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1 Reproduction in Organisms Notes

The document discusses different types of reproduction including asexual and sexual reproduction. It describes various modes of asexual reproduction like binary fission, budding, and spores. It then explains the main events of the sexual cycle including gamete formation, gamete transfer, fertilization, and post-fertilization development.

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aritra sarkar
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39 views

1 Reproduction in Organisms Notes

The document discusses different types of reproduction including asexual and sexual reproduction. It describes various modes of asexual reproduction like binary fission, budding, and spores. It then explains the main events of the sexual cycle including gamete formation, gamete transfer, fertilization, and post-fertilization development.

Uploaded by

aritra sarkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS CBSE PDF

NOTES DOWNLOAD FOR CLASS 11

• REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS

• Life Span
• Period from birth till natural death. Every organism lives only for
certain period of time Eg Elephant 60 -90 years, Fruit fly 4-5 weeks.
Every organism live only for a certain period of time.

Reproduction

Producing young-ones of their kind, generation after generation.

Types of reproduction:

• Asexual reproduction :single parent capable of producing offsprings


.Somatogenic reproduction
• Sexual reproduction : two parents are invovled in producing offspring

Modes of asexual reproduction

• Binary fission : parent body divides into two halves, genetically


identical to parent. Amoeba: It is simple or irregular.
• Paramoecium : Transverse binary fission. Organisms considered
immortal
• Multiple fission : parent body divides into many daughter organisms
Plasmodium.
• Budding : daughter organisms grow from small buds arising in parent
body. Exogenous budding: out side the body eg. Hydra, Yeast.
• Budding in Yeast Endogenous budding : inside the body eg. Gemmule
in sponge. Oidia of rhizopus
• Conidia : non-motile, exogenous spores in chains eg. Fungi.
• Zoospores : microscopic motile structures eg. Algae.
• In plants : term vegetative reproduction frequently used instead of
asexual reproduction, units of vegetative propagation called vegetative
propagules.Eg runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber offset, bulb give rise to
new plant
• All organisms show remarkable similarity. Vast difference in their
reproductive structure. Similar pattern or phases in their life cycles

• PHASES OF LIFE SPAN.

• Juvenile phase : The phase of growth before reproductive maturity.


• Reproductive phase : Reproductive maturity.
• Senescent phase : Phase between reproductive maturity and

➣ The main events of sexual cycle are:

i. Pre-fertilisation events
a. Gametogenesis
• The process of formation of male and female gametes by meiosis
(cell-division).

♦ Homogamete (Isogamete) : - gametes similar eg. Algae


♦ Heterogamete(an-isogamete) : - morphologically dissimilar gamete
,male gamete (antherozoid or sperm) ,female gamete (egg or ovum) eg.
Human.
♦ Sexuality in organisms : In plants Bisexual term is used for
Homothallic and Monoecious plants Both male and female
reproductive structures in same plant eg. Higher plants, cucurbits and
coconut.
♦ Unisexual term used for Heterothallic and Dioecious plants Male and
female reproductive-structure on different plants.
Flowering plants – male flower–staminate flower and female flower–
pistillate flower eg. papaya and date-palm.

• Animals – Bisexual term is used for Hermaphrodite animals -eg.


Earth-worm, Tape-worm, Leech, Sponge.
• Unisexual animals have male & female sexes in separate
individuals -e.g. insects, frogs, humanbeings

• Cell division during gamete formation :

• Haploid-parent (n) produces haploid gametes (n) by mitotic division,


eg. Monera, fungi, algae and bryophytesDiploid parent (2n) produces
haploid gametes(n) by meiosis division (possess only one set of
chromosomes)and such specialized parent cell is called meiocyte or
gamete mother cell..

Name of Meiocyte gamete


organism (2n) (n)

Human 46 23

Housefly 12 6

Ophioglossum
1260 630
(fern)

Potato 48 24
b) Gamete transfer :- to facilitate fusion.
♦ Male gametes mostly motile and female non-motile, exception few
fungi and in algae both gametes are motile in some cases
♦ Water medium for gamete transfer- in lower plants. Large number of
male gametes produced to compensate loss
♦ Higher plants, pollen-grains are transferred by pollination.
♦ Fertilization :- Fusion of male and female gametes diploid zygote.
♦ Parthenogenesis :- development into new organism without
fertilisation eg. Rotifers, honey-bees, some lizard, bird(turkey).
ii. Fertilization

Two types- external and internal .

• External fertilisation :- outside the body of organism in external-


medium (water) eg. majority of algae, fishes, amphibians.
• Advantage :- show great synchrony between the sexes –

1. Release of large number of gametes into surrounding medium

2. Large number of offsprings produced.

• Disadvantage :- offspring vulnerable to predators, natural disasters.


• Internal fertilisation :- fusion occurs inside female body eg. majority
of plants and animals. Egg non-motile and formed inside female body.
Male gamete motile, produced in large numbers to reach egg and fuse
with it. In seed plants, non- motile male gamete carried to female
gamete by pollen-tube.

iii. Post -fertilisation events- formation of zygote.

a. Zygote. One celled , diploid, vital link between two generations.


• External fertilization :- zygote formed in external medium water eg.
Frog,
• Internal fertilization :– zygote formed inside the body eg. Human
beings. Development of zygote depends on type of life cycle and
environment. Some develop thick wall ( prevent damage and
desiccation) & undergo period of rest eg. Algae, fungi.
• Haplontic life cycle :- zygote (2n) divides by meiosis to form haploid
(n) spores.
• Diplontic life-cycle :- zygote (2n) divides mitotically, develops into
embryo (2n).
• Oviparous animals lay eggs out :- side the female body.Eggs can be
fertilized/ unfertilized. Fertilized eggs covered which hard calcareous
shell, laid in safe place in the environment. Unfertilised eggs laid in
water. Example- fishes, frogs, reptiles, birds
• Viviparous animals bear and rear the embryo inside female body, give
birth to young-ones. Advantage- proper embryonic care, protection,
survival chances of young-ones greater. Examplecows, whales, human
beings .
• Embryogenesis :- development of embryo from zygote by cell division
(mitosis) and cell differentiation.
• Cell :- division increases the number of cells in the developing embryo
Cell differentiation - groups of cells undergo certain modifications for
the formation of different kinds of tissues and organs.
• In flowering plants :- zygote formed inside ovule

Sepal Fall off

Petal Fall off


Stamen Fall off

Zygote Embryo

Primary
endosperm Endosperm (3 N)
nucleus

Synergid Disintegrate

Antipodals Disintegrate

Ovary Fruit

Ovule Seed

Pericarp (epicarp +
Ovary wall mesocarp +
endocarp)

Seed coat (testa +


Integument
tegmen)

• Parthenogenesis :Female gamete develops into new organism.


• Seedless fruits formed by parthenogenesis
• Clone : A group of individuals of the same species that are
morphologically and genetically similar to each other & their parents
• Turion : Fleshy overwintering buds in aquatic plants help in
perrenation Eg potomegaton, utricularia
• Bulbil : Fleshy buds that produce new plant Eg Agave and Oxalis

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