SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

STSTED1 STEEL DESIGN

Prepared By: STEEL DESIGN

A STSTED1
Self-regulated Learning Module
ENGR. DAVES B. GURON

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COURSE DESCRIPTION:
A professional course common to all civil engineering students designed to provide
fundamental concepts, principles and the theories in the analysis and design of structural steel
(tension members and compression members). The course is only limited to the codes
provided by the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) and the Association of
Structural Engineers in the Philippines (ASEP).

REQUIREMENT GUIDE OF THE COURSE:

The student is expected to punctually comply with class participation and submission of
activities per grading period. At the end of the semester, the students are expected to submit
the following requirements;
a. Compiled activities of the course
b. Evaluation of the course
c. Evaluation of the course module
d. Personal e-portfolio using google site with narrative report for each chapter

RUBRICS FOR PROBLEM SOLVING ACTIVITIES

Point distribution
10 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
6 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
4 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

RUBRICS FOR PROCESS QUESTIONS

Point distribution
7 Explained briefly the idea being asked and with correct principles and concepts
4 Incomplete explantion but with correct concepts
2 Wrong principles and concepts
0 Didn‟t write anything at all

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, the students are able to understand the theories and concept of

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stresses that is used in the design and analysis of structural steel. The students are also able
to apply these theoretical concepts and the limitations provided by the NSCP and ASEP in
designing structural steel for their practice as future structural engineers.
STUDY SCHEDULE AND ASSIGNMENT GUIDE

Week Lesson Activities Deadline

1 Introduction to Structural Steel Design Activity1 January 21,2021

Quiz 1 January 21,2021

2 Analysis of Tension members Activity 2 January 28,2021

Quiz 2 February 28,2021

3 Bolted Connection for Tension Activity 3 February 2,2021

Members
Quiz3 February 4,2021

4 Design of Tension Members Activity 4 February 9,2021

Quiz 4 February 9,2021

5 Tension and Shear in Bolted Activity 5 February 11,2021
Connections
Quiz 5 February 11, 20 21

6 Eccentrically Loaded Bracket Activity 6 February 16, 2021

Connections
Quiz 6 February 16,2021

6 First grading examination 1st Grading Exam February 18, 2021

7-8 Bending Stresses Activity 7 February 25,2021

Shearing Stresses Quiz 7 February 25,2021
Deflection of Beams Activity 8 March 2, 2021

Quiz 8 March 4,2021

9 Bending in Both Axis Activity 9 March 9,2021

Quiz 9 March 11,2021

10 Local Web Yielding and Web Crippling Activity 10 March 11,2021

Quiz 10 March 16, 2021

11 Tension and Bending Activity 11 March 18,2021

Quiz 11 March 18,2021

12 Midterm grading examination Midterm Exam March 25, 2021

13 & 14 Axially Loaded Compression Members Activity 12 March 30,2021

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 Quiz 12 April 1,2021

Activity 13 April 1,2021

Quiz 13 April 6, 2021

15 Local Buckling for Stiffened and Activity 14 April 8,2021

Unstiffened Elements
Quiz 14 April 8,2021

16 & 17 Design for Axial Compression with Activity 15 April 13,2021

Bending
Quiz 15 April 15,2021

Activity 16 April 15,2021

Quiz 16 April 20,2021

18 Welded Connections Activity 17 April 22,2021

Welded Base Plate Quiz 17 April 22,2021

19 Final Grading Period Final Exam April 27,2021

*For the submission of all activities, you can email thru email [email protected] or you
can contact with this number 09670082839.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Introduction to Structural Steel Design…………………………………………………....7
Chapter 2: Analysis of Tension Members…………….……………………………………………....28
Chapter 3: Bolted Connection for Tension Members …………………………………………………44

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Chapter 4: Design of Tension Members………………………………………………………………..56
Chapter 5: Tension and Shear in Bolted Connections…………………………………………….....71
Chapter 6: Eccentrically Loaded Bracket Connections……………………………………………...78
Chapter 7: Bending, Shearing, and Deflection of Beams………………………………………….104
Chapter 8: Bending in Both Axis ……………………………………………………………………..112
Chapter 9: Local Web Yielding and Web Crippling ………………………………………………112
Chapter 10: Tension and Bending …………………………………………………………………..112
Chapter 11: Axially Loaded Compression Members ………………………………………………112
Chapter 12: Local Buckling for Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements ……………………………..112
Chapter 13: Design for Axial Compression with Bending………………………………………….112
Chapter 14: Welded Connections……………………………………………………………………112
References……………………………………………………………………………………………….119

CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Structural Steel Design

Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, students can identify the advantages and
disadvantages of steel as structural material, the duties and responsibility of a structural designer, and
can designate structural steel sections.

Summary of the topics:

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 - Advantages of Steel as Structural Material
- Disadvantages of Steel as Structural Material
- Applicability of structural steel
- Typical stress-strain diagram for mild or low carbon steel
- Production of steel
- The work of Structural designer
- Responsibilities of structural designer
- Failure of structure

Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material

1. High strength
The high strength of steel per unit weight means that the weight of structures will be
small. This fact is of great importance for long span bridges, tall buildings and structures
situated on poor foundations.

2. Uniformity
The properties of steel do not change appreciably with time, as do those of a reinforced-
concrete structure.

3. Elasticity
Steel behaves closer to design assumptions than most materials because it follows
Hooke‟s law up to fairly high stresses. The moments of inertia of a steel structure can
be accurately calculated, while the values obtained for a reinforced-concrete structure
are rather indefinite.

4. Permanence
Steel frames that are properly maintained will last indefinitely. Research on some of the
newer steels indicates that under certain conditions no painting maintenance will be
required.

5. Ductility
The property of a material by which it can withstand extensive deformation without
failure under high tensile stresses. A material that does not have this property is
generally unacceptable and is probably hard and brittle, and it might break if subjected
to a sudden shock.

6. Toughness
Structural steel is tough, they have both strength and ductility. A steel member loaded
until it has large deformations will be able to withstand large forces. This is a very
important characteristic, because it means that steel members can be subjected to large
deformations during fabrication and erection without fracture-thus allowing then to be
hammered, and sheared, and to have holes punched in them without visible damage.

7. Additions to existing structures

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 Steel structures are quite well suited to having additions made to them. New bays or
even entire new wings can be added to existing steel frame buildings, and steel bridges
may often be widened.

Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material:

1. Corrosion
Most steels are susceptible to corrosion when freely exposed to air and water, and
therefore must be painted periodically. The use of weathering steels, however, in
suitable applications tends to eliminate corrosion. Steels also are available in which
copper is used as an anti-corrosion component. The copper is usually absorbed during
the steelmaking process.

2. Fireproofing cost
Although structural members are incombustible, their strength is tremendously reduced
at temperatures commonly reached in fires when the other materials in the building
burn. Steel is an excellent heat conductor – non-fireproofed steel members may
transmit enough heat from a burning section or compartment of a building to ignite
materials with which they are in contact in adjoining sections of the building. As a result,
the steel frame of a building may have to be protected by materials with certain
insulating characteristics, and the building may have to include a sprinkler system if it is
to meet the building code requirements of the locality in question.

3. Susceptibility to buckling
As the length and slenderness ratio of a compression member is increased, its danger
of buckling increases. For most structures, the use of steel columns is very economical
because of their high strength-to-weight ratios. Occasionally, however, some additional
steel is needed to stiffen them so they will not buckle. This tends to reduce their
economy.

4. Fatigue
Another desirable property of steel is that its strength may be reduced if it is subjected
to a large number of stress reversals or even to a large number of variations of tensile
stress. The present practice is to reduce the estimations of strength of such members if
it is anticipated that they will have more than a prescribed number of cycles of stress
variation. Fatigue problems only occurs when tension is involved.

5. Brittle fracture
Under certain conditions steel may lose its ductility, and brittle fracture may occur at
places of stress concentration. Fatigue-type loadings and very low temperatures
aggravate the situation. Tri-axial stress conditions can also lead to brittle fracture.

Applicability of Structural Steel

Structural steel has many applications across a wide range of industries namely, construction,
manufacturing, transport, mining, shipbuilding, energy, and packaging. It is the most preferred

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metal by architects, designers, engineers, contractors, and fabricators. It is highly durable,
corrosion resistant, tensile and affordable.

Typical Stress-Strain diagram for a mild or low carbon structural steel

Stress-Strain Diagram

a. Proportional limit – the highest point on the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram
or the largest stress for which Hooke‟s law applies.
b. Elastic limit – the largest stress that a material can withstand w/out being permanently
deformed.
c. Yield stress – the stress at which there is a significant increase in the elongation, or
strain, without a corresponding increase in stress
d. Elastic strain – the strain that occurs before the yield stress
e. Plastic strain – the strain that occurs after the yield stress, with no increase in stress
f. Strain hardening – the range that follows the plastic strain in which additional stress is
necessary to produce additional strain

Production of steel

1. HOT ROLLED STEEL – it takes place in a mill, molten steel is taken from the furnace and
poured into a continuous casting system where the steel solidifies but is never allowed to
cool completely. The hot steel passes through a series of rollers that squeeze the material
into the desired shape cross-sectional shape. Rolling the steel while it is still hot allowing it
to be deformed with no resulting loss in ductility.

Structural steels can be grouped as:

1. Plain carbon steel – Mostly iron and carbon, with less than 1% carbon (Fy= 220-290
MPA)

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 2. High strength low ally steel (HSLA) – these steels are higher in strength than the
plain carbon steels and also have some special quality, such as resistance to corrosion.
(Fy= 480-840 MPA)

3. Low alloy steel – Iron and carbon plus other components. The additional components
are primarily for increasing strength, which is accomplished at the expense of a
reduction in ductility. (Fy= 480-690 MPA)

2. COLD FORMED STEEL- these are made by bending thin sheets of carbon or low-alloy
steels into almost desired cross section without heating. It may be used for light
members in roofs, floors and walls.

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 Structural Shapes *N
Steel Shape Designation OT
W27 x 114 W section approximately 27 in. deep, weighing 114 lb/ft E: if
S12 x 35 S section 12 in. deep, weighing 35 lb/ft the
HP12 x 74 A bearing pile section approximately 12 in. deep, weighing 74 lb/ft val
M8 x 6.5 Miscellaneous section 8 in. deep, weighing 6.5 lb/ft ues
C10 x 30 Channel 10 in. deep, weighing 30 lb/ft are
MC18x 58 Miscellaneous channel 18 in deep, weighing 58 ln/ft, 10 in wide, too
with a 5/8 in wall thickness larg
HSS14 x 10 x 5/8 Rectangular hollow structural steel 14 in deep, 10 in wide with a e
5/8 in wall thickness the
L6 x 6 x ½ An equal leg angle, each leg being 6 in long and ½ in thick unit
WT18 x 151 A tee obtained by splitting a W36 x 302 will
be
in mm, Kg/m
 BARS – circular, square or rectangular cross-sections. If the width of the rectangular
shape is 8 inches or less, it is classified as bar.
 PLATE – If the width of a rectangular shape is more than 8 inches, it is classified as a
plate.

Properties of Structural Steel:

ASTM Type of Steel Min. Yield Specified Min.
Designation Stress (Fy) MPa Tensile Strength
(Fu)
A 36 Carbon 248 400 - 551
A 529 Carbon 290 414 - 580
A 441 High Strength low - alloy 276 - 345 414 - 484
A 572 High Strength low - alloy 290 - 450 414 - 551
A 242 Atmospheric Corrosion Resistant High 290 - 345 435 - 484
strength low - alloy
A 588 Atmospheric Corrosion Resistant High 290 - 345 435 - 484
strength low - alloy
A 852 Quenched and Tempered low - alloy 484 622 - 484
A 514 Quenched and Tempered low - alloy 622 - 690 690 – 898

The work of the structural designer

Structural designer arranges and proportions structures and their parts so that they will
satisfactorily support the loads to which they may feasibly be subjected. He/ She is involved
with the general layout of structures; studies of the possible structural forms that can be used;
consideration of loading conditions; analysis of stresses; deflections; designs of parts and the
preparation of design drawings.

Responsibilities of the structural designer

The structural designer must learn to arrange and proportion the parts of structures so
that they can be practically erected and will have sufficient strength and reasonable economy.

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*Safety
*Cost
*Constructability

Failure of structure
•Details of connection (twisting moments)
•Deflections (insufficient bearing or anchorage)
•Erection problems (inadequate attention to deflections, fatigue of members, bracing against
swaying, vibrations and the possibility of buckling of compression members)
•Foundation settlement (cause unsightly cracks and depreciation of the structure)

ACTIVITY 1:
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

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Instruction: Provide the designation for the following steel shape. Write your answer on the space
provide for each item. (2 points for each item)

No. Steel Shape Steel Designation

1 W 920 x 342

2 C 100 x 8

3 ST 12 x 53

4 L178 x 102 x 19

5 MC 10 x 25

6 HP 10 x 42

7 S 380 x 64

8 MT 125 x 6

9 MC 250 x 50

10 WT 125 x 40

QUIZ 1
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Write the answer that best describe the following items on the space provided before the number and

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loop it on the table presented. (2 points each)

1. It is a property of steel and if it is not present the material will break if

sudden load is applied.
2. It is an advantage of steel as a structural material compare to reinforced
concrete.
3. It is a steel usually used for light members in roof, floors and walls.

4. It is a property of steel that can withstand a large number of forces.

5. It is the most important property of steel to the designer and it is the first
point on the stress strain diagram where tangent to the curve is
horizontal.
6. It is usually used as an anti-corrosion component of steel.

7. It causes a large number of structural failures.

8. It is a source of failure due to the insufficient bearing or anchorage on

beams.
9. It must be considered in designing without sacrificing the strength of the
structure.
10. It is a problem due to inadequate attention to deflections, fatigue of
members, bracing against swaying, vibrations and the possibility of
buckling of compression members
11. This is done while steel is still hot to allow it to be deformed with no
resulting loss in ductility.
12. It is obtained by splitting a W steel section.

13. It is very important for the construction of long span bridges, high rise
structures and other structures on poor foundations.
14. It is the largest stress that a material can withstand w/out being
permanently deformed.
15. It the range in which additional stress is necessary to produce additional
strain

S K G H S D G J Y G D G Y E S F G N U J K K S
T I H E T O U G H N E S S C H A G I Y O I A G
E N A A O U T F O R C A G R C F G K S K N O H
E G V L P G U N O I T C E L F E D G A E G I M
L O C T E H F L U T E W H E R E Y H R R N D E

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 Q P N C O L D F U N S T R A I N I J A F N H E
W P I O G N O O O G J O I N T T N D N D I A I
D A O N S U D G L R E A R M E H G F G E A R O
F C H R S T F U L T M E A Y G G T R A S R D Y
G C V U E S C F C V S E N A E N R B N C T E H
J C S I R P B I E T L O D G B E I G N V S N S
H I T N T O P X L Q I Q C G U R S L U N V I G
U T R M S T E O L T T L X N R T D O L U C N V
A S A A D H D R C Z G U I E N S B V G O X G E
R A I W L I F E R X A F D T H H Y E P I R R R
E L N A E S R H E A O T X G Y G D P D J F G F
B E L R I E H E A R I N G A D I E I E O G I G
I N T O Y G D G M C A C T U S H U I I M I O H
T N E M E L T T E S N O I T A D N U O F R E E
I L L T I N E D G N H J Y A B G R U X C D U I
O G H Y J K E Y T I M R O F I N U M K L I O B

I. List the items being asked for the following items. (2 points each)
1. Enumerate at least four additional advantages of steel as structural material other than the listed
on this lesson.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. Enumerate at least three items a structural designer must consider in construction of a
structure.
a.
b.
c.
3. Enumerate at least three advantages of a hot rolled formed steel from cold formed steel.
a.
b.
c.

CHAPTER 2
ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS
Learning Outcome: At the end of the lesson, the students are able to analyze tension members and
apply the code limitations set by NSCP in checking the capacity of tension members.

Summary of the Topics:

- Allowable tensile stresses on bolted/riveted connected)

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 - Effect of staggered holes in computation of net areas
- Staggered rivets in angular sections
- Effect of net area for bolted or riveted connection
- Values of reduction coefficient for bolted or riveted connections
- Effective net area for welded connections
- Block shear

Tension members are found in bridge and roof trusses, towers and bracing systems, and in
situations where they are used as tie rods. The selection of a section to be used as a tension member
is one of the simplest problems encountered in design. As there is no danger of member buckling, the
designer needs to determine only the load to be supported.
Allowable tensile stresses (Bolted/ Rivet Connected)
A. For gross areas members at sections where there are no holes.

B. For sections where there are holes for bolts or rivets

Where:
Fy = minimum yield stress in MPa
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength in MPa

Allowable capacity of a tensile member with bolt or rivet holes permitted by the NSCP specifications is
equal to the smaller of the following two values

Where:
Ag = gross area of a member at any point which is determined by summing the products of the
thickness and the gross width of each element as measured normal to the axis of the member
Ae = actual effective net area

An = net area (Area gross – no. of holes * Diameter of hole * Thickness of member)
U = Reduction coefficient

For pin-connected members:

A. Tension

B. Bearing stress on the projected area of the pin.

On contact area of milled surface and ends of fitted bearing stiffness, on projected area
of pins is reamed, drilled or bored holes.

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For expansion rollers and rockers

Where: d = Diameter of roller or rocker in mm and Fp is in newton per linear millimeter.

Net areas:
Net areas refer to the gross-sectional area of a member minus any holes and notches. The
gross area of a member at any point shall be determined by summing the products of the
thickness and the gross width of each element as measured normal to the axis of the member.
The width of a bolt or rivet hole shall be 1.6 mm greater than the nominal dimension of the hole
as shown on the table.
Nominal Hole Dimensions (mm)
Bolt Diameter Hole Dimensions
Standard (Dia.) Oversize (Dia.) Short-slot Long-slot
Width x Length Width x Length
12 14 16 14 x 17 14 x 32
16 17 21 17 x 22 17 x 40
20 21 24 21 x 25 21 x 48
22 24 27 24 x 28 24 x 55
25 27 32 27 x 33 27 x 63
(d+1.6) (d+8) (d+1.6) (d+10) (d+1.6) (2.5d)

SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. Determine the net area of the 10 mm x 200 mm plate for the butt joint connection shown if the
diameter of bolts is 20 mm.
SOLUTION:
D hole= 20 mm + 1.6 mm = 21.6 mm
Ag = 200 mm * 10 mm = 2000 mm2
An = 2000 – 2 (21.6) (10) = 1568 mm2
For the purpose of design calculations,
the net area must be less than or
equivalent to 85% of the gross area.

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Effect of staggered Holes in Computation of net areas
NSCP Section 502.3.2 specifies that for chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or
zigzag line, the net width of the part shall be obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the
diameters or slot dimensions of all holes in the chain, and adding, for each gage space in the chain
quantity

Where S = longitudinal center to center spacing (pitch) of any consecutive holes

g = transverese center to center spacing (gage) between fastener gage lines

SAMPLE PROBLEM
2. Compute the net are of the riveted connection shown if the thickness of the plate is 12 mm.
Diameter of hole is 22.6 mm.
SOLUTION
*The net area that will govern will be the smallest because it is where the
critical fracture will occur.
Ag = 300mm * 12mm = 3600 mm2
-Considering route ABCD
An = 3600 mm – 2(22.6)(12) + ((502)/4(175))(12)
An = 3100.46 mm2
-Considering route ABECD
An = 3600 – 3(22.6)(12) + ((752)/4(100))(12) +
((252)/4(75))(12)
An = 2980.15 mm2
An = 2980.15 mm2
Staggered Rivets in angular sections
When holes are staggered on two legs of an angle, the length g to be used in s2/4g expression is
obtained as g = g1 + g2 - t

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g = g1 = g2 – t
g = 56 + 62 – 12 = 106 mm

SAMPLE PROBLEM
3. Compute the net are of the 150 x 100 x 12 angular section with 22.6 diameter hole. Area of the
angular section is 3064 mm2.

SOLUTION:
*The net area that will govern will be the smallest because it is where the critical fracture will occur.
-Route AC

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An = 3064 – 2(22.6)(12) = 2521.6 mm2
-Route ABC

An = 3064 – 3(22.76)(12) + (752/4(62.5)) (12) + (752/4(106.75))(12) = 2678.48 mm2

An = 2526.6 mm2

Effective net area for bolted or riveted connections

NSCP Section 502.4 The net area as computed has been reduced due to the presenc of the hole which
obviously increases the unit stress in a tension member even if the hole is occupied by a rivet or bolt.
This refers to the gross cross sectional area of a memebr minus any holes. The area of the holes
subtracted is rectangular and equals the diameter of the hole times the thickness of the metal. The net
area as computed gives the reduced section that resist tension but still does not correctly reflect the
strength especially if the tension member consists of elements not in acommon plane and where the
tensile load is tranmitted at the end of the member by cnnection to some but not all of the elements. An
angular section which is connected to one leg is an example of such a situation. The tensile force in this
case is not uniformly distributed over the net area. The account for the non uniformity, NSCP provides
an effective net area Ae = U An
But when the load is transmitted directly to each of the cross sectional elements by connectors, the
effective net area will be the same to net are.
Values of Reduction coefficient for bolted or riveted connections
*When the tensile load is transmitted by bolts through all the cross-sectional elements of a
member…………………………………………………………………………………………U = 1.0
* W, M or S –shapes with flange widths not less than 2/3 the depth and structural tees cut fro these
shapes provided the connections is to the flanges. Bolted or riveted connections shall have no fewer
than three fasteners per line in the direction of stress………………….U = 0.90
*W,M or S-shapes not meeting the later condition, structural tees cut from these shapes and all other
shapes including built up sections. Bolted or riveted connections shall have no fewer than three
fasteners per line in the direction of stress………………………………………….U=0.85
*All members with bolted or riveted connections having only two fasteners per line in the direction of
stress…………………………………………………………………………......U = 0.75
Effective net area for welded connections
NSCP section 502.4
a) When the load is transmitted by welds through some but not all of the cross sectional elements
of the member, the effective net area shall be computed as
Ae = U Ag
b) When the load is tranmitted to a plane by longitudinal welds slong both edges at the end of the
plate, the length of the welds shall bot be less than the width of the plate.

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 Reduction coefficient for effective net area computation for welded connection
When L > 2W …………………… U = 1
When 2W > L > 1.5W…………….U = 0.87
When 1.5 W > L > W ……………..U = 0.75
Block shear
Not all the time that the allowable tensile load is always controlled by 0.60 Fy Ag or 0.50 Fu Ae or by
the allowable load on bolts or welds with which the joint is connected. Sometimes it is controlled by its
allowable block shear strength.
In analysis of block shear strength, the failure of any block may occur along a path involving shear on
one plane and tension on a perpendicular plane.
The allowable block shear strength of a particular member is determine by computing the allowable
shear stress 0.30 Fu times the net shear area Av plus the allowable tensile stress 0.50 Fu times the net
tension area At

Where:
0.30Fu = allowable shear stress
0.50Fu = allowable tensile stress
Av = Net shear area
At = Net Tension area

Critical sections for block shear

a. Bolted angle

( *

( *

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b. Bolted Flange W section

c. Bolted connection

d. Welded Plates

e. Welded connections

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 f. Bolted connections with
staggered rivets

Illustrative problems:
1. A steel plate as shown in the figure has a thickness of 12 mm. Diameter of the hole is 18.6. A36
is used with value of Fy = 248 MPA and Fu = 400 MPa.

a. Determine the minimum S for which only two

and a half bolts need be subtracted at any
one section in calculating the net area.
b. Determine the effective net area of the
section(U=0.75)
c. Determine the allowable tensile strength of
the section.

SOLUTION:
a.Minimum S
*Calculate first the net area with the given condition
An = 300(12) – 2.5(18.6)(12) = 3042 mm2
*Consider route ABCD
An = 3042 = 300(12) – 3(18.6)(12) +
(S2/4(75))(12) + (S2/4(75))(12)
S = 37.35 mm
b. Effective net area
Ae = U An = 0.75 (3042) = 2281.5 mm2
c.Allowable tensile strength
*Tension due to gross Area
Tg = 0.60 Fy Ag = 0.60 (248 N/mm2)
(300mm)(12mm) = 535680 N
*Tension due to net Area
Tn = 0.50 Fu Ae = 0.50 (400)(2281.5) =
456,300 N
T = 456,300 N = 456.3 KN (lesser value of tension will
govern )

2. A miscellaneous channel MC 300 x 67 is bolted as shown on the figure . A36 steel is used and
bolt hole is 22.6 mm.
a. Compute the net area of the channel section
b. Compute the effective net area of the channel section
c. Compute the allowable tensile strength of the channel section

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 Ag = 8250 mm2
d = 300 mm
tw = 17.8 mm
tf = 17.5 mm
bf = 100.3 mm

SOLUTION
a.Net area of the channel
*Consider the given line of fracture, 3 holes will be subtracted to the gross area
An = 8250 – 3(22.6)(17.8) + (502/4(87.5))(17.8) + (502/4(87.5))(17.8) = 7297.45 mm2
b.Effective net area of the channel
Ae = 0.85 An = 0.85 (7297.45) = 6202.83 mm2
c.Allowable tensile strength of the channel
Tg = 0.60 Fy Ag = 0.60 (248)(8250) = 1227600 N
Tn = 0.50 Fu Ae = 0.50(400)(6202.83) = 1240566 N
T = 1227600 N = 1227.6 KN (lesser value governs)
3. In the connection shown in the figure, bolt diameter is 20 mm and A36 steel is used for all the
components. The hole diameter have an adjustment of 2 mm. Consider both tension member
and the gusset plate, compute the allowable block shear strength of the connection.

Tensile capacity of tension member Tensile capacity of gusset plate

A Self-regulated Learning Module 24

 *for the value of Av (Parellel to tensile force) *for the value of Av (Paralle to the tensile force)
2
Av = (130 – 1.5(22))(2)(11) = 2134 mm Av = (155– 1.5(22))(2)(9.5) = 2318 mm2
*for the value of AT (perpendicular to tensile force) *for the value of AT (perpendicular to tensile force)
2
At = (80-22)(11) = 638mm At = (80-22)(9.5) = 551mm2
TBS = 0.30 Fu Av + 0.50 Fu At TBS = 0.30 Fu Av + 0.50 Fu At
TBS = 0.3(400)(2134) + 0.5(400)(638) TBS = 0.3(400)(2318) + 0.5(400)(551)
TBS = 383680 N TBS = 388360 N
T = 383680 N (lesser value governs)
4. A 75mm x 75mm x 6mm angular section is welded to a gusset plate 8 mm thick as shown in the
figure. The length L1 equals to 125 mm and L2 is 65 mm. The angular section has a cross
sectional area of 929 mm2.
Allowable tensile stress(gross area) = 0.60 Fy
Allowable tensile stress(net area) = 0.5 Fu
Allowable shear stress(net area) = 0.3 Fu
a. Calculate the tensile force based on
gross area
b. Calculate the tensile force based on
net area (U=0.85)
c. Calculate the tensile force based on
the block shear on gusset plate

SOLUTION
a. Tensile force based on gross area
Tg = 0.6 Fy Ag
Tg = 0.6(248)(929) = 138.24 KN
b. Tensile force based on net area
Tn = 0.50 Fu Ae
Tn = 0.50 (0.85)(929) = 157.93 KN
c. Tension force based on bloch shear of gusset plate
Av = (125 + 65)(8) = 1520 mm2
At = (75)(8) = 600 mm2
TBS = 0.30 Fu Av + 0.50 Fu At
T BS = 0.3(400)(1520) + 0.5(400)(600) = 302400N = 302.40 KN

A Self-regulated Learning Module 25

 ACTIVITY 2
ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS
Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

1. The figure shows a plate having a width of 400 mm and thickness of 12 mm is to be connected
to another plate by 34 mm diameter bolts as shown. Assume diameter of holes to be 2 mm
larger than the diamter of the bolts. Usse a36 steel plate. For a chain of holes extending across
a part in any diagonal or zigzag line, the net width of the part shall be obtained by deducting
from the gross width the sum of the diameters or slot dimensions of all holes in the chain and
adding, for each gage space in the chain, the quantity s2/4g. If a = 60 mm, c = 150 mm and d =
100mm

a. Calculate the value of b so that the net width along bolts 1-2-3-4 is equal to the net width along
bolts 1-2-4
b. Calculate the value of the net area for tension in the plates.
c. Calculate the value of p so that the allowable tensile stresses will not be exceeded.

1. A steel plate is 360 mm wide and 20 mm thick with four bolt holes 25 mm diameter cut into the
plate as shown in the figure. Calculate the critical net area.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 26

QUIZ 2
ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS
Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.

Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

1. An angular section 100 mm x 75 mm x 6.25 mm is riveted by a 19mm diameter rivets

arranged as indicated. Assume A36 steel and diameter of the hole is 3 mm greater than
rivet diameter.
a. Determine the capacity of the section based on yielding of gross area
b. Determine the capacity of the section based on tensile fracture of the net area.
c. Determine the capacity of the section based on block shear failure.

2. A 6 x 6 x 3/8 angle welded to a 3/8 gusset plate as shown in the figure.all steel is A36 Steel.
Fy = 36 Ksi and Fu = 58 Ksi.
a. Calculate the tensile force based on gross area
b. Calculate the tensile force based on net area (U=0.85)
c. Calculate the tensile force based on the block shear on gusset plate

A Self-regulated Learning Module 27

 CHAPTER 3
BOLTED CONNECTIONS FOR TENSION MEMBERS
Learning Outcome: At the end of the lesson, the students are able to analyze tension members and
apply the code limitations set by NSCP in checking the capacity of tension members.

Summary of the Topics:

- Types of Bolts
- Size and types of holes for bolts
- Type of Bolted Connections
- Failure of Bolted joints
- Minimum Spacing, Minimum Edge Distance, and maximum edge distance and spacing.

TYPES OF BOLTS
Bolting and welding have been the methods used for making structural steel connections for the past
few decades and riveting is almost obsolete because they no longer provide the most economical
connections. Rivets are still occasionally used for fasteners but their use has declined to such a degree
that most steel fabricators have discontinued riveting altogether.

TYPES OF BOLTS FOR CONNECTING MEMBERS

1. Unfinished bolts- sometimes called ordinary or common bolts. They are classified by the
ASTM as A302 bolts and are made from carbon steels with stress-strain characteristics similar
to those of A-36 steel.
2. High strength bolts- they are made from medium-carbon heat treated steel and from alloy
steel and have
tensile
strengths
greater than
those of
ordinary bolts.
They are
designated as
A325 and A490
bolts.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 28

A Self-regulated Learning Module 29
Sizes and Types of Bolts
Standard-size bolt and rivet holes are 1.6 mm larger in diameter than bolt or rivets.
1. Oversized Holes – they are used in all plies of connection as long as the applied load does not
exceed the allowable slip resistance. They should not be used in bearing type connection.

2. Short slotted holes – They are used regardless of the direction of the applied load if the
permissible slip resistance is larger than the applied force. If the load be applied in a direction
normal to the slot, these holes maybe used in any bearing type connections.

3. Long slotted holes – They are use in only one of the connected parts of friction type or bearing
type connections. For friction type these holes maybe used in any direction but for bearing type
connections the load must be normal to the axis of the slotted holes. If long slotted holes are
used in an outer ply, they will need to be covered by plate washers.
Minimum Spacing of Bolts (Section 510.4.8)
Distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted fastener holes shall not be less than 1.33
times the nominal diameter of the fastener or less than that required by the following paragraphs, if
applicable.

Along a line of transmitted forces, the distance between centers of holes “S” shall be less than 3d
when:
for standard or short-slotted holes with two or more bolts in line of force.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 30

 for long-slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to the direction of load and
with two or more bolts in line of force. Otherwise, the distance between centers of holes shall not be
less than the following:

Where: P= Force transmitted by one fastener to the critical connected part.

Fu= Specified min. tensile strength of the critical connected part.
T= thickness of critical connected part
d= nominal diameter of fastener

Minimum Edge Distance:

Maximum Edge Distance and Spacing:

A Self-regulated Learning Module 31

For unpainted built-up members which is exposed to atmospheric corrosion:

Sample Problem:
A double lap splice connection shown in figure is made up of 6mmx150mm and 9mmx150 mm. Use
NSCP specifications and assume a double row of bolts with standard size holes for a bearing type
connection with threads excluded from the shear planes. Minimum Tensile strength Fu = 552.93 MPa.
Assume diameter if hole is 3 mm bigger than the diameter of bolts. Allowable shear stress is Fv = 207
MPa. Allowable bearing stress fp = 1.2Fu. Diameter of bolts is 19mm. Fy = 449.25 MPa.

a. Compute the tensile capacity of the steel plates.

b. Compute the number of 19 mm diameter bolts to develop the full strength of the plates.
c. Compute the theoretical end distance required.
d. Compute the minimum theoretical length of the lap if it is a friction type connection.
Solution:
a. Tensile capacity of steel plates: By inspection the cross-sectional area of the center plates is
less than the sum of the areas of the two outer plates, therefore check the capacity of the center
plate only.

Tensile Capacity (T):

b. Number of Bolts:
Max. capacity of each bolt in terms of shearing and bearing.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 32

 - By Shear (Double shear)

By Bearing of Bolts
-
( *

Use R= 113,461 N

Number of Bolts:

c. End distance required Le:

P = Load per bolt

d. Theoretical Length of Lap

A Self-regulated Learning Module 33

 ACTIVITY 3
BOLTED CONNECTIONS FOR TENSION MEMBERS

Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

A bolted bearing type of connection shown in the figure consists of 16mm x 150mm steel plates with
22mm diameter A 325 bolts and A 572 Grade 50 plate material with standard holes (Fy=345.6 MPa).
Minimum tensile strength Fu=449.3 MPa. Allowable shearing stress Fv=207 MPa. For bolt threads
excluded from shear plane. Diameter of the hole is 3mm bigger than bolt diameter.
a. Determine the tensile capacity of the bearing type connection if the bolt threads are excluded
from the shear plane.
b. Determine the tensile capacity of the bearing type connection if the bolt threads are included in
the shear plane. Allowable shear stress Fv=145 MPa.
c. Compute the theoretical length of Lap/ splice if the bolt threads are excluded from the shear
plane.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 34

 QUIZ 3
BOLTED CONNECTIONS FOR TENSION MEMBERS

Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

A Lap joint shown in the figure is bolted with A 325 Bolts having diameter of 32mm and A 572 Grade 50
Plate material 16m x 150 mm with standard holes. Assume diameter of holes is 3mm larger than the
bolt. Fy=345.6 MPa, Fu=449.3 MPa, Fv=207.3 MPa for bearing type connection. Fv=121 MPa for a
friction type connection.
a. Determine the tensile capacity of the plates if it is a bearing type connection.
b. Determine the tensile capacity of the plates if it is a friction type connection.
c. Compute the minimum theoretical length of the lap if it is a friction type connection.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 35

 CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

Learning Outcome: At the end of the lesson, the students are able to analyze tension members and
apply the code limitations set by NSCP in checking the capacity of tension members.

Summary of the Topics:

- Types of Bolts
- Size and types of holes for bolts
- Type of Bolted Connections
- Failure of Bolted joints
- Minimum Spacing, Minimum Edge Distance, and maximum edge distance and spacing.

Tension members usually consists of angles, channels, wide flange of S sections, when they
are bolted, riveted, or welded. When they are bolted allowance should be made for the holes
while if the sections are welded, no holes will have to be deducted from the required gross
area. However, some welded members may have holes punched in them for temporary bolting
during field erection before the welding are being done in the field. These holes should be
considered in the design.
Allowable tensile capacity:
Based on Gross Area:
Based on effective net Area:
Based on Block Shear:

Values of Reduction coefficient for bolted or riveted connections

A Self-regulated Learning Module 36

*When the tensile load is transmitted by bolts through all the cross-sectional elements of a
member…………………………………………………………………………………………U = 1.0
* W, M or S –shapes with flange widths not less than 2/3 the depth and structural tees cut for these
shapes provided the connections is to the flanges. Bolted or riveted connections shall have no fewer
than three fasteners per line in the direction of stress………………….U = 0.90
*W,M or S-shapes not meeting the later condition, structural tees cut from these shapes and all other
shapes including built up sections. Bolted or riveted connections shall have no fewer than three
fasteners per line in the direction of stress………………………………………….U=0.85
*All members with bolted or riveted connections having only two fasteners per line in the direction of
stress…………………………………………………………………………......U = 0.75

Slenderness Ratio:

Where r = least radius of gyration

Trial Area:

Sample Problem:
1. A single angle tension member is to support a total tensile load of 312 KN. The member
has a length of 2.7m and is to be connected to one leg only with a 22mm bolt at least
three in a line. Assume that only one bolt is to be located at any one cross-section. Use
A 36 steel Fy=248 MPa. Fu=400 MPa. Use reduction coefficient U=0.85. Assume hole
diameter = 25mm. Design an angular section to carry the tension load.

Available Angular Sections:

Angular Sections Area mm2 Min. Radius of Gyration
150 x 150 x 8 mm 2354.83 30.48 mm
150 x 87.5 x 9.5 mm 2206.45 19.48 mm
100 x 75 x 12.5 mm 2096.77 16.23 mm
100 x 100 x 11 mm 2135.48 19.94 mm
100 x 87.5 x 12.5 mm 2258.06 18.34 mm

A Self-regulated Learning Module 37

Solution:

( )

( )

Try 100 x 75 x 12.5 mm

Try 100 x 100 x 11 mm

Check the capacity of 100 x 100 x 11 mm:

( *

( *

Slenderness Ratio:

Therefore, use 100mm x 100mm x 11mm angular section.

2. A tension member of a roof truss has a length of 7.6 m and is stressed in tension by a
dead load of 178KN and a live load of 268 KN. The tension member needs some

A Self-regulated Learning Module 38

 amount of rigidity. Assumed A 36 steel is used and there are two lines of bolts in each
flange (at least three in line). A 325 bolts (threads excluded from shear plane) 20 mm
diameter in a bearing type connection are required to developed the full capacity of the
member. If an additional axial tension of 200 KN is produced by wind load, design a W
section. Assume Diameter of the bolt hole = 22mm. A 36 steel: Fy= 248 MPa and Fu=
400 MPa

Properties of W sections
Section Area d (mm) tf (mm) bf (mm) rx (mm) ry (mm)
(mm2)
W 8 x 17 3232 200 7.82 133.4 85.34 30.99
W 5 x 18.5 3503 130 10.67 127.6 54.86 32.51
W 6 x 20 3794 157 9.32 152.9 67.56 38.35

Solution:
Code for wind and seismic stresses:
Allowable stress may be increased 1/3 above the values otherwise provided when produced
by wind and seismic loading, acting alone or in combination with the design dead and live
loads, provided the required section computed on this basis is not less than that required for
the design dead and live load and impact (if any) computed without the 1/3 stress increase,
and further provided that stresses are not otherwise required to be calculated on the basis of
reduction factors applied to design loads in combinations. The above stress increase does not
apply to members subjected to fatigue.
Total Load = DL + LL = 178 KN + 168 KN= 446 KN
Percentage of wind load to the sum of dead and live load:

Therefore, wind load governs in the design of the member apply 1/3 increase in the allowable
stress.

Min. Gross area:

( )

Try W 5 x 18.5:

A Self-regulated Learning Module 39

 ( *

Try W 6 x 20:

( *

( *

A Self-regulated Learning Module 40

Slenderness ratio:

Therefore, use W 6 x 20

ACTIVITY 4
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

Design a standard channel that will safely support a tensile load of 780 KN. The member is 4.5
m long and is assumed to have one line of holes for 25mm bolts in each flange. Use A 36 steel
and assume there are at least three holes in each line. Diameter of bolt hole = 27 mm. Fy=248
MPa and Fu=400 MPa
Properties of Channels
Section Area Depth Flange Flange Web r min
(mm2) (mm) width thickness thickness (mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm)
C 10 x 25 4742 254 73.30 11.07 13.36 17.17
C 10 x 30 5690 254 77.04 11.07 17.09 16.99
C 12 x 25 4742 304.8 77.39 12.73 9.83 19.81
C 12 x 30 5690 304.8 80.52 12.73 12.95 19.38

A Self-regulated Learning Module 41

 QUIZ 4
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

A tension member has a span of 9m and carries a tensile load of 981 KN. The member is to
have two lines of rivets in each flange for the 20 mm rivets with standard diameter of 21 mm of
hole dimension with at least 3 rivets in a line. Use an A 36 W section. Neglect weight of
member. Fy =248 MPa, Fu=400 MPa.
a. Which of the following sections could carry the load safely?
b. What is the capacity of the section being chosen?
c. What is the actual slenderness ration of the selected member?
Available W sections
W section Area (mm2) d (mm) ry (mm) tf (mm) bf (mm)
W 250 x 60 7163 298.50 49.3 13.10 203.2
W 250 x 54 6839 306 39.4 13.72 166.75
W 250 x 67 8516 310.50 49.3 14.63 204.27

A Self-regulated Learning Module 42

 CHAPTER 5
TENSION AND SHEAR IN BOLTED CONNECTION
Learning Outcome: The students are able to understand the considerations used in seismic
design, recognized the main principles of earthquake-resistant structures, and familiarized
themselves from modern construction methods used in building earthquake-resistant
structures.
Summary of the Topics:
- Introduction
- Definition of terms
- Strength and Ductility Based Response
- Basic Concept of Seismic Design
- The Four virtues of an Earthquake-resistant Buildings
- Modern Methods Used in Building an Earthquake-resistant Structures

Bolted connections subjected to shear and tension:

Ft = allowable tensile stress for bearing-type connections (NSCP Specifications)

Allowable tensile stress Ft for fasteners in Bearing-type connections
Description of Fasteners Threads included in shear Threads excluded in shear
plane plane
A 307 Bolts

A Self-regulated Learning Module 43

 A 325 Bolts √ √
A 490 Bolts √ √
Threaded parts, A 449
Bolts over 38 mm diameter
A 502 Grade 1 Rivets
A 502 Grade 2 Rivets

Combined Tension and Shear in slip-critical joints or friction type connections

For A 325 and A 490 Bolts used in slip-critical connections, the max shear stress allowed shall
be multiplied by the reduction factor

( *

Where: ft = the average tensile stress due to a direct load applied to all of the bolts in the
connection
Tb = the pretension load of the bolt
ft*Ab = the computed total tensile force in one bolt

Allowable Tensile Stress (MPa)

Fastener Standard Oversized Long – slotted Holes
Holes and short
Transverse Parallel Load
slotted
Load
holes
A 325 when threads
are included from 117 103 82.7 68.9
shear planes
A 325 when threads
are excluded from 117 103 82.7 68.9
shear planes
A 490 when threads
are included from 145 124 103 89.6
shear planes
A 490 when threads
are excluded from 145 124 103 89.6
shear planes

Max. Allowable Stress:

A Self-regulated Learning Module 44

 ( *

Where:
Fv‟ = max. allowable shear stress for slip-critical joint or friction type connection
fv = allowable shear stress
ft = average tensile stress due to a direct load applied to all the bolts
Ab = area of one bolt
Tb = the pretension load of the bolt
Note; When the allowable stresses are increased for wind or seismic loads the reduced
allowable shear stress shall be increased by 1/3.
Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing Type Connection
Description of Allowable Tensile Stress (MPa) Allowable Shear Stress (MPa)
Fasteners Threads Threads Threads Threads
included in excluded in included in excluded
shear plane shear plane shear plane in shear
plane
A 307 Bolts
68.9
A 325 Bolts
√ √ 145 207
A 490 Bolts
√ √ 193 276

Threaded
parts, A 449 0.17*Fu 0.22*Fu
Bolts over 38
mm diameter
A 502 Grade 1
Rivets 120
A 502 Grade 2
Rivets 152

Sample Problem:
1. The tension member shown in the figure is connected to the column shown with 8 – 22
m diameter A 325 high strength bolts in a bearing type connection with the threads
excluded from the shear plane and standard size holes.

a. Compute the shearing stress at the A 325 bolts.

b. Compute the tensile stress at the A 325 Bolts
c. Compute the allowable tensile stress of the A 325 Bolts.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 45

Solution:
a. Shearing Stress of Bolts

( )

b. Tensile Stress of Bolts

( )

c. Allowable tensile stress:

“A 325 high strength bolts in a bearing type connection with the threads excluded
from the shear plane and standard size holes.”

√
√

2. From the figure shown, an axial load P passes thru the center of gravity of the bolt
group. The bolt is an A 490 with threads excluded from shear plane.
a. If this is a bearing type connection used, find the value of P.
b. Compute the allowable tensile stress of the A 490 bolts.
c. Compute the allowable shear stress if a friction type or slip critical connection is used.
Allowable shear strength of an A 490 bolts is 145 MPa. And the minimum pretension for
fully tighten A 490 Bolts having diameter of 22 mm is 218 KN.
Solution:
a. Value of P if a bearing type connection is used:

( )

( )

A Self-regulated Learning Module 46

 √
√

b. Allowable tensile stress Ft

c. Allowable shear stress for a friction type or slip critical connection.

Allowable shear stress for A 490 Bolts

( *

( )

Check for safety:

A Self-regulated Learning Module 47

 ACTIVITY 5
TENSION AND SHEAR IN BOLTED CONNECTION

Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

The tension member is connected to the column shown with 10 – 25 m diameter A 490 high
strength bolts in a bearing type connection with the threads included from the shear plane and
standard size holes. The load P=800 KN with an angle of inclination equal to 36.87 .

a. Compute the shearing stress at the A 490 bolts.

b. Compute the tensile stress at the A 490 Bolts
c. Compute the allowable tensile stress of the A 490 Bolts and check whether the bearing
type connection is safe or not.
d. Compute the maximum allowable shear stress of the A 490 Bolts if a friction type or slip-
critical connection is used and check whether the bearing type connection is safe or not.
The allowable shear strength of an A 490 Bolts is 145 MPa and the minimum pretension
for fully tighten A 490 bolts having a diameter of 25mm is 275 KN.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 48

 QUIZ 5
TENSION AND SHEAR IN BOLTED CONNECTION

Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

An axial load P passes thru the center of gravity of the bolt group (8 -25 mm diameter A 325
bolts). The bolt is an A 3250 with threads excluded from shear plane.
a. If this is a bearing type connection used, find the value of P.
b. If a friction type connection was used, find the value of P.
c. Compute the allowable tensile stress of the A 325 bolts.
d. Compute the maximum allowable shear stress if a friction type or slip critical
connection is used. Allowable shear strength of an A 325 bolts is 207 MPa. And the
minimum pretension for fully tighten A 325 Bolts having diameter of 25 mm is 300
KN.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 49

 CHAPTER 6
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED CONNECTIONS (BRACKETS)

Learning Outcome: The students are able to understand the considerations used in seismic
design, recognized the main principles of earthquake-resistant structures, and familiarized
themselves from modern construction methods used in building earthquake-resistant
structures.
Summary of the Topics:
- Introduction
- Definition of terms
- Strength and Ductility Based Response
- Basic Concept of Seismic Design
- The Four virtues of an Earthquake-resistant Buildings
- Modern Methods Used in Building an Earthquake-resistant Structures

Eccentrically Loaded Connections (Brackets)

Three Methods of Analysis:

1. Elastic Method

√ ( *

2. Reduced Eccentricity Method

A Self-regulated Learning Module 50

 Case 1: With one gage line of fasteners.

Compute the effective eccentricity ee

Where: n = no. of fasteners in each line

If the orientation of the Bolt is vertical,

√ ( *

If the orientation of the bolt is horizontal,

( *

Case 2: With two or more gage lines of fasteners

Compute the effective eccentricity

A Self-regulated Learning Module 51

 √ ( *

3. Ultimate Strength Method

Locate the instantaneous center from the center of group of rivets

First, find the polar moment of inertia J

∑

Second, compute the reduced eccentricity

Third, find the instantaneous center

N = total number of rivets

Fourth, find the distance of the most stressed rivet to the instantaneous center

√
Fifth, compute the moment produced by the load and the reduced eccentricity

Lastly, Calculate the reaction for the most stressed rivet

Sample problem:
1. An eccentric load of 66 KN is acting as shown in the figure.
a. Using elastic method, compute the maximum force on the most stressed rivet.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 52

 b. Using reduced eccentricity method, compute the maximum force on the most
stressed rivet.
c. Using ultimate strength method, compute the maximum force on the most stressed
rivet.

a. Elastic Analysis Method

Most stressed Rivet is A and B:

∑

√ ( * √ ( *

b. Reduced Eccentricity Method

n = number of rivets in vertical row = 3

A Self-regulated Learning Module 53

 √ ( * √ ( *

c. Ultimate Strength Method

∑

√ √

2. The bracket shown in the figure is bolted with 5-20mm dia. Bolts. It carries an eccentric
load of P=35KN. Using elastic method analysis.
a. Compute the location of the centroid of the group of bolts measured to the left of A
and below that of A.
b. Compute the shearing stress of bolt A
c. Compute the shearing stress of bolt B.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 54

Solution:
a. Locate the centroid using Varignon‟s Theorem

A1 = 2 (Reference gage line) A2=3 AT = A1 + A2 = 5

̅
̅
̅

A3 = 2 (Reference gage line) A4 =2 A5 =1 AT = A1 + A 2 = 5

̅
̅
̅

b. Shearing stress of bolt, A

∑

√ ( * √ ( *

c. Shearing stress of Bolt B:

A Self-regulated Learning Module 55

√ ( * √ ( *

A Self-regulated Learning Module 56

 ACTIVITY 6
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED CONNECTIONS (BRACKETS)

Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

1. A bracket shown in the figure is subjected to an eccentric load P acting at an

eccentricity 125mm from the center of the rivet group. Diameter of rivets is 25 mm.
allowable shearing stress of rivet is 110MPa.
a. Compute the safe value of load P, using Elastic Analysis method.
b. Compute the safe value of load P, using Reduced Eccentricity method.
c. Compute the safe value of load P, using Ultimate Strength method.

2. A bracket shown in the figure carries an eccentric load of 30KN at an eccentricity of

200mm. Diameter of bolts is 20 mm. Use the reduced eccentricity method of analysis.
a. Compute the shearing stress of bolt A
b. Compute the shearing stress of bolt B
c. Compute the shearing stress of bolt C

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 QUIZ 6
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED CONNECTIONS (BRACKETS)

Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

1. The bracket shown carries an eccentric load P at an eccentricity e=400 mm. The
column and bracket are A 36 steel. Diameter of bolt is 22 mm standard holes. Assume
that the column flange and bracket are thick enough that single shear in the bolts will
control. Shear capacity of one bolt is 45 KN.
a. Determine the polar moment of inertia
b. Determine the maximum load P that can be supported by the bracket shown.
c. Determine the torsional load (Reaction) on the critical bolt.

2. A bracket shown in the figure carries an eccentric load of 80KN at an eccentricity of 250
mm. Diameter of the bolt is 20mm. Using ultimate strength method of analysis.
a. Compute the reaction of Bolt A due to shear and torsion
b. Compute the reaction of Bolt B due to shear and torsion
c. Compute the reaction of Bolt C due to shear and torsion

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 CHAPTER 7
BENDING STRESS, SHEARING STRESS, AND DEFLECTION

Learning Outcome: The students are able to understand the considerations used in seismic
design, recognized the main principles of earthquake-resistant structures, and familiarized
themselves from modern construction methods used in building earthquake-resistant
structures.
Summary of the Topics:
- Introduction
- Definition of terms
- Strength and Ductility Based Response
- Basic Concept of Seismic Design
- The Four virtues of an Earthquake-resistant Buildings
- Modern Methods Used in Building an Earthquake-resistant Structures

BENDING STRESS
Types of Beams
Beams are structural members that support transverse loads, either horizontal, sloping or vertical loads,
depending upon their end connections. Simple beams have end connections which are considered not
have any end moments with its end free to rotate. A beam is considered continuous beams if it extends
continuously across three or more supports and it is considered fixed beams if its ends are rigidly
attached to other members so that a moment can be transmitted across the connection.
1. JOIST – there are closely spaced beams supporting the floors and roofs of buildings.
2. LINTELS – are beams over openings in masonry walls such as windows and doors.
3. SPANDREL BEAMS – these beams support the exterior walls of the building.
4. FLOOR BEAMS - these are larger beams found in many bridges perpendicular to the roadway
of the bridge and they are used to transfer the floor loads from stringers to the supporting
girders or trusses.
5. STRINGERS – these are beams in the floor of bridges which are running parallel to the road
way.
6. GIRDER – these are large beams into which smaller beams are framed.

Bending Stress
If a beam is subjected to a bending moment, the stress maybe computed using the flexural formula.
When the stresses are within the limit of the material, the procedure is called the elastic design or
allowable stress design (ASD).

WHERE: fb = extreme fiber stress (actual bending stress)

M = Bending moment at the section under consideration

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 I = Moment of inertia of the cross-section with respect to the neutral axis.
C= distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber
I/c = S = section modulus
Fb = allowable bending stress

Note: This formula is limited to stress situations below the elastic limit.

Allowable Bending Stresses for I-shaped members and channels bending about the strong axis
A. LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

1. COMPACT SECTIONS

Flange width – thickness ratio:

Web depth – thickness ratio:

√
Length consideration:

Lb = unbraced length of the compression flanged

Lc = the smaller value between L1 and L2
When: Lb < Lc use allowable bending stress equal to eq.1
Note: For beams having full lateral supports Lb=0

2. PARTIALLY COMPACT SECTIONS (Bending about the strong Axis):

( √ *

Flange width-thickness ratio:

√ √

Length consideration:

Where:

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 √

When: Lc < Lb< Lu use allowable bending stress equal to eq.2

3. NON – COMPACT SECTIONS:

Flange width – thickness ratio:

√
Length consideration:

When: Lb > Lu use allowable bending stress equal to eq.3

B. LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAMS

Section 4.5.1.4.5 of the 1992 National Structural Code of the Philippines gives the allowable stress
in MPa, for beams not restrained against lateral buckling (laterally unsupported) as follows:
1. Tension: Fb = 0.60 Fy

2. Compression:

The larger value computed by formula (4.5-6a) or (4.5-6b) and (4.5–7) as applicable, but not
more than 0.60Fy.

√ √

Use:
( )
( )

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 √

Use:

( )

Or when the compression flange is solid and approximately rectangular in cross-section and its area is
not less than that of the tension flange:

( * ( *

Where M1 is the smaller and M2 is the larger bending moment at the ends of the unbraced length, taken
about the strong axis of the member, and where (M1/M2) the ratio of end moments is positive when M1
and M2 have the same sign (reverse curvature bending) and negative when they are of opposite signs
(single curvature bending). When the bending moment at any point within an unbraced length is larger
than that at both ends of this length, the value of Cb shall be taken as unity. Cb may conservatively be
taken as unity for cantilever beams and rt is the radius of gyration of a section comprising the
compression flange plus 1/3 of the compression web area, taken about an axis in the plane of the web,
and
D = beam depth; tf = Flange thickness; bf =flange width

( )

Sample Problem:
1. The figure shows the arrangement of beams and girders which are used to support a 150 mm
reinforced concrete floor for a small industrial building. Live load is 7186 N/m 2. Assume the
beams to be simply supported and fully laterally supported. Use A 36 steel with Fy=248 MPa.

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 Weight of concrete is 23.5 KN/m3.

Properties of Available Steel Sections

Sections Area A Depth d Flange Flange Web Section
(mm2) (mm) width bf thickness tf thickness tw Modulus Sx
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm3)
W 33 x 118 22452 834.64 291.694 18.745 14.072 5883 x 103
W 30 x 124 23548 766.06 267.233 23.622 14.859 5817 x 103
W 30 x 132 25097 769.62 267.995 25.400 15.621 6227 x 103
W 33 x 130 24710 840.74 292.354 21.717 14.732 6653 x 103
W 40 x 249 47290 1000.30 400.10 31.00 19.10 16228 x 103
W 40 x 268 50839 1000 450.90 35.90 19.10 17898 x 103
W 40 x 277 52452 1008.10 402.10 40.00 21.10 18084 x 103

a. Design the size of beam using W section

b. Check whether the section you selected is either compact, partially compact, or non-
compact section.
c. Design the size of girder using W section.

Solution:
a. Design of Beam
Load calculation:

( )

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 But Economically speaking, we will choose the lightest section and analyze it to know
whether it is safe or not.

Weight of the Beam:

( )

b. Type of Section W 33 x 118

Check for width-thickness ratio:

√ √

Check for depth-thickness ratio:

√ √

Therefore, we have a proved our assumption. W 33 x 118 is a compact section.

c. Design of Girders:

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 ( )

Weight of the Beam:

( )

Check for width-thickness ratio:

√ √

Check for depth-thickness ratio:

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 √ √

Therefore, we have a proved our assumption. W 40 x 249 is a compact section.

2. A W section is used as a beam without lateral support. A 36 steel is used with Fy=248
MPa.

Properties of W section:
A = 24,709.6 mm2 d = 840.74 mm bf = 292.35 mm tf = 21.72 mm
Tw = 14.73 mm Ix = 2792.9 x 106 mm4 Iy = 90.74 x 106 mm4
Sx = 6653.15 x 103 mm3 Sy = 621.07 x 103 mm3 rx = 335.28 mm ry = 60.45 mm

a. Compute the allowable bending stress if it has a simple span of 3m.

b. Compute the allowable bending stress if it has a simple span of 4m.
c. Compute the allowable bending stress if it has a simple span of 6m.
d. Compute the allowable bending stress if it has a simple span of 9m.
Solution:
a. Allowable bending stress if it has a span of Lb = 3m = 3000 m.

√ √

When: Lb < Lc use allowable bending stress equal to Fb=0.66Fy

b. Allowable bending stress if it has a span of Lb = 4m = 4000 m.

For compact or non-compact section:

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c. Allowable bending stress if it has a span of Lb = 6m = 6000 m.

Cb = 1 for simply supported beams

√ √

Choose the larger value between the two:

( )
( )

( *

√ √

√ √

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 √ √

√ √

Choose the larger value between the two:

( )
( )

( )
( ) ( )

d. Allowable bending stress if it has a span of Lb = 9m = 9000 m.

√ √

Choose the larger value between the two:

( )

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 √ √

√ √

Choose the larger value between the two:

( )

( )

Shearing Stress of beams

NOTE: LONG BEAMS usually are governed by deflection of beams.
MEDIUM LENGTH BEAMS are usually governed by flexural stress.
SHORT BEAMS are usually governed by shear stress.

There are two types of shear acting on beams.

1. Transverse Shear:
- There is a tendency of the left section of the beam to slide upward with respect to the right
section of the beam. But this type of shear failure will not occur in steel beams because web
crippling will occur first before shear occurs.
2. Longitudinal Shear:

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 - The beam bends which causes changes in lengths of longitudinal fibers where the lower
fibers are stretched and the upper fibers are shortened while the fibers in the neutral axis do
not change in length. Due to these deformations, there is a tendency for a particular fiber to
slip on the fiber above or below. Max. longitudinal shear usually occurs at the neutral axis.
Shear stress: For a Built-Up Section or W-Section
Allowable shear stress:

Actual shear stress or Average shear stress:

NOTE: It is assumed that only the web thickness carries the shear in W shapes. The average shear
stress is then compared to against the allowable shear stress with a maximum of 0.4Fy.

ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS:

When , the allowable shear stress on the overall depth times the web thickness dtw is:
√

When , the allowable shear stress on the clear distance between flanges times the web
√
thickness, htw is:

Where:

( )

( )

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 ( )

tw = thickness of web, mm
a = clear distance between transverse (web) stiffeners, mm
h = clear distance between flanges at the section under investigation, mm
h = d – 2tf
d = overall depth of the beam, mm

TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS:
Intermediate Stiffeners are required when:

a)
b) The maximum web stress fv is greater than the allowable shearing stresses.
Spacing of Intermediate Stiffeners:

( )

Shear stress Distribution:

Where: V = Max. external shear at the section

I = moment of inertia of the entire section about the neutral axis
b = width of the section where the unit shearing stress is desired.
Q= statical moment of area of section lying outside, either above or below the line on which the
shear stress is desired taken about the neutral axis.

Sample problem:
1. A W 24 x 94 beam is subjected to a shear force of 900 KN.
Properties of W section:
A = 17870 mm2
d= 616.97 mm
tw = 13.11 mm
bf = 230.15 mm
tf= 22.15 mm
Ix = 1119.7 x 106 mm4

a) Compute the shear stress at the junction of the flange and the web.
b) Compute the shear stress at the neutral Axis.
c) Compute the shear force carried by the flange.
d) Compute the shear force carried by the web.

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 e) Compute the average shear stress on web.

Solution:
a. Shear stress at the junction of the flange and the web.

b. Shear stress at the neutral axis

c. Shear force carried by the flanges

( *

( )( *

d. Shear force carried by the web section:

e. Average shear force on web:

2. A built-up wide flange section consists of a section having a total depth of 353 mm,
flange width of 254 mm, flange thickness of 16.4 mm and web thickness of 9.35 mm.
Use Fy=250 MPa.
a. Compute the max. shear capacity of the built-up section using NSCP 2001
Specifications.

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 b. Compute the shearing stress at the junction of the web and the flange, due to shear
of 300 KN.
c. Compute the shearing stress at the neutral axis due to shear of 300 KN.

Solution:
a. Maximum shear capacity if the built-up section:

Max. shear capacity:

b. Shearing stress at the junction of web and flange

c. Shearing stress at the neutral axis:

( )

Deflection of Beams
Excessive deflection of steel beams may cause damage of other materials attached or
supported by the beams and will also damage the appearance of the structure. Beams and

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girders supporting floors and roofs shall be proportioned with due regard to the deflection
produced by the design loads. Beams and girders supporting plastered ceiling shall be
proportioned that the maximum deflection does not exceed 1/360 of the span.

Sample problem:
1. A W 18 x 96 has a simple span of 9m. The beam is supported laterally at the third
points. Use A 36 steel with Fy = 248 MPa.
Properties of W 18 x 96:
Weight = 1404 N/m
Area = 18193.5 mm2
d = 461.26 mm
bf = 298.45 mm
tf = 21.11 mm
tw = 13.00 mm
IX = 699.27 x 106 mm4
Sx = 3031.61 x 103 mm3

a. Determine the maximum uniform load it could carry so as not to exceed the allowable
flexural stress.
b. Determine the maximum uniform load it could carry so as not to exceed the allowable
shearing stress.
c. Determine the maximum uniform load it could carry so as not to exceed the allowable
deflection of 1/360 of span. E = 200,000 MPa.

Solution:
a. Max. uniform load if flexural stress governs:

√ √

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 When: Lb < Lc use allowable bending stress equal to Fb=0.66Fy

b. Max. Uniform load if shear governs:

√ √

( )

c. Max. Uniform load if deflection governs:

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 2. A W 310 x 97 is used as a beam with adequate lateral support for the compression
flange. Steel use is A 242 steel with Fy=345.6 MPa.

Properties of W 310 x 97:

Weight = 0.95 KN/m
Area = 12,300 mm2
d = 308 mm
bf = 305 mm
tf = 15.4 mm
tw = 9.9 mm
IX = 222 x 106 mm4
Sx = 1440 x 103 mm3
a. Determine the allowable bending stress of the beam.
b. Determine the safe concentrated load that it could support at its midspan so that it will
not exceed its allowable bending stress.
c. Determine the safe concentrated load that this could support at its midspan so that it will
not exceed its allowable shearing stress.

Solution:
a. Allowable bending stress:

√ √

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 √ √

( * (√ )

(√ )

b. Safe concentrated load that it could support at its midspan so that it will not exceed its
allowable bending stress.

( )

c. Safe concentrated load that it could support at its midspan so that it will not exceed its
allowable shearing stress.

( *

( )

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 ACTIVITY 7
BENDING STRESS, SHEARING STRESS, AND DEFLECTION
Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

1. A simply supported steel beam is to be supported over an 8m span. It is to carry a total

uniformly distributed load of 40 KN/m on the beam. Assume the compression flange is
laterally supported throughout the whole span and the section is a compact section.
Fy=248 MPa, Fb=0.66Fy. Allowable deflection is 1/360 of the span.

Available W section
Section Ix (m4) d(m)

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 W 24 x 55 0.0005619 0.599
W 21 x 57 0.0004810 0.535
W 21 x 62 0.0005536 0.533
W 18 x 71 0.0004870 0.469

a. Which of the following gives the required section modulus?

b. Which of the following gives the required moment of inertia?
c. Which of the following gives the most economical section?

2. A simply supported steel beam carries a uniform concrete slab of 200 mm thick. It
carries a ceiling load of 500 Pa and live load pressure equal to 2000 Pa. The length of
the beam is 6m and is spaced at 2m on centers. Unit weight of concrete is 24 KN/m 3.
Allowable bending stress for steel beam is 0.66 Fy. Modulus of elasticity is 200GPa.
Fy=248 MPa.

Available W section
Section Ix (m4) d(m)
W 12 x 26 0.0000849 0.310
W 12 x 19 0.0000541 0.309
W 12 x 14 0.0000369 0.302

a. Which of the following gives the uniform load pressure carried by the beam?
b. Which of the following gives the load carried by the beam in KN/m?
c. What is the required section modulus Sx?
d. Which of the following gives the most economical section?

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A Self-regulated Learning Module 80
 QUIZ 7
BENDING STRESS, SHEARING STRESS, AND DEFLECTION
Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

1. A W14 x 87 beam has a simple span of 9m. which is laterally supported every 3m. Use
Grade 50 steel with Fy =344.5 MPa, E=200000MPa. Neglect weight of the beam.

Properties of W 14 x 87:
Area = 16,516.10 mm2
d = 355.6 mm
bf = 368.3 mm
tf = 17.48 mm
tw = 10.67 mm
IX = 402.5 x 106 mm4
Sx = 2261.4 x 103 mm3

a. Compute the allowable bending stress

b. Compute the value of W if flexural stress governs
c. Compute the values of W if shear stress governs
d. Compute the value of W if deflection governs. Allowable deflection is 1/360 of span.

2. A steel beam has a span of 7.8m carries a uniform load of 52 KN/m. The steel section is
made up of 21 x 62.

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Properties of W 21 x 62: Allowable flexural stress Fb=0.66 Fy
Weight = 93 Kg/m Allowable shearing stress Fv=0.40 Fy
d = 533 mm Allowable deflection = L/360
tw = 10 mm
IX = 0.0000554 m4
Fy = 248 MPa
E = 200 GPa

a. Which of the following gives the maximum flexural stress, check whether the beam is
adequate in flexure or not?
b. Which of the following gives the maximum deflection of the beam, check whether the
beam is adequate in deflection or not?
c. Which of the following gives the maximum shear stress of the beam, check whether the
beam is adequate in shearing or not?
d. Which of the following statement is correct to describe the beam?
1. Inadequate for shear, bending and deflection.
2. Inadequate for bending and deflection.
3. The beam is adequate.
4. Inadequate for flexure only.

ACTIVITY 8
BENDING STRESS, SHEARING STRESS, AND DEFLECTION
Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.

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 Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

A W 420 x 85 steel beam is fully restrained with a uniformly distributed super imposed load of
25 KN/m. The beam has a span of 10m.
Properties of W 420 x 85
A = 10,839 mm2
bf = 180 mm
tf =18 mm
tw = 11 mm
d = 420 mm
Ix = 310 x 106 mm4

a. Compute the bending stress in MPa

b. Compute the maximum web shear stress in MPa
c. Compute the maximum horizontal shear stress in MPa

QUIZ 8
BENDING STRESS, SHEARING STRESS, AND DEFLECTION
Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution

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 30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

The flooring of a high-rise building is made up of 150 mm thick concrete slab and a 50 mm
thick floor finish both of which has a unit weight of 24 KN/m3. The floor also carries a ceiling
load of 720 Pa and a live load of 2400 Pa. The floor is supported by W 360 x 253 steel beam
having a simple span of 10 m.
Properties of W 360 x 253:
w= 2480 N/m (weight of beam)
d=356 mm (Depth of beam)
Ix= 682 x 106 mm4

Which of the following gives the required spacing of the beams if an A36 steel Is used?
Fb=0.60Fy

CHAPTER 8
BEAMS AND BENDING IN BOTH AXIS
Learning Outcome: The students are able to analyzed the structure‟s response due to time
varying loads and understand how these loads affect the structure in terms of major
considerations in seismic design such as displacement, the period of vibration, and energy

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dissipators.
Summary of the Topics:
- Introduction to Structural Dynamics
- Equations of Motion
- Systems with Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF)
- Dynamic Response of a Single-Storey Structure
- Damping

Beams bending in Both Axis (Unsymmetrical bending)

When a beam is subjected to a normal load which causes bending in the x-axis and a
tangential load which causes bending along the minor axis, it is said that the member is
subjected to an unsymmetrical bending. The following expression can be written for the stress
at any point in a beam subjected to an unsymmetrical bending.

1. Bending Stress
a. If lateral loads pass through the centroid of the beam section.

b. If the lateral loads are applied at the top flange and does not passes through the
centroid of the beam section.

Note: Only one-half of the section modulus about the y-axis is considered
effective.

2. Shearing Stress:

3. Using the interaction expression:

Note: In order to be safe in bending in both axes, must be less than 1.

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 For compact laterally supported shapes:

For doubly symmetrical I and H shape members with compact flanges continuously
connected to the web and bent about their weak axis, the allowable bending stress is
.

Sample problem:
1. A W shape is to be used as a bridge crane runway girder. The Girder is on a simple
span of 6m. Assume that the crane wheel imparts a vertical load of 80KN and a lateral
load of 8KN at the midspan applied at the top flange of the girder. A standard rail
weighing 67 Kg/m will be used. Assume that the top is not laterally braced between ed
supports.
Properties of W section
Sx = 1280 x 103 mm3 Fbx = 207 MPa
Sy = 361 x 103 mm3 Fby = 238 MPa

a. Determine the bending stress along the x-axis

b. Determine the bending stress along the y-axis
c. Calculate the interaction value and check whether the girder is safe or not.

Solution:
a. Bending stress along the x-axis (Major Axis)

Weight of the section: ( )( )

( )

b. Bending stress along the y-axis

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 Due to lateral load acting on the flange of the beam:

c. Interaction Value

2. A W 14 x 95 having a span of 6m carries a uniform load which causes a bending

moment along the major axis of 165 KN.m and a lateral concentrated load P acting at
the flange of the midspan of the beam. Using the A 36 steel with Fy=248 MPa,
Determine the safe value of load P that this beam could support.

Properties of W 14 x 95:
A = 18,000 mm2
d = 358.65 mm
bf = 369.44 mm
tf = 19.00
tw = 11.81 mm
Sx = 2474.4 x 103 mm3
Sy = 865.2 x 103 mm3

Solution:

Check whether the section is compact, partially compact, or non-compact

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 √

For compact laterally supported shapes:

ACTIVITY 9
BENDING STRESS IN BOTH AXIS
Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)

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 0 No solution at all

A 290 kg/m light crane rail sits on and is securely fastened to W 400 mm x 67 kg/m crane
grider. The girder is simply supported on a span of 9m.
Crane Wheel Loads:
V=80 KN and H=8KN
Assume full transfer of lateral load to the top flange of the girder.
Girder properties:
A = 8580 mm2 d=400 mm tf=14mm bf=179 mm
6 4 6 4
Ix = 244 x 10 mm Iy=14 x 10 mm tw =8.5
a. What is the maximum bending stress fbx (Mpa) In the girder?
b. Determine the maximum bending stress fby (MPa) in the girder?
c. Determine the maximum span of the girder using the interaction formula with allowable
stresses Fbx = 207 Mpa and Fby = 258 Mpa.

CHAPTER 10
LOCAL WEB YIELDING AND CRIPPLING

Learning Outcome: The students are able to analyzed the structure‟s response due to time
varying loads and understand how these loads affect the structure in terms of major
considerations in seismic design such as displacement, the period of vibration, and energy
dissipators.
Summary of the Topics:
- Introduction to Structural Dynamics
- Equations of Motion

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 - Systems with Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF)
- Dynamic Response of a Single-Storey Structure
- Damping

LOCAL WEB YIELDING

Local web yielding occurs when a concentrated load is applied normal to one flange and
symmetric to the web. Such concentrated load may occur at a reaction points of a column or
beam framing into a supporting girder. According to Section 511.23 of NSCP, bearing
stiffeners shall be provided when the compressive stress at the web toe of fillet resulting from
such load exceeds 0.66Fy.
For Interior loads:

For End reactions:

Where:
P = Concentrated load
R = reaction
tw = Thickness of web
N = length of bearing (not less than k for end reactions)
k = Distance from outer face of the flange to web toe of fillet.

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WEB CRIPPLING
Structural Steel beams that support heavy concentrated loads sometimes fail by web crippling unless
otherwise the web is stiffened near the loads. Web crippling occurs due to the stress concentration at
the junction of the flange and the web where beam is trying to transfer compression in the wide flange
to the web. Failure will occur when metal begins to fail at the toe of the fillet in bearing and the flange
and web have the tendency to fold over each other.
a. When the concentrated load is applied at a distance not less than d/2 from the end of the
member.

( *( * √

where: Fyw = Specified minimum yield stress of beam web in MPa

b. When the concentrated load is applied less than a distance of d/2 from the end of the member.

( *( * √

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Where:
R = Concentrated load or reaction
tw = Thickness of web
N = length of bearing (not less than k for end reactions)
k = Distance from outer face of the flange to web toe of fillet.
WEB CRIPPLING

SIDESWAYS WEB BUCKLING

The web will be subjected to compression if a compressive force will be applied to braced the
compression flanges as a result the tension flange will buckle as shown in the figure.

(NSCP Specs)

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Bearing stiffeners shall be provided in the webs of members with flanges not restrained against relative
movement by stiffeners or lateral bracing and subject to concentrated compressive loads, when the
compressive force exceeds the following limits:

A. If the loaded flange is restrained against rotation and is less than 2.3

( )
( )

B. If loaded flange is not restrained against rotation and is less than 1.7

( )
( )

Where:
L = largest laterally unbraced length along either flange at the point of load in mm.
dc = d -2k = web depth between web toes of fillets in mm.

NSCP Specs:
Equations 3 and 4 need not to be checked provided that exceeds 2.3 or 1.7 respectively

or for webs subjected to a uniformly distributed load.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A simply supported beam has a base plate support at its end to control web crippling. A
wide flange section is used as a beam to support a concentrated load at the center. If the
reaction width N is equal to 90 mm at the support, which of the following gives the maximum
reaction that the wide flange section could carry if the web thickness is 10mm and the distance
measured from the outer flange face to the top of the fillet toe (k) is 31 mm. Use A 36 steel with
Fy=250 Mpa.

SOLUTION:
Unknown: Reaction at end support
Given: tw = 10mm k=31 mm Fy=250Mpa N=90mm
Use EQ. 2

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 ( )( *

2. A simply supported beam carries an interior concentrated load at the center of a wide flange
section having a web thickness of 12 mm. The base plate placed directly on the load is used to
prevent web crippling and has a load reaction with N on the beam of 600 mm. Which of the
following gives the maximum concentrated load R that the beam could carry to prevent web
crippling if the distance measured from the outer flange face to the top of the fillet toe k is 31
mm. Use A36 steel with Fy =250MPa?

SOLUTION:
Unknown: Interior Load R
Given: tw = 12mm k=31 mm Fy=250Mpa N=600mm
USE EQ.1

( )( *

3. A beam is made up of a W 840 x 193 of A 36 steel for a span of 9m. The beam carries a
concentrated load of 267 at its middle thirds and a super imposed load of 30 KN/m (including its
own weight). The bearing length at the support N is 100 mm while at the concentrated load N is
150mm. Web thickness is 14.7 mm while k =42.2 mm for a W840 x 192 section.
a. Determine the bearing stress at the support.
b. Determine the bearing stress at the point of application of the load.

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SOLUTION: The loads are symmetrical therefore R1 and R2 is equal.

a. Stress at end reactions: Use EQ.2

( )

b. Stress at the concentrated load R=267 KN: Use EQ.1

( )

4. A W 30 x 99 beam carries a concentrated load of 890 KN at its midspan. Using A 36 steel with
Fy =248 MPa. Neglecting the weight of the beam.

Properties of W 30 x 99
A = 18,1774 mm2
d = 752.86 mm
bf = 265.63 mm
tf = 17.02 mm
tw = 13.26 mm
K = 36.51 mm

a. Compute the minimum bearing length Nr at the end reactions in order to prevent web
yielding.
b. Compute the minimum bearing length Np over which the load must be distributed in
order to prevent web yielding.
c. Compute the min. bearing length Nr at the end reaction to prevent web crippling.
d. Compute the min. bearing length Np over which the concentrated load is distributed to
prevent web crippling.
Solution:

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 a. Min. bearing length Nr:
For End reactions:

( )

b. Min. bearing length Np to prevent web yielding

For Interior loads:

( )

c. Min. bearing length Nr to prevent web crippling

When the concentrated load is applied less than a distance of d/2 from the end of the member.

( *( * √

( ( *( * )√

d. Min. bearing length Np to prevent web crippling:

When the concentrated load is applied at a distance not less than d/2 from the end of the
member.

( ( *( * )√

( ( *( * )√

BEARING PLATES

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Beam may be supported by connections to other structural member or they may rest on
concrete or masonry supports such as walls. When the support is weaker than the steel, it is
usually necessary to spread the load over a larger area so as not to exceed the allowable
bearing stress of the weaker material.
Allowable bearing stress of concrete wall:
1. For plate covering full area of concrete support.

2. For plate covering less than full area of concrete support:

Where:
fc‟ = specified compressive stress of concrete.
A1 = area of bearing steel plate
A2 = Area of the portion of the supporting surface that is geometrically symmetrical to
and concentric with the load area.

The NSCP recommends that the bearing plate be considered to take the entire bending
moment produced and the critical section for moment be assumed to be a distance K
from the centerline of the beam. The distance K is the same distance from the outer
face of the flange to the web toe of the fillet or it is equal to the flange thickness plus
fillet radius.

Note: If A1 and A2 is unknown use

A. Min. width of bearing plate: (N)

Due to web yielding:

B. Thickness of Bearing Plate: (t)

A Self-regulated Learning Module 97

 √

Example:
1. A W 610 x 113 is to be supported on a 300 mm concrete wall such that there is bearing 200mm
wide. Use A 36 steel Fy = 250 MPa. fc‟ = 20.7 MPa.
Properties of W 610 x 113
d = 608 mm bf = 228 mm K = 35.94 mm
tf = 17.3 mm tw=11.9 mm

a. Determine the maximum end reaction due to bearing on the wall.

b. Determine the maximum end reaction due to web yielding.
c. Determine the maximum reaction due to bending stress of the flange.
Solution:
a. Max. end reaction due to bearing on the wall

( *

b. Max. end reaction due to web yielding

( )

c. Maximum reaction due to bending stress on the flange at a distance k

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 √

ACTIVITY 10
LOCAL WEB YIELDING AND CRIPPLING
Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

An S 24 x 105.9 beam is 1.5 m long and carries a concentrated load of 1500 KN at midpoint.
The beam rests on base plates with no end connections. A 36 steel is used with Fy=248 MPa.

a. Compute the necessary length of base plate over the support to avoid necessity if
web stiffeners. (round your answers to the nearest multiple of 10)
b. Compute the necessary length of base plate under the concentrated load to avoid
the necessary of web stiffeners.
c. Check the adequacy of beam for sidesway web buckling if the loaded flange is not
restrained against rotation.

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 QUIZ 10
LOCAL WEB YIELDING AND CRIPPLING
Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

1. A W 610 x 82 beam of A 36 steel has end reaction of 312 KN and is supported on a

plate with a length of bearing of 150mm. Fy = 248 MPa.
Properties of W 610 x 82
d = 599 mm tw = 10 mm tf = 12.8 mm K = 33.27 mm

a. Determine the compressive stress at the toe of fillet (web yielding) for end reaction.
b. Determine the end reaction due to web crippling
c. If the beam is inadequate with respect to web crippling, determine the length of
bearing needed to prevent web crippling at the end reaction. (Round your answers
to the nearest multiple of 10)

2. A W 750 x 173 beam is supported by a masonry wall with an allowable bearing stress of
concrete Fp = 5.18 MPa. The beam reaction is 466 KN and the length of bearing N is
limited to 150 mm. Use A 36 steel Fy = 250 MPa.

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 Properties of W 750 x 173
d = 762.25 mm tw = 14.35 mm tf = 21.59 mm K = 33.27 mm
bf = 266.57 mm

a. Determine the width of bearing plate due to bearing strength of concrete wall.
b. Determine the length of bearing plate due to web crippling.
c. Determine the size of the bearing plate to support the beam.

CHAPTER 10
TENSION AND BENDING

Learning Outcome: The students are able to familiarized and understand the different
procedures used in the analysis and design of earthquake-resistant structures.
Summary of the Topics:
- Introduction to Seismic Analysis
- Seismic Analysis Procedures

Tension and Bending

Usually, bottom chords of trusses are subjected to tension with bending but bending in
tension members are not as serious as those in compression members due to the fact that
tension tends to reduce lateral deflections unlike the compression members, they tend to
cause more or bigger lateral deflections.
The combined stress is due to axial stress which cause tensile stresses and due to
bending which causes both tensile and compressive stresses.

Members subject to both axial tension and bending shall be proportioned at all points along
their length to satisfy the following equations.
a. Bending in one axis only.

Where:

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 fa = computed axial stress
fb = computed bending stress
Ft = allowable tensile stress = 0.60 Fy
Fbx = allowable bending stress

b. Bending in both axes.

Allowable stresses:
Ft = 0.60 Fy Fby=0.75 Fy Fbx =0.66 Fy for compact section
Fbx = 0.60 Fy for non-compact section.

Sample Problem:
1. A W 16 x 50 is used as a beam to carry a uniform live and dead load including its own
weight of 37.5 KN/m and an axial tension load of T acting through the centroid of the
member. It has a simple span of 6m. The compression flange of the members is
laterally supported against local buckling. Use A 36 steel, Fy = 248 MPa.

Properties of W 16 x 50:
A = 9483.85 mm2 tf = 15.95 mm Sy =172 x 103 mm3
d = 412. 75 mm tw = 9.65 mm
bf = 179.65 mm Sx =1324 x 103 mm3

a. Compute the allowable axial stress

b. Compute the allowable bending stress
c. Compute the safe axial load T that the beam could carry.

Solution:
a. Allowable Axial stress Ft

b. Allowable Bending Stress

√ √

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c. Safe Axial Load T

2. A simple beam 4.5 m in span carries a concentrated load of 300 KN at its midspan and
is subjected to an axial tensile force of 250 KN. Fy = 248 MPa.
Three sections are being considered as follows with their corresponding properties
relevant to this problem.
Section Area Beam Depth Moment of Inertia
2
W 24 x 55 0.01 m 0.598 m 0.000558 m4
2
W 21 x 62 0.012 m 0.533 m 0.000554 m4
W 21 x 68 0.013 m2 0.537 m 0.000616 m4

a. Compute the lowest axial stress

b. Compute the lowest bending stress
c. Which of the following gives the safest section?

Solution:
a. Lowest Axial Stress
For W 24 x 55

For W 21 x 62

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 For W 21 x 68

b. Lowest Bending Stress

For W 24 x 55

For W 21 x 62

For W 21 x 68

c. Safest Section:

For W 24 x 55

For W 21 x 62

For W 21 x 68

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 ACTIVITY 11
TENSION AND BENDING
Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

3. A simple beam 4.5 m in span carries a concentrated load of 260 KN at its midspan and
is subjected to an axial tensile force of 250 KN. Fy = 248 MPa.
Three sections are being considered as follows with their corresponding properties
relevant to this problem.
Section Area Beam Depth Moment of Inertia
2
W 24 x 55 0.01 m 0.599 m 0.0005619 m4
W 21 x 62 0.012 m2 0.535 m 0.0004810m4
2
W 21 x 68 0.013 m 0.533 m 0.0005720 m4

d. Compute the lowest axial stress

e. Compute the lowest bending stress
f. Which of the following gives the safest section?

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 QUIZ 11
TENSION AND BENDING
Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

A simply supported beam has a span of 4.5 m. The beam is subjected to an axial tensile force
of 250KN and a vertical concentrated load P acting at its midspan. The member is fully laterally
supported for its entire length. The effect of any bolts can be neglected. The beam consists of
2 – 150 x 90 x 12 mm angles with long legs back spaced at 10 mm apart. For this problem the
properties of one 150 x 90 x 12mm angle is:
Area (A) = 2751 mm2
Section modulus (Sx) = 0.000063 m3
Steel is A 36 with yield strength of 248 MPa
Allowable tensile stress =0.60 Fy
Allowable flexural stress = 0.66 Fy

Neglecting the weight of the beam, which of the following most nearly gives the maximum
value of load P that the member can support.

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 CHAPTER 11
AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Learning Outcome: The students will be able to demonstrate an understanding in evaluating

the response of earthquake-resistant structures based on the designed lateral load considering
the seismic limitations under the National Structural code of the Philippines. The students are
also able to understand and are capable of interpreting the seismic provisions of the National
Structural Code of the Philippines.
Summary of the Topics:
- Steps, Procedures, and Limitations
- Basis for Design (NSCP)
- Structural Systems
- Linear Static Analysis Procedure (Equivalent Load Analysis)
- Simplified Linear Static Procedure
Axially Loaded Compression Members
A column is a compression member that is so slender compare to its length that usually it fails
by buckling rather than by crushing. They are classified into three groups:
1. Short Columns
- For short columns, the failure will be by crushing and no buckling will occur.
2. Intermediate Columns
- For intermediate columns, some of the fibers will reach the yield stress and the member will
fail by a combination of crushing and buckling and their behavior is said to be elastic.
3. Long Columns
- For long columns, the axial buckling stress usually remains below the proportional limit and
the column will usually buckle elastically. Long columns usually fail by buckling or excessive
lateral bending. The longer the column is, the greater the tendency to buckle and the smaller
load it will support. The tendency of a member to buckle is usually measured by its
slenderness ration which is define as the ratio of the length of the member to its least radius
of gyration. The greater the Slenderness ratio, the smaller will be the capacity of such
columns.

Euler‟s Column Buckling Theory

When a column is loaded to the buckling load or Euler load, a column will fail by sudden buckling or
bending.
If the column is hinged at both ends, the Euler critical load is given as:

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And the Euler critical stress is:

( )

Where: E = modulus of elasticity

Pe = Euler load / Buckling load
Fe= Euler critical Buckling stress
(L/r) = Slenderness ratio (SR)
Note: As the slenderness ratio increases, the buckling stress decreases, meaning that as the column
becomes longer and slenderer, the load that causes buckling becomes smaller.

Effective Length
Real columns do not have pin-connected ends. The restraints placed on the column‟s ends greatly
affect its stability. To counter these effects, and effective length factor „K‟, is used to modify the
unbraced length. The product of KL is called the effective length of the column. This length
approximates the length over which the column actually buckles and this may be shorter or longer than
the actual unbraced length.

( )

Effective Length Factors

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Slenderness Ratio (Cs)
Steel columns are usually subdivided into two groups: long and intermediate columns, depending on
their slenderness ratio.

Critical Slenderness Ratio (Cc) it corresponds to the upper limit of elastic buckling failure, which is
defined by an average column stress equal to 0.5 Fy.

Limiting Slenderness Ratio

Members designed to resist compressive force
Members designed to resist tensile force
NSCP Allowable Compressive Stress
The allowable column stress varies with the slenderness ratio Inelastic Buckling occurs when ,
and Elastic buckling occurs when

For Intermediate Columns,

For Long Columns, where

Where SR is the larger value of

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A wide flange section for a 5m long column (hinged at both ends) has the following properties:
Cross-sectional area = 8000 mm2
Radius of gyration, rx = 100 mm
Radius of gyration, ry = 50 mm
Modulus of elasticity, E = 200,000 mpa
Determine the Euler critical load of the column.

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2. A steel column has the following properties: modulus of elasticity E = 200,000 MPa, yield strength
Fy= 200 Mpa, Length L =15 m, Moment of inertia I = 37.7x106 mm4 and area = 8,000 mm2.
Determine the allowable compressive stress if the column is fixed at both ends.

3. A structural steel column with Fy=250 MPa having an unbraced length of 3m is to carry a total axial
load of 1800 KN. Which of the following section is most economical (lightest) for the given load?
The column is hinged at both ends.
SECTION A: A=13,800 mm2, IX=293.63x106 mm4, IY= 67.59x106 mm4
SECTION B: A=11,550 mm2, IX=177.04x106 mm4, IY= 39.14x106 mm4
SECTION C: A=16,050 mm2, IX=452.60x106 mm4, IY= 107.29x106 mm4
SECTION D: A=15,675 mm2, IX=391.73x106 mm4, IY= 107.28x106 mm4

SOLUTIONS:
Columns and other Compression Members
Introduction:
Structural members subjected to axial compressive loads are often called by names identifying their
functions. Of these, the best-known are columns, the main vertical compression members of a building
frame. Other common compression members include top chords of trusses, bracing members, Struts,
and compression flange of rolled beams and built-up sections.

1. A wide flange section for a 5m long column (hinged at both ends) has the following properties:
Cross-sectional area = 8000 mm2
Radius of gyration, rx = 100 mm
Radius of gyration, ry = 50 mm
Modulus of elasticity, E = 200,000 mpa
Determine the Euler critical load of the column.

SOLUTION:

( )

( * ( *

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 ( )

2. A steel column has the following properties: modulus of elasticity E = 200,000 MPa, yield
strength Fy= 200 Mpa, Length L =15 m, Moment of inertia I = 37.7x106 mm4 and area = 8,000
mm2. Determine the allowable compressive stress if the column is fixed at both ends (choose
the K value use for design)
Solution:
COMPARE THE VALUE OF SR AND CC

√ √

√ √

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 3. A structural steel column with Fy=250 MPa having an unbraced length of 3m is to carry a total
axial load of 1800 KN. Which of the following section is most economical (lightest) for the given
load? The column is hinged at both ends.
SECTION A: A=13,800 mm2, IX=293.63x106 mm4, IY= 67.59x106 mm4
SECTION B: A=11,550 mm2, IX=177.04x106 mm4, IY= 39.14x106 mm4
SECTION C: A=16,050 mm2, IX=452.60x106 mm4, IY= 107.29x106 mm4
SECTION D: A=15,675 mm2, IX=391.73x106 mm4, IY= 107.28x106 mm4

Given: Fy=250 MPa, L=3m or 3000 mm, Pact=1800 KN, E=200,000 MPa
Note: In order to be safe or adequate, Pallowable > Pactual.
Most Economical Section: Lightest Section – Lowest adequate Moment of Inertia
SOLUTION:
COMPARE SR TO EACH SECTION AND CC:

√ √

K = 1.0 For all section since the column is hinged at both ends.

CHECK THE ADEQUACY OF SECTION B – Lightest section in terms of Moment of Inertia.

FIND THE SLENDERNESS RATIO AND COMPARE IT TO Cc

√ √

√ √

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 ( )( * ( )( *

TRY SECTION A: REPEAT SAME PROCESS

√ √

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 ( )( * ( )( *

ACTIVITY 12
AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS

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Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

1. The initial compressive force of a steel column can be determined by using

The properties of the column are the following:

A = 8129 mm2 Ix = 178.3 x 106 mm4 Iy = 18.8 x 106 mm4 Fy=345 MPa
E = 200,000 MPa Proportional Limit: fs = 320 MPa

The x – axis has an unbraced length of 8m which is pinned at the top and fixed at the bottom
with K = 0.70 to prevent sidesway. The y- axis has an unbraced length of 4m due to the
bracing at the mid-height.

a. Determine the critical slenderness ratio

b. Compute the initial compressive load of the column
c. What is the minimum length that will not exceed the proportional limit?

2. A W 250 x 73 is to served as a pin-ended 12 m long column is braced at mid-height with

respect to its weak axis. The proportional limit is 235 MPa.

The properties of the column are the following:

A = 9280 mm2 Ix = 113 x 106 mm4 Iy = 38.8 x 106 mm4
rx = 110 ry = 64.7 d = 253 mm bf = 254 mm tf = 14.2 mm
E = 200,000 MPa Proportional Limit: fs = 235 MPa

a. Determine the slenderness ratio with respect to y – axis

b. Determine the Euler‟s buckling stress.
c. Determine the allowable compressive load using a factor of safety of 2.5.

QUIZ 12
AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution

A Self-regulated Learning Module 115

and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

1. A W 14 x 142 is used as a column having a length of 9m long. It is hinged at the upper

end and fixed at the lower end but there is a lateral bracing perpendicular to the minor
axis of the W section at a point 5.4 m above the bottom support. It is assumed to be
pinned connected at the bracing point. Using A 36 steel Fy=248 MPa and the NSCP
specifications. E= 200,000 MPa.
a. Compute the slenderness ratio
b. Compute the allowable axial stress
c. Compute the capacity of the column section.\

2. Built-up column 10m long consists of W 350 x 90 with two plates welded to form a box
section with respect to x – axis column is fixed, y axis column is braced at mid height.
Properties of W section:
A = 11,540 mm2 bf = 250 mm
8 4
Ix = 2.66 x 10 mm tf = 16 mm
Iy = 0.44 x 108 mm4 tw = 10 mm Fy = 248MPa
a. Compute the effective slenderness ratio with respect to the x – axis
b. Compute the effective slenderness ration with respect to the y – axis
c. Compute the axial load Capacity.

CHAPTER 12
DESIGN FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION WITH BENDING

Learning Outcome: The students will be able to demonstrate an understanding in evaluating the
response of earthquake-resistant structures based on the designed lateral load considering the seismic

A Self-regulated Learning Module 116

limitations under the National Structural code of the Philippines. The students are also able to
understand and are capable of interpreting the seismic provisions of the National Structural Code of the
Philippines.
Summary of the Topics:
- Steps, Procedures, and Limitations
- Basis for Design (NSCP)
- Structural Systems
- Linear Static Analysis Procedure (Equivalent Load Analysis)
- Simplified Linear Static Procedure

COMPRESSION WITH BENDING

Interaction Equation: (AISC Specifications)

A. When

Where:

fa = Actual Compressive stress =

Fa= Allowable Axial stress

fb = actual bending stress =

Fb = Allowable bending stress

ALLOWABLE AXIAL STRESS:

1. When

( )

Where:

( ) ( )

2. When

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 ( )

ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS:

1. Use

2. Use

Note: If the bending is along the y-axis.

B. When

( )

Note: If the bending is along the y-axis.

Where:
Lb = unbraced length
rb = Radius of Gyration in the plane of bending
K = effective length factor in the plane of bending.

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The amplification factor is also modified by a reduction coefficient Cm. Its value is taken as
follows:
A. For Compression members in frames subject to joint translation (sidesway), Cm=0.85
B. For rationally restrained compression members in frames braced against joint translation and
not subject to transverse loading between their supports in the plane of bending,
( *
Where M1/M2 is the ration of the smaller moment to larger moment at the ends of the portion of
the member unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration. M1/M2 is positive when the
member is bent in reverse curvature (the direction of moment in both ends of the member are
the same), negative when bent in single curvature (the direction of moments in both ends are
opposite).

C. For compression members in frames braced against joint translation in the plane of loading and
subjected to transverse loading between their supports, the value of Cm may be determined by
an analysis. However in lieu of such analysis, the following values are permitted.
i. For members whose ends are restrained against rotation in the plane of bending,
Cm = 0.85.
ii. For members whose ends are unrestrained against rotation in the plane of
bending,
Cm = 1.0

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AXIAL TENSION AND BENDING
Members subject to both axial tension and bending stresses must satisfy the following equation:

Where fb is the actual bending stress, fa is the actual axial tensile stress, Fb is the allowable bending
stress and Ft is the governing allowable tensile stress.
Where Ft = 0.60Fy
Fbx = 0.66Fy (For noncompact section)
Fbx = 0.60Fy (For compact section)
Fby = 0.75Fy

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. The A-36 steel W 6x20 column in the figure is pin connected at the top and fixed at the bottom
(k=0.70) and is subjected to the eccentric load P. The beam is laterally supported about its
week axis.
The properties of W 6x20 relevant to this problem are as follows:
A = 3790 mm2
Ix = 17,231,980 mm4
d = 157 mm
E=200,000 MPa
Fy=248 Mpa
Determine the maximum value of P. The allowable bending stress of the section is Fb=152
MPa.

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2. Steel column 3.6m long and hinged at both ends is used to carry an axial load of 1000 KN. The
column is subject to end moments (reverse curvature) with M1=90%M2. Fy= 248 MPa,
E=200GPa. The allowable axial stress Fa=115 MPa and the allowable bending stress Fb=149
MPa.
The properties if the steel section are as follows:
A = 0.013 m2
Sx=0.00012 m3
rb = 94 mm

a) Determine the computed actual axial stress of the column.

b) Determine the computed actual bending stress of the column.
c) Determine the moment capacity of the column.

3. The figure shows a column subjected to an axial load of P=40KN and a bending moment of 60
Kn.m on the strong axis. The column is 9m long and laterally supported about its weak axis at
midheight. The steel is A 36 steel with Fy=248 MPa. Effective length factor K=1.0. The section
used is a compact section. The allowable bending stress on the strong axis is 114 MPa and the
allowable Bending stress on the weak axis is 82 MPa.

The properties of the section are as follows:

A=5,580 mm2 ry=41.7mm
d/tw=58.33 Sx=697x103 mm3
bf/2tf = 9 rt= 47.8 mm
rx= 147.9mm Bf=180 mm
d=350 mm tf=10 mm
a) Determine the actual axial stress
b) Determine the actural bending stress

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c) Determine the interaction of value of the steel section.

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 4. A 9m long column is subjected to an axial compressive load P = 2675KN and a lateral uniform
load W = 4388 N/m that caused bending about the columns weak axis as shown. Use A-36
steel, Fy=250 Mpa and effective length factor K=1.0
Properties of WF section:
A = 36645 mm2 tf=35.58 mm
d=394 mm tw=22.61 mm
bf=399.03 mm ry=102.87 mm
Sx= 5080 x 10 mm Sy=1950 x 103 mm3
3 3

a. Which of the following gives the ratio of the actual and allowable axial compressive stress?
b. Which of the following gives the value of the magnification factor?

SOLUTION:
Compare Cc and KL/r

√ √

Since Cc > KL/r use:

( )
( )

( )

( )( *

Solve for the actual compressive stress:

a) The ratio of the actual and allowable axial compressive stress

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Since fa/Fa > 0.15; check for the stability interaction criterion since magnification factor is only present
to the said criterion.

( * ( *

Cm = 1.0 (Ends without restraints)

( )

Since bending moment is along the y-axis; Fb=0.75Fy

Compute for the actual bending stress in the weak axis.

Check first if the Interaction Value is adequate:

( *

b) The value of the magnification factor

( )

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5. A W 250 x 58 A-36 steel column is pin-connected at the top and bottom with side sways being
prevented. The upper hinge is eccentric by 25 mm causing bending about the major axis. The
column is 5.4 m high without any lateral bracing column.
Properties of W 250 x 58
A = 7420 mm2 tf =8 mm
d = 252 mm tw = 13.5 mm
bf = 203 mm ry = 50.4 mm rx = 108 mm
Sx= 693 x 103 mm3 Sy=186 x 103 mm3

Using NSCP specifications:

a) Find the allowable axial stress of the column
b) Find the allowable bending of the column
c) Find the maximum safe axial load P

a) Allowable axial stress, Fa

Compare Cc and KL/r

√ √

Choose the larger slenderness ratio SR=107.14

Since KL/r < Cc USE:

( )
( )

( )

( )( *

b) Allowable bending stress

Check for the length requirements; L= 5400mm
3. Use

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 √

4. Use

√ √

Since Lc < L < Lu allowable bending stress is

Assume: fa/Fa < 0.15

Solve for P:

( *

Check for fa/Fa < 0.15

Since fa/Fa> 0.15

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Compute for Cm:

( *

Compute for Fe’:

( )

Solve for P:

( *

Solve for P:

Choose the safe value of P (the smaller one):

ACTIVITY 13
DESIGN FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION WITH BENDING

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Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

1. A steel column 3.6 m long is pin connected at the top and bottom and is part of a frame
subjected to buckling and sidesway. It carries an axial load of 800KN and a moment of
70 KN.m at the top and a moment at the bottom which is 90% of the moment at the top.

The steel section has the following properties:

A = 13,000 mm2 r = 94 mm K = 1.0
3 3
Sx = 1200 x 10 mm Fy = 248 MPa E = 200,000 MPa

Axial compressive stress that would be permitted if axial force alone existed Fa = 115
MPa. Compressive bending stress that would be permitted if bending moment alone
existed Fb = 148 MPa.

a. Compute the axial compressive stress if axial load only existed.

b. Which of the following gives the allowable axial compressive stress.
c. Using the interaction formula which of the following gives the interaction value of
both axial and bending stresses.

2. A W 8 x 27 steel column 6m long is pin connected at the top and the bottom and is part
of a frame subjected to joint translation (sidesway). It carries an axial load of 800 KN
and a counter clockwise moment at the top and a clockwise moment at the bottom
which is only 90% of the moment at the top.

The steel section has the following properties:

A = 0.013 m2 r = 194 mm K = 1.0
3 3
Sx = 0.00099 x 10 m Fy = 248 MPa E = 200,000 MPa

a. Compute the axial compressive stress if axial load only existed.

b. Which of the following gives the allowable axial compressive stress.
c. If the allowable bending stress is 149 MPa, what is the value of the moment at the
top?
QUIZ 13
DESIGN FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION WITH BENDING

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Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

A steel column section carries an axial load of 1784 KN and a clockwise moment of 272 KN.m
at the top and a counter clockwise moment of 272 KN.m at the bottom. In the plane of loading,
there is no bracing and column is subjected to sidesway. Use Kx = 1.92 and Ky=1.0.
Fy=248MPa and E = 200,000 MPa.
Properties of Steel Column:
A = 29999.94 mm2 d = 381 mm bf = 394.97 mm tf = 30.18 mm
tw = 18.54 mm rx = 162.56 mm ry = 101.60 mm Sx = 4146 x 103 mm3
Sy = 1570 x 103 mm3

a. Compute the allowable axial stress if only axial stress occurred.

b. Compute the allowable bending stress if only bending stress occurred.
c. Compute the interaction value of both axial and compressive stresses and indicate the
adequacy of the column section.

CHAPTER 13
BASE PLATES FOR AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

Learning Outcome: The students will be able to demonstrate an understanding in evaluating the

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response of earthquake-resistant structures based on the designed lateral load considering the seismic
limitations under the National Structural code of the Philippines. The students are also able to
understand and are capable of interpreting the seismic provisions of the National Structural Code of the
Philippines.
Summary of the Topics:
- Steps, Procedures, and Limitations
- Basis for Design (NSCP)
- Structural Systems
- Linear Static Analysis Procedure (Equivalent Load Analysis)
- Simplified Linear Static Procedure

Base Plate for Axially Loaded Columns

Steel columns are placed on some type of supporting member or by a concrete footing.
A base plate is necessary when a steel column terminates on any reinforced concrete footing
to spread the high intensity of stress in the steel to a value that can be safely carried by the
reinfoced concrete footing. These base plates can be welded directly to the columns by means
of some type of bolted or welded lug angles. For small columns these plates are usually shop-
welded lug angles. For small columns these plates are usually shop-welded to the columns,
but for larger columns it is necessary to install the plates separately and set them to correct
position. The columns are then set and connected to the footing with anchor bolts which pass
through the lug angles which have been shop-welded to the columns.
The NSCP Specifications provided two allowable bearing pressures for concrete
supports.
a. If the entire concrete Area A2 is covered by the plate whose area is A1

b. If A1 is less than A2:

The following stresses are recommended by the NSCP Specs.

a. On sandstone and limestone:

b. On brick in cement mortar:

c. On the full area of concrete support:

d. On less than the full area of concrete support:

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Where:

In the design of Columns base plates, it is assumed that the column load is uniformly
distributed within a rectangle whose dimensions are 95% of the depth and 80% of the flange
width of the column section that the base plate to have a uniform bearing pressure on the
foundation.
Trial Area:

When

a. When the stresses is on the full area of concrete support

b. When the stresses in on less than full area of concrete support

Thickness of Base Plate:

1st Condition: When

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 √

2nd Condition: When

3rd Condition: When

Sample Problem:
1. An axially loaded W 250 x 89 Column is supported on a 25 mm thick base plate having
dimensions of 325 mm x 375mm. The concret pedestal on which the base plate is set is
450 mm square. All steel is A 36, Fy = 250MPa and f‟c =24.2 MPa.
Properties of W 250 x 89
bf = 256 mm and d = 260 mm
a. Determine the allowable bearing pressure on the concrete pedestal.
b. Find the maximum allowable axial load that this base plate can support based on
allowable bearing pressure of concrete pedestal.
c. Find the allowable load that this plate can support based on the bendig strength of the
plate.

Solution:
a. Allowable bearing stress:

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 √

b. Allowable Axial Load P

c. Allowable Axial load based on bending strength of the plate.

√ √

√
( )

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2. A W 360 x 110 Column carries an axial load of 1560 KN. A rectangular base plate is
required to support this column. Assume that the base plate will cover the full area of
concrete pier with f‟c=20.7 MPa. Use A 36 steel with Fy = 248 MPa.
Properties of W 360 x 110
bf = 256 mm and d = 360 mm and tf=19.9 mm

a. Determine the length N of the base plate

b. Determine the width B of the base plate
c. Determine the thickness of the base plate

Solution:
a. Length of Base plate:

If the entire concrete Area A2 is covered by the plate whose area is A1

Required Area:

( )
√

b. Width of the base plate:

c. Thickness of Base Plate:

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 √ √

( )
√ √
( )

ACTIVITY 14
BASE PLATES FOR AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)

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 0 No solution at all

1. A square base plate supports a W 250 x 167 column that support an axial load of 2000
KN. The base plate is to be of A 36 steel, Fy=250 MPa. The footing size (pile cap) is
2.4m square. The compression strength of concrete is f‟c = 20.7 MPa.
Properties of W 250 X 167
d = 289 mm and bf = 265 mm

a. Determine the allowable bearing pressure of the pile cap.

b. Determine the size of the square base plate.
c. Determine the thickness of the base plate.

2. A base plate shown in the figure is resting on a concrete pedestal 600 mm x 500 mm in
cross section. The base plate is 550 mm x 414 mm x 36 mm, f‟c = 20.86 MPa. The
column section is a W 14 x 70 with flange width of 256 mm and a depth of 360mm.
Fy=250 MPa.

a. Compute the capacity of W 14 x 70 column section based on the flexural strength of

the base plate.
b. Compute the capacity of the W 14 x 70 column section based on the bearing
strength of the pedestal.
c. Compute the safe axial concentric load of the W 14 x 70 column section.

QUIZ 13
DESIGN FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION WITH BENDING

Solve for the following problems on a separate sheet of bond paper. Provide complete solution
and/or illustrations.
Point distribution
30 Complete solution and correct answer (used correct principle)
16-29 Incomplete solution and correct answer (used correct
principle)
1-15 Wrong solution and answer (used incorrect principle)
0 No solution at all

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A W 12 x 79 is used as a column section with an unbraced length of 4.1 m. Assume
Kx=Ky=1.0. Use Fy=245 MPa, f‟c = 28 MPa. The column is interfaced to a concrete pedestal.
E = 200,000MPA.
Properties of W 12 x 70
A = 14968 mm2 d = 314.45 mm bf = 306.83 mm tf = 18.69mm
tw = 11.94 mm Sx = 1753 x103 mm3 Sy = 587 x103 mm3
rx = 135.64 mm ry= 77.47 mm

a. Compute the allowable axial stress of the column and the maximum capacity of the
column section.
b. Design the size of the column base plate.
c. Design the thickness of the base plate.

CHAPTER 14
WELDED CONNECTIONS

Definition:
In welded connections, different elements are connected by heating their surfaces to a plastic of fluid
state. There may or may not be pressure, and there may or may not be filler material. Arc welding is
the general term for the many processes that uses electrical energy in the form of an electric arc to
generate the heat necessary for welding.
TYPES OF WELDING:
1. SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING (SMAW)

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 - In SMAW, the weld is protected by using an electrode covered with a layer of mineral
compound. Melting of this layer during the welding produces an inert gas encompassing the
weld area. The inert gas shields the weld by preventing the molten metal from having
contact with the surrounding air. The protecting layer of the electrode leaves a slag after the
mold has cooled down the slag can be removed by peening and brushing.

- The electrode material is specified

under various specification and is
given in table of electrodes used
for welding. The designations
such as E60XX or E80XX indicate
60Ksi (415 MPa) and 80 Ksi (550
MPa), respectively for tensile
strength Fu. The E denotes
electrode. The X‟s represent
numbers indicating the usage of
electrode.

2. SUBMERGED ARC WELDING (SAW)

-In SAW process, the arc is not visible because the surface of the weld and the electric arc are
covered by a blanket of granular fusible material to protect it from the surrounding air. In this
method, a bare metal electrode is used as filler material. Compared with SMAW, SAW welds
provide deeper penetration. Also, SAW welds show good ductility and corrosion resistance and
high impact strength.

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 3. GAS METAL ARC WELDING (GMAW)
-In this process the electrode is a continuous wire that is fed from a coil though the electrode
holder. The shielding is entirely from an externally supplied gas or gas mixture. The GMAW
process using CO2 shielding is good for the lower carbon and low-alloy steels which are usually
used in buildings and bridges.

4. FLUX CORED ARC WELDING (FCAW)

-This process is similar to GMAW, except that the continuously fed filler metal electrode is
tubular and contains the flux material within its core. The core material provides the same
functions as does the coating in SMAW or the granular flux in SAW. This process is useful
procedure for field welding in severe cold weather conditions as well as to speed up high rise
construction.

ADVANTAGES OF WELDING
1. In welded connections, in general, fewer pieces are used. This will speed up the detailing and
fabrication process.
2. In welded connections, gusset and splice plates may be eliminated. Bolts or rivets are not
needed either. Thus, the total weight of a welded steel structure is somewhat less than that of
the corresponding bolted structure.
3. Connecting unusual members (such as pipes) is easier by welding than by bolting.
4. Welding provides truly rigid joint and continuous structure.

FORMS OF WELDED JOINTS

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TYPES OF WELDS
The two common types of welds in welded steel structure are groove welds and fillet welds. Fillet welds
are much more popular in structural steel design than groove welds.
1. GROOVE WELDS
- Two different types of groove welds are shown in the figure. They are the partial penetration
(single-V) groove weld and full penetration (double-V) groove weld. Groove welds can be
used when the pieces to be connected can be lined up in the same plane with small
tolerances.

2. FILL
ET
WEL
DS
- Fillet welds are shown in the figure. Depending on the direction of the applied load and the
line of the fillet weld, fillet welds are classified as longitudinal or transverse fillet weld. In
Longitudinal fillet weld, the shear force to be transferred is parallel to the weld line; in
transverse fillet weld, the force to be transmitted is perpendicular to the weld line.

FILLET WELDS

- Fillet welds can be either equal-leg or unequal-leg, the intersection point of the original
faces of the steel elements being connected is called the root of the weld. The surface of
the weld should have a slight convexity. In computation of the strength of the weld, however,
this convexity is not taken into account and the theoretical flat surface is used. The normal
distance from the root to the theoretical face of the weld is called the throat of the weld.

- Experiments performed on fillet welds indicate that they are weaker in shear than in tension
and compression. Also, equal-leg fillet welds fail in shear through the throat (at angles of
about 45 degree with the legs of the weld). For equal-leg fillet welds, the relation between
the dimensions of the leg “t” and the throat “Te” is

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 - For unequal legs fillet with nominal size “a” and “b”, the throat is

For SAW process (Submerged Arc Welding)

a. When t < 10 mm

b. When t > 10 mm

Thus, shear stress is the controlling factor in the design of fillet welds, it is customarily
calculated by dividing the force P acting on the weld by the effective throat area of the weld.
The effective throat area is computed by multiplying the throat thickness by the length of the
fillet weld. This method of finding average shear stress is used for both longitudinal and
transverse fillet welds.

EFFECTIVE AREA OF FILLET WELDS

PROVISION:
a. For 10mm and smaller fillet welds, Effective throat thickness te = leg size
b. For welds larger than 10 mm, Effective throat thickness te = t + 3mm

MINIMUM SIZE OF FILLET WELDS:

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MAXIMUM SIZE OF FILLET WELDS:
a. Material less than 6mm thick, not greater than the thickness of the material.

b. Material 6mm or more in thickness, not greater than the thickness of the material minus 1.6mm,
unless the weld is especially designated on the drawings to be built out to obtain full-throat
thickness.

Capacity of Equal-leg fillet weld:

But the stress in material may not be greater than 0.60 Fy for tension and 0.4Fy for shear.
Where: w= size of weld (leg)
L= total length of weld
Fv = allowable shearing stress of weld metal
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. Two steel plates, each 350 mm wide and 12 mm thick, are to be joined together by welded lap
splice, as shown in the figure. The electrode used for the weld has a nominal tensile strength of
550 MPa.
a. Determine the maximum weld size that can be used.
b. Determine the effective net area of the fillet weld using the maximum weld size allowed by
the code
c. Determine the maximum load that can be resisted by the weld using the maximum weld size
allowed by the code.

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Solution:
a. Maximum size of weld, w
Since thickness of plate is 12mm

b. Effective area of fillet weld (Ae)

Effective length = total length x 2 = 350 mm x 2 =750 mm
Effective throat length = 0.707t

c. Considering the upper weld only

2. A double angle truss member shown in the figure consist of two angles 125 mmx 88 mm x
10mm thick with the 125 mm side welded to a gusset plate. The member is to carry a total
tensile force of 848 KN. Using 6-mm fillet weld with E60 electrode, determine the length of each
side fillet weld required for balanced condition. All steels are A36 with Fy=250 MPa.

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Solution:
From the table “Electrodes used for welding”
Fu=425 MPa for E60 electrode
Allowable shear on effective area of weld:

Allowable shear on base metal:

Considering One member only:

P= 848/2 = 424 KN
Length of weld on one side, L= L1+L2

Based on weld metal shear:

Based on base metal shear:

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 CHOOSE THE LARGER VALUE OF THE LENGTH L= 784 mm
For balanced condition:

ans
ans

REFERENCES
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP), ‘National Structural Code of the
Philippines 2015 (NSCP 2015)’ C101-15, Vol. I (7th ed.) Buildings, Towers, and Other Vertical
Structures.

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Sucuoglu, H. (2014). Basic earthquake engineering from seismology to analysis and design.
Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
Bozorgnia, Y. (2006). Earthquake engineering from engineering seismology to performance-
based engineering. Taylor & Francis e-library.
Gioncu, V. (2011). Earthquake engineering for structural design. Spon Press.
Duggal, S. K. (2007). Earthquake resistant design of structures. Oxford University Press.
Day, R. W. (2nd Ed). (2012). Geotechnical earthquake engineering handbook with the 2012
international building code. McGraw-Hill Companies.

Elnashai, A. S. (2008). Fundamentals of earthquake engineering. John Wiley & Dons, Ltd.

COURSE EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE

YES NO
1. The Syllabus was discussed at the beginning of the course
2. The delivery of the course followed the structure of the syllabus
3. The instructor explained the grading system of the course

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4. The activities were related to the course learning outcomes
5. I was able to achieve the learning outcomes of the course

EVALUATION OF THE COURSE MODULE

This part of the module which is to be answered at the end of the course. It will not evaluate
your teacher.

1. What lesson or activity did I enjoy most? Why?

2. What lesson or I activity I have difficulty dealing with? Why?
3. What is the most important lesson which I can apply in my daily life?
4. What are the new insights/ discoveries that I learned?
5. What topics do I find least important?
6. What possible topics should have been included?
7. What I can suggest to improve the learning module of the course?

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