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Chap 04 - Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry 08

This document discusses key concepts in analytical chemistry calculations including: - The seven SI base units and derived units. - Definitions and relationships between mass, weight, and the acceleration due to gravity. - What a mole is and how to calculate molar mass. - Different types of solution concentrations like molarity, percent by weight, and ppm. - How to perform stoichiometric calculations and dilution problems. - Calculating quantities like moles, mass, and concentration using molarity, percent composition, and p-functions.

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Rashid Kanetsa
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91 views11 pages

Chap 04 - Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry 08

This document discusses key concepts in analytical chemistry calculations including: - The seven SI base units and derived units. - Definitions and relationships between mass, weight, and the acceleration due to gravity. - What a mole is and how to calculate molar mass. - Different types of solution concentrations like molarity, percent by weight, and ppm. - How to perform stoichiometric calculations and dilution problems. - Calculating quantities like moles, mass, and concentration using molarity, percent composition, and p-functions.

Uploaded by

Rashid Kanetsa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculations Used in Analytical

Chemistry
Chapter 4

Slide 1

Topics

• International System of Units / SI Units


• Mass and Weight
• The Mole
• Units of Concentrations of solutions
• Stoichiometry

Slide 2

1
Seven SI BASE UNITS

Derived units:
All other units can be derived from the seven base units

Slide 3 Table 4-1, p.72

Examples of Derived Units

• 1 Joule=?
• 1 Newton=?
• 1 volt=?

Slide 4

2
Slide 5 Table 4-1, p.72

Mass and Weight


• Mass (m): invariant
measure of amount of
matter
• Weight
w = mg
• g: acceleration due to
gravity w = mg

Slide 6 p.73

3
Calculating moles from mass
Factor Label Method Review

• Mass of TRIS that will react


with 35 mL of 0.1 M HCl.
• Moles of HCl in 35 mL
mol HCl = VHCl x MHCl=
• Moles of TRIS 1molTRIS
nTRIS = # molHCl ×
1molHCl
• Mass of TRIS 121.14 gTRIS
mol TRIS x molar mass TRIS mTRIS = # molTRIS ×
1molTRIS

Use the factor label method : Prelab of Experiment 3

Slide 7

The Mole
• Mole (mol): SI unit for the amount of a
chemical species
• 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 particles
• Molar mass: mass (in g) of one mole
• Calculating molar masses using EXCEL
(Chapter 3, p 60-67).
– Importing data from Web Pages
– Dealing with Character Strings (FIND
function, MID function)
– Using VLOOKUP to locate Data in a
Worksheet

Slide 8

4
Solutions and their Concentrations
• Analytical molarity
• Equilibrium molarity
• Percent concentration
• Parts per Million/Billion
• P-Functions or p-value

Slide 9

Solutions and their Concentrations


• Analytical molarity
– Total number of moles of a solute in 1L of the
solution (according to recipe).
Example: NaCl, Na2SO4
• Equilibrium molarity
– Molar concentration of a given species in
solution

Slide 10

5
Percent Concentrations

weight − solute
weight − percent − ( w / w) = × 100%
weight − solution
volume − solute
Volume − percent − (V / V ) = × 100%
volume − solution
weight − solute, g
weight / volume − percent − ( w / v) = × 100%
volume − solution, mL

Slide 11

Slide 12 Fig 4-1, p.82

6
Density and Specific Gravity of Solutions

• Density of a substance is its mass per unit


volume

• Specific gravity: ratio of mass of substance to


the mass of equal volume of water at 4ºC.

• When using the metric system density and


specific gravity can be used interchangeably,
because the density of water is approximately
1.00 g/mL

Slide 13

From % w/w to mol/L solution

• 36.5 % HCl
• FW = 36.46
• Specific gravity = 1.18
mol 1molHCl 1 1.18 g 1000ml
c HCl = = 36.5 gHCl × × × × ≈ 11.8M
Ls ln 36.46 gHCL 100 gS ln 1.00mL 1L

Slide 14

7
Slide 15 Table 4-3, p.82

Back to Concentrations: Parts Per Million,


Parts per Billion
• For very dilute solutions, it is convenient to express
concentrations in ppm or ppb
• An approximation that is commonly used is that the
density of dilute solution approaches the density of
water (1.00 g/ml)
mass − solute
c ppm = × 10 6 ppm
mass − solution
mass − solute
c ppb = × 10 9 ppb
mass − solution
Units in numerator and denominator must be consistent!

Slide 16

8
Back to Concentrations:p-functions or p-
values
• The p-value is the negative log (base 10) of the
molar concentration
• P-values are convenient to use when changes
occur over several orders of magnitude
• [H+], pH
• [Ba2+], pBa
• [Cl-], pCl
• [Cl-]=2.45 x 10-5M
pCl=4.6108= 4.61?

Slide 17

Slide 18 Fig 4-2, p.84

9
Stoichiometric Calculations
• Problem 4-36
– What mass of MgNH4PO4 precipitated when 200.00 mL of a
1.000% (w/v) solution of Mg Cl2 were treated with 40.0 mL of
0.1753 M Na3PO4 and an excess of NH4+? What was the
molarity of the excess reagent (Na3PO4 or MgCl2) after the
precipitation was complete?
• Steps
– Write chemical equation and balance it
– Calculate moles of reagents mixed
– Determine the limiting reagent
– Calculate mass of precipitate
– Calculate moles of unreacted reagent
– Calculate concentration of unreacted reagent

Slide 19

Stoichiometry
• Problem 4-6:
• How many K ions are contained in 6.76 mol of
K3PO4?
• 1.22 x 1025 K+.

Slide 20

10
Dilution Factors
• Problem 4-30
• Describe the preparation of 1.50 mL of 0.215 M NaOH
from the concentrated commercial reagent [50% NaOH
(w/w)]. Specific gravity = 1.525
• 50 % NaOH (w/w) = 19.06 M
• Volume NaOH 50% (w/w) required = 16.9 mL

Slide 21

11

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