Math 432 - Real Analysis II

Solutions Homework due February 4

Question 1. Recall that a function g is called bounded on S if there exists a positive number M such that
|f (x)| < M for all x ∈ S. Show that if each fn is a bounded function that uniformly converges to f on S,
then f is also bounded on S.

Solution 1. Since fn → f uniformly, there exists an N such that for all n > N and all x ∈ S, |fn (x)−f (x)| <
1. (Here, we set ε = 1, but any positive ε would do). Consider n = N + 1. Since each fn is bounded, there
exists some M > 0 such that −M < fN +1 (x) < M for all x ∈ S. Since |fN +1 (x) − f (x)| < 1, we know that
fN +1 (x) − 1 < f (x) < fN +1 (x) + 1 for all x ∈ S. In particular, we have that

−M − 1 < fN +1 (x) − 1 < f (x) < fN +1 (x) + 1 < M + 1.

Thus,
|f (x)| < M
for all x ∈ S. Thus, f (x) is bounded on S.

Question 2. Consider the function

n + cos x
fn (x) = .
2n + sin2 x
(a) Compute the pointwise limit f (x) for all x ∈ R.

(b) Show that fn converges to f uniformly on R.

(c) Compute
Z 7
lim fn (x) dx.
n→∞ 2

Solution 2.

(a) Notice that

n + cos x 1 + cosn x
fn (x) = 2 = 2 .
2n + sin x 2 + sinn x
As n → ∞, the fractions in the numerator and denominator approach 0 (by the Squeeze Theorem, for
example). Thus, fn converges pointwise to f (x) = 1/2, the constant function.

(b) Let ε > 0. Notice that

n + cos x 1 2 cos x + sin2 x

fn (x) − f (x) = − =
2n + sin2 x 2 2(2n + sin2 x)

For all values of x, we have that |2 cos x + sin2 x| < 3 and that 2(2n + sin2 x) ≥ 4n. Thus, we have that
3
|fn (x) − f (x)| < .
4n
3 3 3
Thus, choose N = 4ε . Thus, for all n > N = 4ε , we have that 4n < ε. Thus, for all n > N and all
x ∈ R, we have that
3
|fn (x) − f (x)| < < ε.
4n
So, fn (x) → f (x) uniformly.

1
(c) We will not integrate fn (x) on the interval [2, 7]. Instead, since fn → f uniformly on R (and therefore
on [2, 7], we have that
Z 7 Z 7 Z 7 Z 7
1 5
lim fn (x)dx = lim fn (x) dx = f (x) dx = dx = .
n→∞ 2 2 n→∞ 2 2 2 2

∞
X ∞
X
Question 3. Consider the power series ak xk . Show that if ak converges absolutely as a series, then
k=0 k=0
∞
X
the power series ak xk converges uniformly on [−1.1].
k=0

∞
X ∞
X
Solution 3. Since ak converges absolutely, we have that |ak | < ∞. For all x ∈ [−1, 1], we have that
k=0 k=0
∞
X ∞
X
|x| ≤ 1 and thus |x|k ≤ 1. So, |ak xk | = |ak | · |x|k ≤ |ak | for all x ∈ [−1, 1]. Since |ak | < ∞ then ak xk
k=0 k=0
converges uniformly on [−1, 1] by the Weierstrass M -test.

∞
X cos kx
Question 4. Show that converges uniformly on R to a continuous function.
k2
k=1

Solution 4. Since | cos kx| ≤ 1 for all x ∈ R, we have that

 
 cos kx  1
 k2  ≤ k2 .
 

∞
X cos kx
Thus, by the Weierstrass M -test, we have that converges uniformly. Since each partial sum is
k2
k=1
the sum of continuous functions, it is continuous. Thus, since the convergence is uniform, the limit is also
continuous on all R.

Question 5.
∞
X
(a) Let 0 < a < 1. Show that the series xk converges uniformly to 1/(1 − x) on [−a, a].
k=0
∞
X
(b) Does the series xk converge uniformly on (−1, 1)?
k=0

Solution 5.
∞
X
(a) We have shown that xk has a domain of convergence (−1, 1), on which it converges pointwise to the
k=0
function 1/(1 − x). By a theorem in class, since the radius of convergence is 1, then for any 0 < a < 1,
we have that the power series converges uniformly on [−a, a].
(b) No. Our series does not converge uniformly on (−1, 1). To see this, consider

sup{|xk | | x ∈ (−1, 1)} = 1.

Since limk→∞ sup{|xk | | x ∈ (−1, 1)} = 1 6= 0.