PRELIMS: Week 1 & 2 - Combative Sports

COMBATIVE SPORTS: Introduction, History, and Definition of Terms

LEARNING CONTENT
INTRODUCTION:
COMBATIVE SPORTS
A combat sport, or fighting sport, is a competitive contact sport that involves one-to-one combat. Each combatant strives
to gain enough points or a condition to declare a single winner by means of using certain rules of direct engagement.
These engagement rules and conditions are significantly different from the rules in simulated contact or combat meant for
technical-based challenges, practice, or demonstration in martial arts

 
HISTORY OF COMBATIVE SPORTS
Combat sports or activity exist in most cultures.
Boxing contests date back to ancient Sumer in the 3rd millennium BCE and ancient Egypt circa 1350 BCE. The ancient
Olympic Games included several combat-related sports: armored foot races, boxing, wrestling, and pankration, which was
introduced in the Olympic Games of 648 BCE.
 In ancient China, combat sport appeared in the form of lei tai. It was a no-holds barred combat sport that combined
boxing and wrestling. There is evidence of similar combat sports in ancient Egypt, India and Japan.
Through the Middle ages and Renaissance, the tournament was popular. Tournaments were competitions that featured
several mock combat events, with jousting as a main event. While the tournament was popular among aristocrats, combat
sports were practiced by all levels of society. The German school of late medieval martial arts distinguished sportive
combat (schimpf) from serious combat (ernst) 
In the German Renaissance, sportive combat competitions were known as Fechtschulen, corresponding to the Prize
Playing in Tudor England. Out of these Prize Playing events developed the English boxing (or prizefighting) of the 18th
century, which evolved into modern boxing with the introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry rules in 1867.
 
Amateur boxing has been part of the modern Olympic Games since their introduction in 1904. Professional
boxing became popular in the United States in the 1920s and experienced a "golden age" after World War II.
THIS IS THEOPHILE “TIGER” FLOWERS, HE IS ONE OF THE BOXERS FROM THE GOLDEN AGES. 
The creation of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu is attributed to the Gracie family of Brazil in 1925 after Asian martial arts were
introduced to Brazil. Vale-tudo, wrestling, muay thai kickboxing and luta livre gained popularity.
Modern Muay Thai was developed in the 1920s to 1930s. 
Sambo was introduced in the Soviet Union.
 Modern Taekwondo also emerged after the Japanese occupation of Korea and became an Olympic sport in 2000. 
Sanshou as part of modern wushu was developed in the People's Republic of China since the 1950s. Kickboxing and full
contact karate were developed in the 1960s and became popular in Japan and the West during the 1980s and 1990s.
Modern Mixed Martial Arts developed out of the interconnected subcultures of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and shoot wrestling.
It was introduced in Japan in the form of Shooto in 1985, and in the United States as Ultimate Fighting
Championship (UFC) in 1993.
The Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts were introduced in 2000, and the sport experienced peak popularity in the 2000s.
During this period, multiple brands and promotions were established. The most well-known promotion for MMA is UFC.      
  KARATE               JIU-JUTSU           MUAY THAI            UFC

WHAT IS/ARE COMBATIVE SPORTS?

It is a contact sport between two people, who fight each other, supported by certain techniques and tactics with the
purpose of defeating the adversary, who will have unpredictable reactions within a safe field of action. These sports
disciplines are governed by rules of conduct and time to ensure the physical integrity of each competitor.

Combat sports can be divided into two basic categories:

CATEGORIES OF COMBATIVE SPORTS
 Olympians, who use more defined techniques and with greater restrictions.
 Non-Olympians are mostly self-defense martial arts in which the individual reacts more emotionally and can
make use of various tools to defeat his adversary.
There are also techniques and types that are under combative sports….
TECHNIQUES IN COMBATIVE SPORTS 
The techniques used can be categorized into three domains: striking, grappling, and weapon usage, with
some hybrid rulesets combining striking and grappling. In combat sports the use of these various techniques is highly
regulated to minimize permanent or severe physical damage to each participant though means of organized officiating by
a single or multiple referee that can distribute penalties or interrupt the actions of the competitors during the competition.
 STRIKING
Fist fighting or boxing
 GRAPPLING
Pinning, clinching and takedown oriented wrestling.
 HYBRID
Combination of striking and grappling elements.
 WEAPONRY
Simulated by bladed weapons
TYPES OF COMBATIVE SPORTS
STRIKING
 Boxing
o Historical Ancient Greek boxing(Pygmachia)
o Historical Russian Fist Fighting(Kulachniy Boy)
o Historical English Bare-Knuckle Boxing(Pugilism)
o Modern Amateur (Olympic) Boxing
o Modern Professional Boxing
 Kickboxing
o Savate(French kickboxing)
o Sanda(Chinese kickboxing)
o Muay Thai(Thai Boxing)
o Lethwei(Burmese Boxing)
 Karate
o Full Contact Karate
 Taekwondo(under World Taekwondo and ITF rules)
GRAPPLING
 Pinning, clinchingand takedown oriented wrestling
o Ancient Greek wrestling(Pale)
o Beach wrestling
o Judo(Olympic Judo)
o Freestyle wrestling
o Greco-Roman wrestling(French Wrestling)
o Collegiate wrestlingand Scholastic wrestling (American Folkstyle)
o Sport Sambo
o Sumo
 Submission grappling:
o Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu(under Gi & no Gi rules)
o luta livre
o Judo(Olympic Judo, Kosen Judo, Freestyle Judo)
 Folk wrestling(Numerous Regional Styles Worldwide)
 Catch wrestling(Western Submission Wrestling)
 Professional wrestling(wrestling as a form of both athletics and theater)
HYBRID
 Pankration
 Combat Sambo: Russian sport introduced in the 1920s.
 Vale Tudo(No Rules Freestyle Fighting), derived from Brazilian circus shows of the 1920s.
 Shoot fighting
  Mixed Martial Arts(Freestyle Fighting), since the 1990s.
WEAPONRY
(simulated) bladed weapons
o Fechtschulen(fencing competitions) in 16th- to 17th-century Germany
o academic fencing(mainly in Germany, 16th century to present)
o Kendo(Japanese fencing)
o Modern fencing
o Historical European martial arts
o Historical medieval battles(HMB)
 sportive stick fighting
o Quarterstaff(historical English, 17th to 18th century)
o Singlestick(1904 Summer Olympics)
o Bâton français
o Kali/ Escrema / Arnis
 hastilude
o Modern competitive jousting
 simulated firearms: confrontational shooting sports
o Olympic dueling
o Paintball
o Airsoft
o Laser tag
General Definition of Terms (Gears, Clothing, and Fighting Area)
In combat sports, victory is obtained from blows, punches or attacks to the head to a point of physical injury that the
opponent is unable to continue. Different forms of combat sport have different rules and regulations into the equipment
competitors have to wear.
List of Protective Gear Clothing
 Gloves
 Head gear
 Mouthguard
 Shin Guards
 Arm Guards
 Groin Guard
 Trunk Protector
 Wraps (Material wrapped around the hand and wrist (and/or foot and ankle) that provides added alignment,
support and protection)

COMBATIVE SPORTS: Armed Combat Sports (Fencing & Kendo)

ARMED COMBATIVE SPORTS:
FENCING
Fencing, organized sport involving the use of a sword—épée, foil, or sabre—for attack and defense according to set
movements and rules. Although the use of swords dates to prehistoric times and swordplay to ancient civilizations, the
organized sport of fencing began only at the end of the 19th century.
HISTORY
The earliest depiction of swordplay is a relief in the temple of Medīnat Habu, near Luxor in Egypt, built by Ramses
III about 1190 BCE. Swordsmanship, as a pastime and in single combat and war, was also practiced widely by the
ancient Persians, Babylonians, Greeks, and Romans as well as by the Germanic tribes. 
The Romans brought sword combat to a highly systematic art that was taught to both their legions and their gladiators.
Gladiators were trained in schools (ludi) by professional instructors (doctores). Beginners practiced with a wooden sword
called a rudis. Moreadvanced training took place with weapons that were somewhat heavier than those used in actual
combat. 
ORGANIZATION
 
Fencing became an increasingly organized competitive sport late in the 19th century. Basic conventions were first
collected and set down in the 1880s by the French fencing master Camille Prévost. Officially recognized fencing
associations also began to appear: The Amateur Fencers League of America was founded in 1891, the Amateur Fencing
Association of Great Britain in 1902, and the Fédération Nationale des Sociétés d’Escrime et Salles d’Armes de France in
1906.
 
The FIE (Fédération Internationale d'Escrime) is the governing body of the Olympic sport of Fencing on a global level.
 
History of Different fencing organization and sectors was founded and created on these certain dates:
 fencing for men had been part of the Olympic Games since their revival in 1896
 In 1900 the épée joined the foil and sabre as individual events in the Olympic program.
 Team competition in the foil was introduced in the 1904 Games, followed by the sabre and épée in 1908.
Events for women fencers were added to the Olympic contest over the years…

 Individual foil for women was first included in the 1924 Olympic Games

 a team event for women was introduced in the 1960 games
 Women’s team and individual épée made their Olympic debut in the 1996 Games.
 The women’s individual sabre event was added in the 2004 Olympic games
 and the women’s team sabre event was added in the 2008 Games
In 1936 the electrical épée was adopted for competition, eliminating the sometimes-inaccurate determinations by fencing
officials. The arrival and judgment of hits is completely registered by the electrical apparatus. In 1955 electrical scoring
was introduced for foil competitions, making its Olympic debut at the 1956 Games.

o Electrical scoring for the sabre became part of the Olympic program at the 1992 Games. The electrical system
used in fencing works on the same principle as the doorbell.
o Fencers wear clothing made of lamé interlaced with copper threads.
o In épée the entire suit is sensitive, as the entire body is the target in that fencing variant;
o In foil, only the vest worn by the fencer is sensitive;
o In sabre the vest and mask are sensitive. Cords are connected to the fencer’s clothing, to the weapon, and to the
scoring box.
When a weapon touches the fencer with even a small amount of pressure, a circuit is created and the scoring box reflects
a hit. In Olympic fencing, the first fencer to record 15 points wins the bout. Bouts can also be of a predetermined duration,
in which case the fencer with the highest score wins.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Fencer - Athlete who practices fencing; this individual wear sturdy gear that provides protection while leaving the
fencer free to move with agility.
 jacket - Clothing with sleeves that covers the chest and fastens under the breeches.
 fencing shoe - Shoe that is reinforced on the sides to protect it from being worn down by the metal pistes, and
reinforced on the heel to dampen impact. running shoe
 breeches - Pants that extend below the knees and are usually pulled up very high over the waist and held up by
suspenders.
 metallic plastron - Metallic vest that conducts electricity; it is worn over the jacket and detects valid touches from
the electric foil or saber.
 bib - Very sturdy fabric that is attached to the mask to protect the neck.
 glove - Padded leather covering that protects the fencer’s armed hand.
 sleeve - Leather sleeve that is sewn to the glove to protect the lower part of the forearm.
 mask click - Face-protection apparatus with a plastic visor or metal latticework.
 Reel - Device that keeps the body wire under constant tension by following the forward and backward movements
of the fencer.
  Scoring Light - Light that switches on to signal valid hits (red and green lights) and nonvalid hits (white lights).
 Foil Warning Line - Line 3.2 ft from the rear limit line warning the foilist that the end of the piste is near.
 Rear Limit Line - Line 23 ft from the center line that indicates that the fencer is outside the piste; when a fencer
passes this line, a hit is awarded to the opponent.
 Electric Foil - Its end contains an electric button that senses hits; a hit is registered only when the pressure on
the tip of the blade is greater than 1.1 lb (maximum weight of the foil).
 Electrical Scoring Apparatus - Electrical apparatus for registering the fencers’ hits by means of a body wire.
 Body Wire - Insulated electric wire that runs through the fencer’s equipment and connects the weapon to the
electrical scoring apparatus by means of the reel.
 On Guard Line - Line 6.5 ft from the center line; the fencer must stay behind it to start and when resuming
combat after a valid hit.
 Center Line - Line that divides the piste into two equal parts, one for each fencer.
OFFICIATING OFFICIALS
 Judge -Each of the officials who assist the president; they stand beside the piste and especially check the validity
of the hits.
 Scorer - Official who registers the fencers’ hits and penalties.
 President - Official who enforces the rules and is especially in charge of conducting the match and controlling the
scoring apparatus.
 Timekeeper - Official who monitors the duration of the match; a single match is made up of three manches (sets)
of three minutes, with a one-minute break between each manche.
WEAPONS OF MODERN FENCING
The three different weapons have different designs and rules of competition:
 
SABRE

 Sabre one may hit with any part of the blade, and there is no minimum pressure (the tip of the blade is simply rounded
and not pressure-sensitive). Therefore, sabre is characterized by cutting rather than thrusts of the tip.
FOIL
In foil, hits must be made with the point of the weapon and are valid only when they land on the lamé or the conductive
part of the fencing mask, which together cover the trunk of the body, the groin, and parts of the neck.
EPEE

In épée, as in foil, hits are made with the point, but, unlike in foil, the target area is the entire body.

FENCING POSITIONS - Way of holding the weapon to wield or parry a hit, depending on the direction of the tip (button);
the positions are the opposite for right-handed people.

 Septime - Seventh position, lower right (for a left-handed person), tip down, palm facing upward.
 Prime - First position, lower right (for a left-handed person), tip down, palm facing downward.
 Quarte - Fourth position, upper right (for a left-handed person), tip up, palm facing upward.
 Quinte - Fifth position, upper right (for a left-handed person), tip up, palm facing downward.
 Octave - Eighth position, lower left (for a left-handed person), tip down, palm facing upward.
 Seconde - Second position, lower left (for a left-handed person), tip down, palm facing downward.
 Sixte - Sixth position, upper left (for a left-handed person), tip up, palm facing upward.
 Tierce - Third position, upper left (for a left-handed person), tip up, palm facing downward. 
FENCING AREA
The piste, or fencing strip, made of metal or another conductive material, is between 1.5 and 2 meters (4.9 and 6.6 feet)
wide and 14 metres (46 feet) long, with an extension, or runback, of 1.5 meters at either end. The piste has a centre line,
en-garde lines, warning lines, and rear limit lines. At either end of the piste there is a spool, or reel, which contains 20
metres (66 feet) of cable. Fencers each attach their bod cord to the nearest spool, which retracts and extends as they
move up and down the piste. The spools are in turn attached to the scoring box.
KENDO
HISTORY
Kendo, Japanese kendō (“way of the sword”), traditional Japanese style of fencing with a two-handed wooden
sword, derived from the fighting methods of the ancient samurai (warrior class). The unification of Japan about 1600
removed most opportunities for actual sword combat, so the samurai turned swordsmanship into a means of
cultivating discipline, patience, and skill for building character.
ORGANIZATION
 In the 18th century, practice armour and the shinai, a sword made of bamboo, were introduced to allow realistic
fencing without risk of injury. The study of what came to be known as kendo was even compulsory in Japanese
schools from time to time. An All-Japan Kendo Federation was formed following the endof the occupation in 1952,
and an International Kendo Federation was founded in 1970.
EQUIPMENT
Kendo matches take place in an area 9 to 11 metres (about 30 to 36 feet) square. Contestants wear the
traditional uwagi (jacket), hakama (long divided skirt), dō (chest protector), tare (waist protector), men  (mask),
and kote (padded gloves). The shinai varies from 43 to 46 inches (110 to 118 cm) in length and is made of four
lengths of seasoned bamboo bound by waxed cord.
The shinai is usually held with both hands. Points are awarded for blows delivered upon the left side, right side, or
top of the head; the right or left wrist; the right or left side of the trunk; and for a thrust to the throat.
Competition Area - Smooth wooden floor (9 x 11 meters) on which the kendo bout takes place; a bout usually lasts
five minutes.
 kendokaclick - Athlete who practices kendo; the kendoka wears protective equipment, the bogu (armor).
 Hakama - Long skirt for hiding foot movement.
 Tare - Thick belt from which five very thick cotton panels hang; it protects the lower abdomen and the hips.
 Do - Breastplate that is usually made from bamboo blades covered with leather; it protects the front and sides of
the torso.
 Kote - Very thick glove that is usually made of cotton and leather; it protects the hand, the wrist and the lower part
of the forearm.
 Shinai - Saber made up of four bamboo blades that are bound together by pieces of leather; it ends with a cap
and is used for training.
 Men - Padded helmet with a steel grate that protects the head and face; it also provides protection for the
shoulders and throat.
SHINAI
OFFICIATING OFFICIALS
Time Keeper - The timekeeper’s job is extremely important to the integrity of each and every match. Times for the
major match and each overtime will be determined before each tournament but may change for each division 
Score Keepers - Scorekeepers have the responsibility of keeping an accurate record of each match.
Referee Group

1. As a general rule, a referee group shall consist of chief referee and two Fukushin, each having equal authority to
decide on valid strikes/thrusts and others.
2. The chief referee shall have the authority to administer the match, to signal with Shinpan-ki, and to pronounce
valid strikes/thrusts, penalties, etc.
3. Sub-referees shall assist chief referee in the administration of respective matches by signaling on valid
strikes/thrusts, penalties, etc., with flags. Further, in case of emergency, sub-referees may signal and pronounce
suspension of the match.

PRELIMS: Week 3 and 4 Coverage

Lesson 3: Unarmed Combative Sports
LEARNING CONTENT
INTRODUCTION:
Unarmed combat is the oldest form of combat known to man. Despite the development of weapons technology, a soldier
– especially a special force soldier – may find himself in an empty-handed fight as a result of a weapon failure, exhausted
ammunition, a need for silence, or a failed escape and evasion attempt. In order to survive, he needs to be fully trained in
the use of weapons that are always at his disposal, never jam, and never run out of ammunition – his hands and feet.
Properly used, they can stop a dead attacker in his tracks.
In the military context, close-up warfare/combat is about survival: any and all means are valid. Surprise and speed are
essential, and the intention is to attack, not simply to defend. Starting with an overview of the historical development of
unarmed combat, this book works through training (physical and mental), vulnerable areas of the body, and special
techniques: punching and kicking, blocks, chokes, and headlocks, breaking holds, throws, and ground fighting.

ORIGINS AND BACKGROUND OF UNARMED COMBATIVE SPORTS

Unarmed combat is the oldest form of physical conflict because it requires only the body. It is both an art and a science
that can be used martially, in sport, or as an expression of individuality or culture. The origin of this form must be traced
back to the history of the human species. Most cultures have their own unique styles, histories, and methods of practice in
the field of martial arts, but the use and training of this form of combat are universally accepted as the foundation on which
weapon-based styles evolved. 
JUDO
In 1882, Dr. Jigoro Kano (the father of Judo) carried out a comprehensive study of the ancient forms of self-defense and
integrated the best of these forms into a sport known as Kodokan Judo.
The term Kodokan is divided into:
     KO (lecture, study, method)
     DO (way or path)
     KAN (hall or place)
This means "the place to study the way." In the same way, judo breaks down into ju (gentle) and does (way or path) or
"gentle way."
the Kodokan Judo was recognized as excellent because Jigoro Kano students overcame the Jujitsu athletes at the Bujitsu
Police Contest. The classification of Kodokan Judo was completed in about 1887.
In his lifetime, Jigoro Kano obtained a doctorate in Judo, a degree equivalent to the twelfth Dan, awarded only to the
originator of Judo. He has worked constantly to ensure the development of athletics and Japanese sport in general, and
as a result, he is often called the "Father of Japanese Sports." In 1935, he was awarded the Asahi Prize for his
outstanding contribution to the organization of sport.
JUDO FACTS:
 Judo "The Way of Gentleness"

1. Dr. Jigoro Kano assembled a consistent system with moral principles and physical well-being for the Japanese
nation
2. Kano sifted through jujitsu styles to create new art that was non-lethal
a.     Essentially a competitive modern sport using and manipulating balance to control and throw
            b.     Science of throws - A throw can be centered on any joint in the body (weakest at the joints) 
3.     Olympic sport in 1964
3. Became highly competitive thereafter, especially upon introduction to the West
            b.     Sport aspect with rules diminished its applicability as a method self-defense
OLYMPIC INTEGRATION
     Proceeding with the organization of the Kodokan and promulgating the Judo Regulations, Prof. Kano became
the first Asian member of the International Olympic Committee in 1909 and worked to spread Judo throughout the
world.
     At the Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964, men's judo was included in the Games at the request of the host
country, Japan.
     Women's judo was a demonstration event in 1988 and became a full medal event in 1992.
ORGANIZATION
INTERNATIONAL JUDO Federation was established in 1951. JUDO's OLYMPIC DEBUT CAME at the TOKYO
Games in 1964. Judo has grown and developed into an Olympic sport. 
IN THE OLYMPICS, JUDO COMPETITORS COMPETE IN THE FOLLOWING WEIGHT DIVISIONS:
 Extra lightweight: Men — 60kg (132lb), Women — 48kg (106lb)
Half lightweight: Men — 66kg (145.5lb), Women — 52kg (115lb)
Lightweight: Men — 73kg (161lb), Women — 57kg (126lb)
Half-middleweight: Men — 81kg (178.5lb), Women — 63kg (139lb)
Middleweight: Men — 90kg (198.5lb), Women — 70kg (154.5lb)
Half-heavyweight: Men — 100kg (220.5lb), Women — 78kg (172lb)
Heavyweight: Men +100kg, Women +78kg
 This grading system allows competitors to be more equally matched to events. The Judo grading system includes
nine different color belts, starting with white, then red, yellow, orange, green, blue, brown, black, and red/white
stripes. The red/white striped belt is the sixth Dan or higher grade. Competitive Judo is divided into two categories,
the blue belt below and the brown belt below or above. It is rare for competitive events not to be organized in this
way. Judoka must be at least 15 years old to attain the Dan grade in Judo. In order to move to the second grade of
Dan judoka, the minimum age must be 20 years.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Mat is a surface that measures 46 ft x 52 ft and is used for practicing judo; it is made up of smaller mat squares (tatamis).

    Scoreboard - Board that displays various data about the contest taking place (such as points and
penalties); there are two scoreboards, one manual and one electronic, in each contest area.
     Medical Team - Physicians tend to the judokas in the event of injury; their presence is mandatory and
they may end about in the event of serious injury.
     Judge - One of the two officials who assist the referee; they check especially that the holds are
allowable and take place within the bounds of the contest area.
     Scorers and Timekeepers - The scorers show the results on the scoreboards and the timekeepers
monitor the time during the bout.
     Safety Area - Surface that is 10 ft wide and surrounds the danger area; it provides safety if the
contestant is thrown out of the contest area.
     Contest Area - Area on which the bout takes place; it includes the danger area, measures 26 x 33 ft,
and has lines to indicate the positions of the judokas at the start and end of the bout.
     Referee - Official who enforces the rules and directs the bout on the mat; this individual is assisted by
the two judges.
     Contestant - One of two athletes (here, judokas) who confront each other in about; contestants
are classified into weight categories.
     Judogi - Clothing is worn when practicing judo that is made of cotton or a similar fabric; one judoka
wears a white judogi while the other wears a blue one.
     Danger Area - Red band that is 3.2 ft wide; it delimits and is part of the contest area.
THE JUDO REFEREES
Three referees are overseeing the fight. One central referee controls the contest by moving around the mat, while
two others sit in opposite corners. At least two of the three decisions must be agreed upon or changed.  
THE JUDO RING
A judo contest is held on a vinyl-covered foam matt area called 'tatami,' the competition area being 8m x 8m
square (26.25ft x 26.25ft). This is surrounded by a red outer meter 'danger area' inside the play area, but
competitors can only stay in that area for a few seconds before they attempt a shot or they will be penalized.
There is a 3m (9.85ft) outer 'safety area' zone in which the participants can be thrown as long as the thrower
remains inside the contest area.
CLOTHING FOR JUDO BOUTS
Judo's competitors are called 'Judokas' and the clothes they wear are called 'Judogi.'
 The judogi (judo uniform) consists of joi (judo top), shitabaki (judo pants), and obi (belt). The belt identifies the skill
level of the competitor, the black belt being the highest.

Lesson 4: Wrestling (Unarmed Combative Sport)

LEARNING CONTENT
UNARMED COMBATIVE SPORTS:
WRESTLING
The earliest known wrestling took place in ancient Greece, but many styles have been developed. This Olympic sport is
known for grappling, clinch fighting, throws, takedowns, and pins while securing dominating positions.
Wrestling is a fighting sport involving tactics such as clinch fighting, throws and takedowns, joint locks, pins, and other
wrestling holds that include grappling. Wrestling is a sport of physical combat. It's one of the most exhausting sports, both
mentally and physically, and that's probably why it's a moment of immense pleasure when you win a match. This game
requires not only sound physical fitness but also unbreakable trust and character that define the true spirit of a sportsman.
A sport in which two opponents fight bare-handedly and try to pin each other to the floor using different holds.
The Sport can be either truly competitive or sporting entertainment. Wrestling is available in a variety of styles, such as
folk, freestyle, Greco-Roman, catch/submission, judo, sambo, and others. A wrestling match is a physical battle between
two (sometimes more) rivals or sparring partners who seek to achieve and hold a higher position. There is a wide variety
of styles with varying guidelines in both traditional and new styles of history. As well as military hand-to-hand fighting
systems, grappling tactics have been introduced.
HISTORY
Wrestling is one of the oldest forms of combat, referred to in the Iliad and depicted in 15,000-year-old cave drawings in
France. Early Egyptian and Babylonian reliefs show the movements still in use today. Always popular in ancient Greece,
wrestling played a prominent role in the Olympic Games. It was developed by ancient Greeks as a way of training soldiers
in hand-to-hand combat. After defeating the Greeks, the Roman Empire borrowed a lot of Greek wrestling but eliminated a
lot of brutalities. The Greeks feared that the true history of the sport would be lost and that Greco-Roman wrestling would
be born. 
ORGANIZATION
The first International Federation for the Development of Wrestling and Weight Lift was established in Duisburg in 1905 by
the Deutsche Athleten-Verband (DAV). The Committee was then set up, made up of the following members: Mr. Monticelli
(ITA), the Brothers van Elst (NED), Mr. Koettgen (GER), and Mr. Stolz (GER). The Federation's objective was to establish
the organization of the World Championship.
 WRESTLING – OBJECTIVE
The aim of each wrestler is to pin the opponent and establish his own superiority without violence. While doing so, the
wrestlers perform a variety of techniques, such as lowering, joint locks, pins, and grappling bolts.
Judges award points for every successful move to pin your opponent down. The team with the maximum points at the end
of the match shall be declared a winner. 
DEFINITION OF TERMS IN WRESTLING
You need to understand its frequently used terms before you start playing this game. Let us discuss some of the basic
terms that we frequently encounter in a wrestling game.
THE WRESTLING SPORT- a sport in which two opponents fight bare-handed and seek to pin each other to the floor
using various holds.
Wrestling Area - This is a mat with an area of 40 ft2 for a wrestling match; about has two 3-minute periods with a break
of 30 seconds.
 Wrestler - Athlete who practices wrestling; wrestlers are classified into weight categories.
Wrestling Shoe - Flexible leather boot that covers the ankle; it has no heel and no metal parts. running shoe
running shoe
Singlet - Tight-fitting one-piece outfit.
Judge - Official who assigns the points for the technical action as instructed by the referee or the mat chairperson and
registers them on the scoreboard.
Mat Chairperson - Official who coordinates the work of the referee and the judge; in the event of disagreement, he
settles it. He may also interrupt the bout.
Referee - Official in charge of enforcing the rules who directs the fight on the mat and wears red and blue sleeves to
indicate points.
Protection Area - Area that is 5 ft wide and surrounds the passivity zone; it provides safety if the wrestler is thrown out of
the wrestling area.
Central Wrestling Area - Circle inside the passivity zone that is 23 ft in diameter; the bout takes place within it.
Passivity Zone - Red band that is 3.2 ft wide; it delimits and is part of the wrestling surface (30 ft in diameter).
Starting Positions-The wrestlers start the bout standing on opposite sides of the white circle; this circle is in the middle of
the central wrestling area and is 3.2 ft in diameter.
Standing position (Greco-Roman wrestling) - In Greco-Roman wrestling, it is forbidden to seize the opponent below the
hips and to use one’s legs for a hold or to defend oneself.
Crouching Position (freestyle wrestling) - Freestyle wrestling allows the wrestler to use the entire body; this provides for
a larger variety of holds than in Greco-Roman wrestling.
Action: The referee commands the wrestlers to start wrestling.
Arm throw: a move in which the wrestler throws his opponent over his shoulder by holding his opponent's arm.
Base: It's a good wrestling position where the wrestler rests on his hand and knees instead of back or belly.
Bridge: This is the position that the wrestler prevents his back from touching the mat.
Bridge out: This move is used to escape the opponent. The wrestler rolls from a bridge to the stomach.
Breakdown: This is where one wrestler is trying to put another wrestler on his stomach or side of the mat.
Bout: a wrestling match is a physical competition between two (sometimes more) competitors or sparring partners who
are trying to gain and maintain a superior position.
Clamping: It's a process of interlocking the arms around the opponent. This is when the opponent must control the
clamping of his arms, hands, and wrists.
Default: This is the process of announcing the winner when the opponent is so badly injured that he can't play the match
or he doesn't appear for the match when his name is called.
Decision: this term means winning a match in 1-7 points.
Escape: By creating a neutral position, if the opponent faces a wrestler who is being controlled by another, then the
process is called an escape. Sit out and stand up are two common types of escapes that are commonly used.
Pin: The process by which one forces the blade of the other's shoulders to the mat.
Reversal: This is a move in which the wrestler, who is under another, gains control over his opponent. This type of move
brings the wrestler to two points.
Stalemate: When a situation arises that none of the wrestlers can improve their positions, the match starts again from the
starting line. It's called a stalemate.
Freestyle: it is a type of wrestling where the wrestler is allowed to hold his opponent above or below his waist level by
using his arms, body, and legs.
Greco-Roman: a very popular style of wrestling in which the wrestler can use his upper body and arms to hold or attack
the same part of his opponent.
Illegal hold: at any point in the match, if one wrestler pushes another with a great deal of force that is beyond tolerable
limits or performs any action that hinders the normal breathing process of the opponent, it is called the illegal hold.
Major decision: this is a process of winning a match of 8-14 points.
Near fall: This is the position where one shoulder of the wrestler touches the mat and the other has an angle of more than
45 degrees, or where both shoulders are positioned within the 4 inches area of the mat.
Neutral position: this is the position where the two wrestlers have lost control. As a result, the wrestlers are trying to take
each other off from this position.
Takedown: To gain control by placing your opponent on the ground from a standing position is referred to as takedown.
This action brings two points to the fighter.
WRESTLING EQUIPMENT
WRESTLING MAT
A wrestling mat is a primary piece of equipment required for the game. The mat is designed to protect the wrestlers and to
enforce the rules for each style. Wrestling mats come in a variety of versions, such as High School mats, Practice mats,
and International Mats.
 WRESTLING SINGLET
A wrestling singlet is a piece of clothing that covers the wrestler's torso. The straps are provided over it for the protection
of the shoulders. The singlet is made from Lycra or Nylon. It is mandatory to wear when the wrestler participates in the
tournaments. A particular team wears a singlet of a single color. 
WRESTLING HEADGEAR
Wrestling headgear is not an essential item, but you need to wear headgear if you're playing in a higher-level match
where you can get more physical. There is a single size headgear available that can be fitted All of them with adjusting
straps. Headgears are designed to protect the ears of the wrestler.
Without headgear, a wrestler may suffer from a "cauliflower ear" It happens after someone has been hit repeatedly in the
ear. Wrestlers are likely to have a cauliflower ear because their ears may be affected while in a match. These blows can
damage the shape and structure of the outer ear.
WRESTLING SHOES
The shoes have to be very soft and lightweight. This is because the wrestler needs to feel light during the match. Unless
you play for a very long time, this is also not a mandatory item to invest in.
WRESTLING KNEEPADS AND MOUTHGUARDS
Kneepads are used to protect the knees. During the shooting process, most wrestlers get hurt on their knees, so this is an
essential item. On the other hand, mouth guards are used to protect the wrestler's teeth during the match. These are the
braces that the wrestler wears inside his mouth. 
WRESTLING BANDS
In general, two types of bands are used in a match: red and green. One fighter is given a red band, and another is given a
green one. They need to be placed on the wrestler's ankle. The bands make it easier for the referee to identify and score
the wrestler. The referee has these two types of bands wrapped around his wrists.
WRESTLING PLAYING ENVIRONMENT
Wrestling is an indoor sport. Apart from the area allocated to wrestling matches and viewers, the playing environment
involves a jury of three officials:
Referee: The referee controls the action in the center and blows the whistle to start and stop the action.
Judge: sits beside the mat to keep the score and give occasional approval when requested by the referee on various
decisions.
Mat Chairman: The mat chair sits at the scoreboard and keeps time. It is responsible for declaring technical superiority
and overseeing the work of the referee and the judge. Any two of the three officials must agree to call a fall.

PRELIMS: Week 5 and 6 Coverage

Combative Sports: Boxing
INTRODUCTION:
WHAT EXACTLY IS BOXING?
Boxing is a sport that has been around for thousands of years, becoming an official Olympic event in 688 B.C. There is
even evidence of boxing occurring in ancient Egypt. Modern day sport boxing involves two athletes punching each other
with padded gloves, trying to knock their opponent down and out. These fights usually last three to twelve rounds, with
each round usually lasting three minutes.
In the fitness industry, there are countless boxing gyms and boxing boot-camps across the country that can be joined by
pretty much anyone. These types of workouts usually include various types of punches bags, jumping rope, and other
common exercises performed by boxers (think about all the training montages in the Rocky movies). These high intensity
types of exercise in boxing makes it a great form of aerobic exercise. 
A BRIEF HISTORY OF BOXING
In ancient Greece, boxing was a popular amateur competitive sport and was included in the first Olympic Games. In
ancient Rome boxers often wore the cestus, a metal-studded leather hand covering with which they maimed and even
killed their opponents, sometimes as part of gladiatorial spectacles. The sport declined in popularity after the fall of the
Roman Empire.
In the 18th Century boxing was revived in London in the form of bare-knuckle prizefights in which the contestants fought
for money and the spectators made wagers on the outcome.
The first boxer to be recognized as a Heavyweight Champion was James Figg in 1719. In 1743 a later Champion,  John
Broughton, formulated a set of Rules standardizing some practices and eliminating others, such as hitting opponents
when they are down or seizing opponents by the hair. Broughton’s Rules governed boxing until 1838 when the Original
London Prize Ring Rules, based on those of Broughton, were devised.
Modifications known as the Revised London Prize Ring Rules were drawn up in 1853 and they controlled the sport until
the end of the 19th Century, when the Queensberry Rules came into use. These Rules were drafted in 1857 by a boxer,
John Graham Chambers, under the auspices of John Sholto Douglas, 8th Marquis of Queensberry.
Emphasizing boxing skill rather than wrestling and agility over strength, the Queensberry Rules helped to undo the
popular image of boxing as a savage, brutal brawl. The new Rules prohibited bare-fisted fighting, wrestling, hugging,
hitting opponents while they are helpless and fighting to the finish. Under the Broughton Rules a downed man was
allowed 30 seconds to square off at a distance of 1yd (90cm) from the opponent, aided by handlers if necessary. If the
boxer failed to square off, the fighter was considered beaten. Under the London Prize Ring Rules, the boxer had to reach
scratch (a mark located in the middle of the ring) unaided within 8 seconds after the 30-second time lapse; and a round
ended when a boxer went down. Under the Queensberry Rules, matches were divided into 3-minute rounds with 1-minute
intervals of rest between them. A contestant who remained down, either recumbent or on one knee, after 10 seconds lost
the match. The Rules also stipulated that matches be conducted in a roped-in square, called a ring, measuring 24ft (7.3m)
on a side.
The last bare-knuckle Heavyweight Champion was the American John L. Sullivan, who fought and won the last
sanctioned bare-knuckle fight in 1889 against Jake Kilrain. Fighting with gloves under the Queensberry Rules, the popular
Sullivan lost the World Heavyweight Boxing Championship to James J. Corbett in New Orleans, Louisiana on 7th
September 1892. The Queensberry Rules have remained the code governing the conduct of professional boxing.
  THE QUEENSBERRY RULES

1. To be a fair stand-up boxing match in a 24-foot ring, or as near that size as practicable.
2. No wrestling allowed.
3. The rounds to be of three minutes' duration, and one minute's time between rounds.
 4. If either man falls through weakness or otherwise, he must get up unassisted, 10 seconds to be allowed him to do
so, the other man meanwhile to return to his corner, and when the fallen man is on his legs the round is to be
resumed and continued until the three minutes have expired. If one man fails to come to the scratch in the 10
seconds allowed, it shall be in the power of the referee to give his award in favor of the other man.
5. A man hanging on the ropes in a helpless state, with his toes off the ground, shall be considered down.
6. No seconds or any other person to be allowed in the ring during the rounds.
7. Should the contest be stopped by any unavoidable interference, the referee to name the time and place as soon
as possible for finishing the contest; so that the match must be won and lost, unless the backers of both men
agree to draw the stakes.
8. The gloves to be fair-sized boxing gloves of the best quality and new.
9. Should a glove burst, or come off, it must be replaced to the referee's satisfaction.
10. A man on one knee is considered down and if struck is entitled to the stakes.
11. That no shoes or boots with spikes or springs (wire nails) be allowed.
12. The contest in all other respects to be governed by revised London Prize Ring Rules.

BOXING is a sport in which two opponents wearing gloves fight each other with their fists (English boxing) or with their
fists and feet (French boxing) following a code of rules.
Examples:
Ancient Greek boxing (Pygmachia)
Russian Fist Fighting (Kulachniy Boy)
Bare-Knuckle Boxing (Pugilism)
Amateur (Olympic) Boxing
Professional Boxing
Kickboxing
Musti-yuddha (Indian Kickboxing)
Savate (French kickboxing)
Sanda (Chinese kickboxing)
Indochinese Kickboxing
- Muay Thai (Thai Boxing)
- Muay Lao (Lao Boxing)
- Lethwei (Burmese boxing)
Shoot boxing Japanese combat sport introduced in 1985.
Boxing is a combat sport in which two participants (generally) of similar weight fight each other with their fists. Boxing
today is conducted in a regulated way, typically in a series of one to three-minute intervals called rounds. Victory is
achieved if the opponent is knocked down and unable to get up before the referee counts to ten (a Knockout, or KO) or if
the opponent is deemed too injured to continue (a Technical Knockout, or TKO). If there is no stoppage of the fight before
an agreed number of rounds, a winner is determined either by the referee's decision or by judges' scorecards. Although
fighting with fists comes naturally to people, the ancient Greeks were the first to make a sport of it, by giving rules and
staging tournaments with professionals. The birth hour of boxing as a sport may mark its allowance as an Olympic game
as early as 688 BC. Modern boxing evolved in Europe, particularly Great Britain. In some countries with their own fighting
sports, the sport is referred to as "English Boxing" (e.g. in France to contrast with French boxing). There are numerous
different forms of boxing
practiced across the world.
EQUIPMENT
The Ring is a square podium that is surrounded by stretched ropes and measures from 18 to 22 ft on the inside of the
ropes; the boxing bout takes place on it.
Stairs - Structural component for accessing the ring.\\
Apron - Part of the ring that is outside the ropes; the floor of the ring is about 3 ft high and must extend beyond the ropes
by at least 18 in.
Canvas - Covering for breaking falls that is made of flexible material and is about .5 in thick; a canvas is stretched on it.
Corner - Angle formed by the intersection of the ropes; the red and blue corners are reserved for the boxers, the other
two are neutral.
Ringside - Area surrounding the ring.
Ring Post - Pole located at the four corners of the ring that supports and stretches the ropes.
Corner Stool - Corner seat on which the boxer sits during breaks.
Corner Pad - Padded layer covering the posts to prevent injuries.
Turnbuckle - Metal part that is covered with padded matting and stretches the ropes around the ring.
Rope - Grouping of threads forming a cable 1 to 2 in thick that stretches between posts to delimit the ring. 
THE BOXER
The Boxer is an athlete who practices boxing; boxers are classified into weight categories.
Boxing trunks - Shorts coming down to mid-thigh.
Headgear - Rigid piece of equipment that protects the head especially during training and in Olympic boxing.
Glove - Padded covering for the hand and wrist to dampen the impact of punching.
Protective Cup - Molded plastic equipment that protects an athlete’s genitals.
Boxing Gloves - The gloves are provided by the organizers before the bout.
Lace - Narrow cord that passes through the glove’s eyelets to tighten it around the hand and wrist.
Mouthpiece - Protective device for the boxer’s teeth that is placed between the cheeks and teeth during a fight.
Bandage - Band of soft fabric (gauze) that is wrapped around the hand underneath the glove; it protects the hand against
fractures and supports the wrist.
OFFICIATING OFFICIALS
Physician - Person who treats the boxers in the event of injury; a doctor’s presence is mandatory and this individual may
end a fight in the event of serious injury.
Judge - One of the three or five officials who evaluate the performances; they score the boxers and pick the winner.
Timekeeper - Official who controls the number of breaks and rounds and their duration by ringing a gong or bell, except in
the case of a knockout.
Referee - Official who enforces the rules and directs the fight in the ring; after the bout, these individual collects and
checks the judges’ scores.
Second Trainer - Person who assists a boxer and ministers to him between rounds.
Trainer - Person who supervises the boxer’s training and is present during contests to coach the boxer on strategy.

Basic Self Defense

LEARNING CONTENT
What are your self-defense rights?
The right of self-defense (also called, when it applies to the defense of another, alter ego defense, defense of
others, defense of a third person) is the right for people to use reasonable force or defensive force, for the purpose of
defending one's own life (self-defense) or the lives of others.
  The right of self-defense is the right for people to use reasonable force or defensive force, for the purpose of defending
one's own life (self-defense) or the lives of others, including –in certain circumstances– the use of deadly force.
 
A countermeasure is a measure or action taken to counter or offset another one. As a general concept it implies precision,
and is any technological or tactical solution or system designed to prevent an undesirable outcome in the process. The
first known use of the term is in 1923.
Physical self-defense is the use of physical force to counter an immediate threat of violence. Such force can be either
armed or unarmed. In either case, the chances of success depend on a large number of parameters, related to the
severity of the threat on one hand, but also on the mental and physical preparedness of the defender.
TYPES OF SELF-DEFENSE
UNARMED
Many styles of martial arts are practiced for self-defense or include self-defense techniques. Some styles train primarily
for self-defense, while other martial or combat sports can be effectively applied for self-defense. Some martial arts train
how to escape from a knife or gun situation, or how to break away from a punch, while others train how to attack. To
provide more practical self-defense, many modern martial arts schools now use a combination of martial arts styles and
techniques, and will often customize self-defense training to suit individual participants.
ARMED
A wide variety of weapons can be used for self-defense. The most suitable depends on the threat presented, the victim or
victims, and the experience of the defender. Legal restrictions also greatly influence self-defense options.
In many cases there are also legal restrictions. While in some jurisdiction’s firearms may be
carried openly or concealed expressly for this purpose, many jurisdictions have tight restrictions on who can own firearms,
and what types they can own. Knives, especially those categorized as switchblades may also be controlled, as
may batons, pepper spray and personal stun guns and Tasers - although some may be legal to carry with a license or for
certain professions.
Non-injurious water-based self-defense indelible dye-marker sprays, or ID-marker or DNA-marker sprays linking a suspect
to a crime scene, would in most places be legal to own and carry.
Everyday objects, such as flashlights, baseball bats, newspapers, keyrings with keys, kitchen utensils and other tools,
and hair spray aerosol cans in combination with a lighter, can also be used as improvised weapons for self-defense. Tie-
wraps double as an effective restraint. Weapons such as the Kubotan (pocket stick) have been built for ease of carry and
to resemble everyday objects. Ballpoint pen knives, swordsticks, cane guns and modified umbrellas are similar categories
of concealed self-defense weapons that serve a dual purpose.
MENTAL
Mental self-defense is the ability to get into the proper 
mindset for executing a physical self-defense technique. Many martial arts schools and self-defense classes focus
primarily on the physical nature of self-defense and often neglect the mental aspect. If you are skilled in the physical
aspects of a defensive technique, but lack the mental toughness and tenacity to execute it, you will not be able to perform
- especially under duress.
Controlled environments cannot easily mimic the stress and adrenaline dump which occurs during an attack. There is a
very real need to be able to enter the proper "warrior mindset" if one is to have a realistic chance of surviving a potentially
deadly encounter. This warrior mindset is the ability to focus purely on the successful outcome of a situation without
becoming concerned with the consequences, even if they prove fatal in the dedicated pursuit of your desired outcome.
The ability to go over, under, around or through any obstacle is the essence of this "never quit" mindset - similar to that of
the Samurai of Japan. Self-preservation is a very powerful motivator and it is essential for ensuring that one has the
mental toughness and proper mindset to emerge the victor in an encounter with one or more attackers/aggressors.
OTHER FORMS OF SELF-DEFENCE
Avoidance
Being aware of and avoiding potentially dangerous situations is one useful technique of self-defense. Attackers will
typically select victims they feel they have an advantage against, such as greater physical size, numerical superiority or
sobriety versus intoxication.
De-escalation
Verbal Self Defense, also known as Verbal Judo or Verbal Aikido, is defined as using one's words to prevent, de-escalate,
or end an attempted assault. It is a way of using words as weapons or as a shield. This kind of 'conflict management' is
the use of voice, tone, and body language to calm a potentially violent situation before violence actually ensues.
Personal alarms
Personal alarms are a way to practice passive self-defense. A personal alarm is a small, hand-held device that emits
strong, loud, high-pitched sounds to deter attackers because the noise will sometimes draw the attention of passersby.
Child alarms can function as locators or device alarms such as for triggering an alert when a  swimming pool is in use to
help prevent dangerous situations in addition to being a deterrent against would-be aggressors.
SELF-DEFENSE EDUCATION (Why need to educate and to study self-defense?)
Self-defense techniques and recommended behavior under the threat of violence is systematically taught in self-defense
classes. Commercial self-defense education is part of the martial arts industry in the wider sense, and many martial arts
instructors also give self-defense classes. While all martial arts training can be argued to have some self-defense
applications, self-defense courses are marketed explicitly as being oriented towards effectiveness and optimized towards
situations as they occur in the real world. There are a large number of systems taught commercially, many tailored to the
needs of specific target audiences (e.g. defense against attempted rape for women, self-defense for children and teens).
Notable systems taught commercially include:
 civilian versions of modern military combative, such as Krav-Maga, Defendo, Spear, and Systema
 Jujutsuand arts derived from it, such as Aikijujutsu, Aikido, Bartitsu, German ju-jutsu, Kodokan Goshin Jutsu.
 Model Mugging
 Traditional unarmed fighting styles like Karate, Taekwondo, Kung fu, Hapkido, Pencak Silat, etc. These styles can
also include competing.
 Traditional armed fighting styles like KaliEskrima and Arnis. These include competing, as well as armed and
unarmed combat.
 Street Fighting oriented, unarmed systems, such as; Jeet Kune Do, Kajukenbo, Won Sung Do, and Keysi Fighting
Method
 Martial sports, such as boxing, kickboxing, Muay Thai, savate, shoot boxing, Sanshou, grappling, judo, Brazilian
jiu-jitsu, Sambo, mixed martial arts, and wrestling.
A course in self defense will typically comprise three parts, namely the knowledge of how to fight (which all of the above
will cover to some degree), avoidance and de-escalation techniques, and knowledge of the law regarding self defense in
the jurisdiction in question.
UNARMED SELF-DEFENSE
 Anti-theft system
  Armored car
 Body armor
 Bodyguard
 Cyber self-defense
 Digital self-defense
 Door security
 Gated community
 GPS tracking unit
 Guard dog
 Hand to hand combat
 Intrusion alarm
 Peroneal strike
 Physical security
 Safe room
 Secure telephone
 Video surveillance systems
ARMED SELF-DEFENSE
 Airgun
 Ballistic knife
 Boot knife
 Brass knuckles
 Club (weapon)
 Crossbow
 Defense wound
 Defensive gun use
 Gun safety
 Handgun
 Hiatt speedcuffs
 Hollow-point bullet
 Laser pointer
 Laser sight
 Mace (spray)
 Millwall brick
 Nunchuku
 Paintball gun
 PAVA spray
 Personal defense weapon
 Riot shotgun
 Self-defence in international law
 Slapjack (weapon)
 Slingshot
 Stun grenade
 Switchblade
 Throwing knife
 Tranquilizer gun
 Weighted-knuckle glove
 Legal and moral aspects
 Battered woman defense
 Castle doctrine
 Concealed carry
 Duty to retreat
 Gun-free zone
 Gun laws in the United States (by state)
  Gun politics
 Justifiable homicide
 Non-aggression principle
 Open Carry
 Self-defense in international law
 Self-preservation
 Sell your cloak and buy a sword
 Stand-your-ground law
 Turning the other cheek
BASIC SELF-DEFENSE MOVES ANYONE CAN DO (AND EVERYONE SOULD KNOW)
Would you be able to defend yourself and your loved ones if someone were to physically attack you? It’s a question most
of us don’t want to consider, but violence is, unfortunately, a fact of life. Thankfully, regardless of strength, size, or
previous training, anyone can learn several effective self-defense techniques. Here’s how to prepare for and stay safe in
common real-world violent situations.
PREVENTION IS THE BEST SELF-DEFENSE
First, remember that prevention is the best self-defense. Attackers, whatever their objectives, are looking for
unsuspecting, vulnerable targets. So be sure to follow general safety tips like being aware of your surroundings, only
walking and parking in well-lit areas, keeping your keys in hand as you approach your door or car, varying your route and
times of travel, and other personal security precautions.
OUTSTREAM VIDEO
Apart from avoiding confrontation, if you can defuse a situation (talk someone down from physically assaulting you) or get
away—by handing over your wallet/purse or whatever they want, do that. Hand over your money rather than fight. Nothing
you own is worth more than your life or health.
If violence is unavoidable, however, to really defend yourself, you’ll want to know ahead of time how to fight back
effectively—it’s possible even against someone bigger or stronger than you. Here are some basic self-defense techniques
that can keep you safe:
GET LOUD AND PUSH BACK
As soon as the attacker touches you or it’s clear that escape isn’t possible, shout loudly (“BACK OFF!”) and push back at
him or her (for simplicity’s sake we’re going to use “him” for the rest of the article, although your opponent could be
female). This does two things: it signals for help and it lets the attacker know you’re not an easy target. The video at left
from Rob Redenbach, a former trainer of Nelson Mandela’s bodyguards, shows why this is the first thing you need to do.
It may not dissuade all attackers, but getting loud will warn off those that were looking for easy prey.
BASIC PROCEDURES OF SELF DEFENSE FOR MEN AND WOMEN
Basic Self Defense
If you want to see the procedure of this self defense visit this website:
https://www.sportsrec.com/206646-keysi-fighting-method-techniques.html 
BASIC PROCEDURES OF SELF DEFENSE FOR MEN AND WOMEN
Basic Self Defense
If you want to see the procedure of this self defense visit this website:
https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/self-defense-tips-escape#8-moves-to-try
THE MOST EFFECTIVE BODY PARTS TO HIT
When you’re in a confrontation, you only have a few seconds and a few moves to try before the fight may be decided.
Before an attacker has gained full control of you, you must do everything you can—conserving as much energy as
possible—to inflict injury so you can get away. (This is no time to be civil. In a physical confrontation that calls for self-
defense, it’s hurt or be hurt.) So, aim for the parts of the body where you can do the most damage easily: the eyes, nose,
ears, neck, groin, knee, and legs. 
Depending on the position of the attacker and how close he is will determine where you will strike and with what part of
your body you will employ. Do not step in closer, say, to strike his nose with your hand, when you can reach his knee with
a kick.
When striking a target on the upper half of the body you will use your hand. Effective strikes can be made with the outer
edge of your hand in a knife hand position, a palm strike or knuckle blow for softer targets or a tightly curled fist.
Eyes: Gouging, poking, or scratching the attacker’s eyes with your fingers or knuckles would be effective, as you can
imagine. Besides causing a lot of pain, this should also make your escape easier by at least temporarily interfering with
his vision.
Neck: The side of the neck is a bigger target, where both the carotid artery and jugular vein are located. You could
possibly temporarily stun your attacker with a knife hand strike (all fingers held straight and tightly together, with thumb
tucked and slightly bent at the knuckle) at the side of the neck. (For even more injury, you could thrust your elbow into
your assailant’s throat while pitching the weight of your body forward. See the Target Focus Training video below.)
Knee: Some says the knee is an ideal self-defense target, vulnerable from every angle and easily kicked without risk of
your foot being grabbed. Kick the side of the knee to cause injury or partially incapacitate your attacker. Kicking the front
of the knee may cause more injury but is less likely to result in imbalance.
HOW TO MAXIMIZE DAMAGE?
Use your elbows, knees, and head. Those are the parts of the body that are most sensitive when hit. Now here are the
parts of the body used most effectively for inflicting damage: your elbows, knees, and head (they’re your body’s bony
built-in weapons).
Use everyday objects. Everyday objects you carry around with you or things in your environment can also be used to your
advantage as weapons. Hold a key or pen between your middle and ring finger while you’re walking home in the dark for
more assurance. Outdoors, you can toss some dirt or sand into your attacker’s eyes. Women are often told to spray
perfume or hairspray into an assailant’s eyes. The point is, use whatever you can to make your defense stronger (for
more inspiration, watch some Jackie Chan movies).
Leverage your weight. No matter your size, weight, or strength in relation to your opponent, you can defend yourself by
strategically using your body and the simple law of physics. This is the principle behind martial arts systems like Jujitsu
and other self-defense programs where a smaller person is able to defeat a larger one.