achievement in the basic and applied sciences," to serve as a reservoir of scientific
and technological expertise for the country.

In 1978, he created a Task Force on the formulation of a national action program on

science and technology to assess policies and programs of science and technology. (Executive
Order No. 512, s. 1978)] In his Fourteenth State of the Nation Address on July 23, 1979, he said
that the government invested funds and time in organizations for scientific research, such as the
NSDB, the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research and Resources, the Plant Breeding
Institute, the International Rice Research Institute, the Bureau of Plant Industry, and the Bureau
of Forest Products. While these projects have had breakthroughs, the market machinery did not
adapt and invest in this technology due to the high-risk front-end costs.

In 1979, he constituted the Health Sciences Center created by R.A. No. 5163 as an
autonomous member within the University of the Philippines System to improve the internal
organization and unity of leadership within its units. (Executive Order No. 519, s. 1979)

In 1980, he created the National Committee on Geological Sciences to advise

government and private entities on matters concerning development in geological sciences.
(Executive Order No. 625, s. 1980)

In 1982, he reorganized the National Science Development Board and its agencies into
a National Science and Technology Authority to provide central direction and coordination of
scientific and technological research and development. (Executive Order No. 784, s. 1982) He
granted salary increases to the people with teaching positions in the Philippine Science High
School due to their necessity in the advancement of national science. (Executive Order No. 810,
s. 1982). He enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life Sciences
Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños. (Executive Order No. 840,
s. 1982)

In 1986, he established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science
High School to encourage careers in science and technology and to be more accessible to the
talented students in the Mindanao and Visayas areas. (Executive Order No. 1090, s. 1986).

Fifth Republic
Filipina food technologist Maria Y. Orosa (1893–1945) is credited with inventing banana
ketchup.

In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's presidency, the National Science and Technology

Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving science and
technology a representation in the cabinet. Under the Medium Term Philippine Development
Plan for the years 1987-1992, science and technology's role in economic
recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted. During Corazon Aquino's State of the
Nation Address in 1990, she said that science and technology development shall be one of the
top three priorities of the government towards an economic recovery.

On August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science
and Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP.
The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the
year 2000. The Congress did not put much priority in handling bills related to science and
technology. The Senate Committee on Science and Technology was one of the committees that
handles the least amount of bills for deliberation.