Module 1

Nature of Teaching and

Teacher Roles
“A good teacher is like a candle – it consumes itself to light
the way for others” Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

In this Module

A. The Roles of a Teacher

1. As a Person
2. As a Professional
3. As a Community Leader and Social Advocate
4. As a Model of Character
5. As an Expert

B. Challenges in Teaching
1. Multicultural classrooms
2. Learner-centered teaching
3. Multi-grade classes
4. ICT Integration
5. Multiple Intelligences
6. Children with Special Needs

C. UNESCO’s Four Pillars of Education

It is widely recognized that teachers are the backbone of any educational

system. Teachers play a significant role in the lives of the learners, thereby enhancing
the quality of what happens in schools and preparing them to be active members of
society need the highest teaching level. This module will allow you to explore
teachers' different roles and the challenges they face in their respective classrooms as
facilitators of learning.

At the completion of this module, you are expected to:

 Explain what teaching is and describe the roles of the teachers in the teaching
learning process

Are you ready? Then start the lesson now!

 Lesson
1 The Roles of a Teacher

At the end of the lesson the students can:

1. Explain the meaning of the “teaching profession” and what it
means to be a teacher.
2. Describe the roles of a teacher in the teaching-learning process of
the learners
3. Cite qualities that a professional teacher should possess

Introduction

Teaching is a timeless profession. It is the premise of all other professions.

Great teachers plant seeds that produce competent physicians, good accountants,
excellent engineers, and other professions that eventually expected to be good
citizens. The importance of teachers as an architect of our future generations demands
not only the best, and the most competent individuals of society are allowed to qualify
for this noble profession.
In this lesson, you will explore the different roles of a teacher in the teaching
learning process.

Minute Talk

Ask the students around you about the question given below. Record the key
term/s of their answer.

considerate
2
responsible
intelligent
 qualities of
kind
friendly your favorite
teacher/s?

patient thoughtful

dedicated

Let us Analyze

Guide Questions:

1. What makes you think that those qualities mentioned above define a good
teacher?

As a future educator, those qualities mentioned above define a good

teacher because those were the qualities that I look up to if I will be
exposed in the real world of teaching. There is actually no firm
description of a perfect teacher as long as you have the dedication and the
passion to the profession that you are into.

2. Assessing yourself now, do you think you already have those qualities?
Why?

Assessing myself now, I think I still don’t have the qualities of being a
good teacher since there are still a lot of things that I need to learn. Yes, I
have already acquired some of the theories being taught to us but I still
don’t have the experience in dealing with students in the real world of
teaching.

3
 3. As a future teacher, what are you going to do to acquire and possess
qualities of a good teacher?

The first thing that I will do to acquire and possess qualities of a good
teacher is to take the LET or the licensure examination for teachers. It is
because the first qualification for a teacher to be called “a real teacher” is
if he/she is licensed.

Abstraction: Let Us Build on!

What is teaching?
Various definitions have been given to teaching. Check below how scholars
defined teaching.

Nilsen and Albertalli (2002), teaching Schlechty (2004) defines teaching as

in its broadest sense is the process an art of inducing students to behave
whereby a teacher guides a learner or in ways that are assumed to lead to
a group of learners to a higher level of learning, including an attempt to
knowledge or skills. induce students to so behave.

Desforges (1995) defines teaching as Melby (1994) states that teaching is

the management of pupils’ not merely dispensing subject or
experience, largely in classrooms lesson-having, but an art which
with the deliberate intention of involves the student in the teaching-
promoting their learning. learning process where the student is
given the chance to participate fully
Frimpong (1990) defined teaching as in the process – that the teacher
the process whereby a teacher imparts accepts each pupil and has a favorable
knowledge, skills, attitudes and attitude towards individual
values to a learner or group of differences.
learners in a way that respects the
intellectual integrity and capacity of Farrant (1980) simply defined
the learners with the aim of changing teaching as a process that facilitates
the behavior of the learner(s)’. learning.

4
 Thring, (2001) says pouring out knowledge is not teaching. Hearing lessons is not
teaching …… teaching is getting at the heart and mind so that the learner values
learning and to believe that learning is possible in his/her own case.

Smith (2004) sees teaching as the process of carrying out activities that experience
has shown to be effective in getting students to learn. He goes on to say that
teaching is that which results in learning – learning is the responsibility of the
teacher and that if students do not learn, it is the fault of the teacher. He capped his
statements on teaching by stating that teaching is undertaking certain ethical tasks or
activities, the intention of which is to induce learning.

Source: International Educative Research Foundation and Publisher © 2013 Page | 37 International Journal for
Innovation Education and Research www.ijier.net Vol. 1-03, 2013

From the above definitions of teaching, it can be inferred that there are two
essential forms of institutionalized teaching: (a) formal teaching in which teacher
guides a teaching-learning cycle with limited student involvement; and (b) informal
teaching in which the teacher acts as a guide, facilitator, mentor or motivator, and
participation by a student is very high.

Roles of a Teacher
Teachers play very important and demanding tasks in the learners’
developmental process. They are more than entrusted with the task of molding the
character of the learners and making them productive members of society. They
represent role models for the learners who are still in their physical and mental
development, especially those who are in their early stages. If teachers perform their
role well, the learners will realize the importance of the positive traits and values
being imparted to him.
Let us review the different roles of the teachers.

Teacher as a Person

Possess the quality of an effective teacher.

 Come to class prepared
 Maintain positive attitudes about teaching and about students
 Hold high expectations for all students

5
  Show creativity in teaching the class
 Treat and grades students fairly
 Display a personal, approachable touch with students
 Cultivate a sense of belonging in the classroom
 Deal with student problems compassionately
 Have a sense of humor and did not take everything seriously
 Respect students and do not deliberately embarrass them
 forgiving and do not hold grudges
 Admit mistakes

Source: Walker, R. J. (2008). Twelve characteristics of an effective teacher: A longitudinal,

qualitative, quasi-research study of in-service and pre-service teachers' opinions. educational
HORIZONS, 61-68.

Teacher as a Professional

 Completed a baccalaureate degree in the field of teacher education

from a college/university recognized by CHED
 A Licensure Examination for Teacher (LET) passer
 Continued involvement in professional development as mandated by
RA 10912, otherwise known as the CPD Act of 2016
 Complies with the professional and the ethical standards of a
profession reflected in the Code of Ethics
 Have professional competence shown by mastery of the subject
matter and understanding of the learners.

Teacher as a Community Leader and Social Advocate

 A great leader who focuses on shared decision-making, collaboration,

and community building. She/he provides opportunities for each
student to assume leadership roles.
 Actively participate in community movements for the betterment of
the community
 Establish learning environments that respond to the need of the
community by participating in community activities that promote

6
 learning.
 Use community networks to publicize school events and achievements
 Maintains stature and conduct that upholds the dignity of teaching

Teacher as a Model of Character

 empowers and motivates you to develop your potential to the fullest

and see the best in yourselves
 shows respect to your ideas and opinions, allowing you to freely
express your thoughts and feelings. This teacher sets an example for
you to learn to respect and listen to other people.
 set a model to use constructive criticism and advice as an opportunity
to grow as an educator
 Majid, R. A., Ali, M. M., & Alias, A. (2014) identified five important
themes on exemplary teacher’s characteristics.
o a teacher who motivates
o a teacher who has futuristic outlook
o a teacher who makes their students feel important
o a teacher who is passionate about his/her subject
o a teacher who has the agenda to shape the students’ attitude

Teacher as an Expert

According to Hattie, J (2003) expert teachers

1. Can identify essential representations of their subject(s)

 have deeper representations about teaching and learning
 adopt a problem – solving stance to their work
 can anticipate, plan, and improvise as required by the situation
 better decision – makers and can identify what decisions are important
and which are less important decisions

2. can guide learning through classroom interactions

 proficient at creating an optimal classroom climate for learning

7
  are more context-dependent and have high situation cognition

3. can monitor learning and provide feedback

 are more adept at monitoring student problems and assessing their
level of understanding and progress, and they provide much more
relevant, useful feedback
 are more adept at developing and testing hypotheses about learning
difficulties or instructional strategies

4. can attend to affective attributes

 have high respect for students
 are passionate about teaching and learning

5. can influence student outcomes

 engage students in learning and develop their students’ self-regulation,
involvement in mastery learning, enhanced self – efficacy, and self –
esteem as learners
 provide appropriate, challenging tasks and goals for students
 have positive influences on students’ achievement
 enhance surface and deep learning

Do this: Write a poem using the Haiku format synthesizing concept of

teaching and good qualities of a teacher. Share it with others after.

TEACHER

Teach, touch, transform life

These are the roles of teachers

To reach goals, they strive.

8
 Application: Let’s Apply

A. Direction: Gather images (clippings from magazines, photographs, or your

own drawings) and organize them to illustrate roles of a teacher. Paste
your illustration in the box provided below.

B. Today I learned that…

… teachers play very important and demanding tasks in the learners’

developmental process. They are more than entrusted with the task of
molding the character of the learners and making them productive
members of society. They represent role models for the learners who
are still in their physical and mental development, especially those who
are in their early stages.

Closure
CONGRATULATIONS for a job well done!
You may now proceed to lesson 2.

9
 Lesson
2 Challenges in Teaching

At the end of the lesson the students can:

1. Describe the various challenges of the teachers in facilitating the teaching

learning process.

Introduction

Teaching is perhaps the oldest profession in the world. Knowledge and skills
have been passed before, regardless of tradition, race, and society. The only difference
today is the existence of learning institutions and is done by certain qualified
personnel in a given subject of study.
However, just like any other job, challenges, and benefits are prevalent in
teaching. In this lesson, you will learn the different challenges that the teaching force
experienced in performing their duty.

Make it Personal
Direction: Interview a teacher concerning challenges in the classroom and
ways of overcoming it. Write a summary of the interview using the matrix
below: You may add a row if necessary.

Challenges in the Classroom Ways of Overcoming it

*Diversity of learners In a classroom where every student is
unique and has different beliefs, a
teacher needs to be sensitive and
flexible enough particularly in giving
examples, situations, and also in
choosing classroom activities.

10
 *Enormous number of students According to the teacher that I
interviewed, handling a class with
more than 50 students is indeed a
challenging task. One of the things
that she did to overcome this challenge
is to establish authority towards the
students in order to discipline and
reprimand them easily whenever they
get noisy and disobedient.
*Short attention span This is a common problem that every
teacher might encounter. To solve this,
the teacher that I interviewed prepares
varied activities that excite the
students in conducting a lesson. Also,
she calls a student one at a time and
throws questions in order to assess if
they really are listening. This is also
one way of eliciting ideas from the
students.

Let us Analyze

Guide Questions:

a. From the interview you have conducted, what do you think is the most
pressing concern of the teacher? Why?

The most pressing concern or problem of the teacher that I interviewed

is on dealing with the students’ short attention span. This is actually a common
dilemma that every teacher encounters in every class. Indeed, this is a
challenge to every teacher since the learning or the lesson that a student might
absorb somewhat depends on their attention span.

b. Do you agree with the strategy used by the teacher in addressing the
difficulty? Why?

Yes. I agree with the strategy used by the teacher in addressing this
difficulty. I personally experienced being a student of the teacher that I
interviewed and I can really say that she handled the problem really well.

c. If you are the teacher, how are you going to overcome the challenge?

11
 If I were the teacher, I will overcome the above mentioned challenges
the same way the teacher that I interviewed did it. As her student, I find her
strategies really effective and I personally look up to her. If I become a
licenced professional teacher by God’s grace, I want to be like her.

Abstraction: Let Us Build on!

Challenges in Teaching
The significant contributions of the teachers in the life of the learners are
undeniable. They have all the opportunities to impact the lives of the learners.
However, parallel to these opportunities are the challenges they are facing inside the
classrooms.
Let us take a look at the distinctive classroom challenges that the teachers are
confronting within the classroom.

Multicultural classrooms

1. Language Barrier
 The main difference between multicultural and ordinary classroom is a
language barrier. Coming from various countries and even city districts,
children can speak the same language, but they can never understand each
other.
 Learners get into the environment where a teacher uses a language they do
not understand at all. Their task is not just to understand what a teacher
says but also to gain new information – twice harder than in a normal
classroom.

2. Domination of different learning styles

 learners absorb information in a variety of ways
 A teacher should give their students all the learning styles (auditory,
visual, tactile, etc.) to better understand the information.

3. Non- verbal behavior

 Body language of another ethnic group is difficult sometimes to

12
 understand
 When the teacher is not conscious of the non-verbal behaviors
characteristic of the society where his learners are from, this may lead to
several troubles and difficulty of right interpretation.
 Examples of non-verbal behaviors are raised hands, eye contact, and head
nods

4. Presenting one topic from different perspectives

 restricted number of school lessons does not always provide the
opportunity for the teacher to present topics different prospective
independent on the nationality or ethnic tribe

5. Diversity of extracurricular activities

 It is the teacher’s job to provide different extracurricular activities that
would accustomed learners familiar with new traditions, a way of life
relationships in this modern society

6. Teaching communication skills

 Apart from difficulties in using a foreign language, students may feel
uncomfortable or unable to express their views because of the fear not to
be understood.
 Teachers should inspire students to discuss different issues, speak up their
minds on a range of topics, and foster a friendly classroom atmosphere.

7. Constant work with parents

 Communication with parents can help understand how a learner feels in a
new environment, has been raised from childhood, what tradition
influenced his view of the world, etc.

Source: https://blog.noplag.com/challenges-of-multicultural-education/

Learner – centered teaching

 Designs of the classrooms are not appropriate design for the learner-
centered teaching methods
 Some teachers are in a rush to implement the approach without a thorough
understanding of the principles and a careful plan of teaching.
 It may be the case that while many teachers are personally committed to
serving learners’ needs, the structure of their organization and policies may
not accommodate or, in some cases, hinder the desire to be more learners-

13
 centered.
 Teachers must try to manage all learners’ activities at once, which can be
challenging when learners are working on different stages of the identical
project
 Because the teacher does not deliver instructions to all learners at once,
some learners may miss vital facts
 Some learners choose to work alone; thus group work can become
challenging

Sources: http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2017/annielearnercentredclassfinal.pdf
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1247962.pdf

Multi–grade classes

 Needs further planning of learning materials for the curriculum.

 Needs a more thorough analysis of learners' developmental features at all
age levels participating in the class, approaches, and strategies that are
successful and feasible within a multi-grade class.
 More investment in the organization of the classroom as a learning
environment.
 More meticulous and systematic record-keeping to keep track of student
progress, curriculum development and implementation is required.

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/Pilmathe2001/the-challenges-of-multigrade-teaching

ICT Integration

 Concerns on the availability of technology infrastructure

 Lack of technical support
 Lack of teacher collaboration and pedagogical support
 insufficient time to learn new technologies or integrate ICT during a class
period

14
  Lack of funds for operations and maintenance
 unavailability of ICT resources or materials in school in which ICT
trainers were found difficulty to realize the knowledge and skills gained in
trainings

Source: http://www.ijern.com/journal/2018/September-2018/13.pdf

Multiple Intelligences

 challenges in the implementation of multiple intelligence in the curriculum

 assessments of students and problems along with the instructions which
are tailored for diverse learning
 preparation of individualized or differentiated instructions

Source: https://www.educatorone.com/blog/Challenges-of-Implementing-Multiple-Intelligence-in-
the-Curriculum/

Children with special needs

 Lack of teacher’s training in handling children with special needs

 Lack of competence
 Lack of concrete materials
 Assessment and evidence of student growth
 Collaborating with general education teachers
 Variability of students’ needs
 Lack of experience in an inclusion setting
 Lack of experience dealing with severe and profound disabilities
 Individualized lesson plans
 Dealing with parents of “typically developing” students
 Dealing with multiple disabilities

Sources:https://www.friendshipcircle.org/blog/2012/02/01/the-top-10-challenges-of-special-
education-teachers/
https://wehavekids.com/education/Top-Challenges-Teacher-Face-in-Special-Needs-Inclusive-
Classrooms

15
Do this: Write a single summary sentence that answers the what, why and how about
the topic “Challenges in Teaching”.

“Challenges in Teaching” are the dilemmas that a teacher needs to overcome

in a classroom environment through the techniques, strategies, and approaches he/she
need to apply in addressing or avoiding certain problems.

Application: Let’s Apply

A. Direction: Write a short article about how the information on challenges in

teaching applies to your major field/specialization?

One of the challenges that a teacher experiences in classroom environment is

domination of different learning styles. The term “learning styles” is widely used
to describe how learners gather, sift through, interpret, organize, come to
conclusions about, and “store” information for further use. In short, learners
absorb information in a variety of ways.
In the field or specialization that I am into, students are visual, auditory, and
kinaesthetic learners. Hence, our teachers align the curriculum with these learning
styles which is beneficial to our classroom. Some teachers even conduct activities
that cater different learning styles which allow us to access information where we
are comfortable with.

B. Today I learned that…

…the significant contributions of the teachers in the life of the learners are
undeniable. They have all the opportunities to impact the lives of the learners.
However, parallel to these opportunities are the challenges they are facing
inside the classrooms.

Closure

CONGRATULATIONS! Hope you enjoy lesson 2!

You may now proceed to lesson3

Lesson
3 UNESCO’s Four Pillars of Education
16
 At the end of the lesson the students can:

1. Describe UNESCO’s four pillars of education as a guiding principles of

learner’s holistic development

Introduction

Every nation aims to achieve the goals of quality education. Its target goes
beyond producing graduates that are just equipped with the necessary skills needed to
be employed but also concerns with the holistic development of the students needed
to become an active builder of the society.
In this lesson, you will learn the four pillars of the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and their applicability
in the teaching-learning process.

Picture Prompt

Direction: Identify and describe the pictures below. Explain your description
about the pictures

This picture shows different individuals working

collaboratively. It is evident that each of them is holding
things which represent their ideas that will contribute a
lot in the outcome of the task.

This shows an individual using technology in

doing a task. I think this emphasizes the presence of
today’s advanced technology in the teaching-learning
process.

This picture displays a child reading some books. I

guess it is focused on the different resources anyone can
17
utilize in the learning process.
 This photo shows a girl doing an art activity
particularly carving a vase. This might show different
activities that a teacher conducts in a classroom
environment.

Let us Analyze

Guide Questions:

1. Based on your answer above, what do you think is the concept being
shown in the pictures?

I think the concepts being shown in the pictures are the

different resources, tasks, and even activities that are present in a
classroom environment or in the teaching learning process.

2. How are the pictures related to your role as a teacher?

My role as a teacher is depicted in the pictures through the

tasks that I might incorporate to have an effective teaching.

3. As a future teacher, what are you going to do to equip students with

learning opportunities guided by the concepts you mentioned?

As a future teacher, one of the things that I am going to do to

equip students with learning opportunities is to assess their different
learning styles. Through this, I can integrate activities that the
students are interested with.

18 Abstraction: Let Us Build on!

UNESCO’s Four Pillars of Education

UNESCO's four pillars of education are the guiding principles of education

systems worldwide to ensure quality education for everyone. Those principles
underscore a holistic and a higher level of skills to strive to self - actualization to
better serve our diverse and ever-changing world. These four pillars of education are
learning to know, learning to do, learning to live together, and learning to be.

Learning to know

Development of the Head: Knowledge

 to learn and to discover
 To develop one’s concentration and memory skills.
 to understand the world around them
 to think critically
 to understand sustainability concepts and issues

Learning to do

Development of the Hand: Skills and Actions

 Very much related to “learning by doing” of John Dewey
 Students should be “doing” rather than “listening.”
 Putting knowledge and learning into practice
 Transformation of skills learned in school into personal competencies
or interpersonal skills throughout life.
 Development of not only of occupational knowledge but also skills and
talents, social behavior, personal initiative, and a willingness to work
 Ability to communicate effectively with others

19
 Learning to live together

Development of Values: Attitudes

 Appreciation of the human race's diversity
 Respect for other people and their beliefs, cultures, and value systems
 A total shift from self-centeredness
 Empathy and mutual social involvement in caring and sharing
 The willingness to understand others and to resolve conflicts through
dialogues
 Competency in working towards common objectives

Learning to be

Development of the Heart: Awareness and Understanding

 Development of the mind, intelligence, sensitivity, aesthetic sense,
personal responsibility, and spiritual values
 Development of the qualities of imagination and creativity
 Total fulfillment of man, in all the richness of his personality
 Learning to be human
 Development of personal commitment and responsibility

Do this: Write a short advice letter to yourself on how to successfully provide

learning experiences to students guided by the Four Pillars of Learning.

Dear self,

Being a teacher is one of the noblest and challenging professions. Your

vision to become a teacher is focused neither on having a stable job nor a
salary that will sustain your needs and wants. You need to place in your mind
and heart that teachers not just teach, they also touch and transform lives. You
need to provide learning experiences that enhance the students’ knowledge,
skills and actions, attitude and even their awareness and understanding.

Sincerely,

Application: Let’s Apply ____________________

20
 A. Direction: Fill in the table below using the criteria provided.

Pillar of Learning Skills Required Strategies to develop the

skills
Learning to Know  to learn and to Incorporate lesson and
discover activities that enhances
 to understand the their critical thinking
skills
world around them
 to think critically

Learning to do  Students should be Teach students by

“doing” rather than focusing on the
“listening.” application of the lesson
to real life situations
 Putting knowledge
and learning into
practice

Learning to Live  Appreciation of the Conduct tasks and

together human race's activities which value and
diversity respect diversity and
multiculturalism.
 Respect for other
people and their
beliefs, cultures,
and value systems

Learning to be  Total fulfillment of Instil lessons that will

man, in all the make them realize their
richness of his personal commitment and
responsibility
personality
 Learning to be
human

B. Today I learned that…

…the four pillars of education are learning to know, learning to do, learning to live
together, and learning to be. These four pillars of education are the guiding principles
of education systems worldwide to ensure quality education for everyone. Those
principles underscore a holistic and a higher level of skills to strive to self -
actualization to better serve our diverse and ever-changing world.
Closure

21
Wow, CONGRATULATIONS for completing the first module! Good Job.

Module Summary

This module includes lessons that encourage you to explore the different
roles of a teacher as an architect of our future generations. The various attributes of a
good teacher as a facilitator of learning have been explored. In addition, the
difficulties that teachers face in promoting student learning have also been discussed.
Finally, the guiding principles of learners’ holistic development of UNESCO’s four
pillars of education were revisited. Hopefully, the facts presented will all the more
ignite your passion to be a part of molding the future generation holistically.

References:

Bilbao, Purita P.; Corpuz, Brenda B., Llagas, Avelina T. &Salandanan, Gloria. 2018.
The Teaching profession.

Hattie, J. (2003). Teachers Make a Difference, What is the research evidence?.

International Educative Research Foundation and Publisher © 2013 Page | 37

International Journal for Innovation Education and Research www.ijier.net Vol. 1-03,
2013

Majid, R. A., Ali, M. M., & Alias, A. (2014). Teacher Character Strengths and Talent
Development. International Education Studies, 7(13), 175-183.

Olaniran, Sunday. (2016). Revisiting UNESCO Four Pillars of Education and its
Implications for the 21st Century Teaching and Learning.

Walker, R. J. (2008). Twelve characteristics of an effective teacher: A longitudinal,

qualitative, quasi-research study of in-service and pre-service teachers'
opinions. educational HORIZONS, 61-68.

https://www.slideshare.net/tinmay/the-teacher-as-a-person-in-the-society
https://www.slideshare.net/madeehaminhas/teacher-as-a-role-model

22
https://www.slideshare.net/nooremah/teacher-as-role-model
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1071186.pdf
http://soeagra.com/ijert/ijertjune2015/7a.pdf
https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/37688/9/09_chapter%205.pdf
https://blog.noplag.com/challenges-of-multicultural-education/
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1247962.pdf
http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2017/annielearnercentredclassfinal.pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/Pilmathe2001/the-challenges-of-multigrade-teaching
https://www.slideshare.net/deepali2009/planning-and-implementing-guidance-
programme-in-schools?next_slideshow=2
https://www.slideshare.net/deepali2009/planning-and-implementing-guidance-
programme-in-schools?next_slideshow=2
https://www.educatorone.com/blog/Challenges-of-Implementing-Multiple-
Intelligence-in-the-Curriculum/
https://degree.astate.edu/articles/k-12-education/common-challenges-in-teaching-
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https://www.friendshipcircle.org/blog/2012/02/01/the-top-10-challenges-of-special-
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https://wehavekids.com/education/Top-Challenges-Teacher-Face-in-Special-Needs-
Inclusive-Classrooms
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a501/1ccbe91d98674ab95c635fb098733ea9403b.pdf
http://iflex.innotech.org/GURO21/module1/l1_20.html
https://www.academia.edu/19090829/FOUR_PILLARS_OF_EDUCATION

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