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Ch. 1 Particulate Nature of Matter

This document discusses the particulate nature of matter and the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It describes the arrangement, movement, and properties of particles in each state. It also covers changes of state through melting, boiling, evaporation, and condensation. Other topics include diffusion, Brownian motion, and gas pressure. Key points are that matter is made of particles, the states differ in particle arrangement and movement, and changes of state involve gaining or losing kinetic energy.

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519 views

Ch. 1 Particulate Nature of Matter

This document discusses the particulate nature of matter and the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It describes the arrangement, movement, and properties of particles in each state. It also covers changes of state through melting, boiling, evaporation, and condensation. Other topics include diffusion, Brownian motion, and gas pressure. Key points are that matter is made of particles, the states differ in particle arrangement and movement, and changes of state involve gaining or losing kinetic energy.

Uploaded by

هند
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IGCSE Grade (10)

IGCSE Grade (10)

Topic 1
The Particulate Nature of Matter
“Matter”
­ Is anything has mass and occupying a space.
­ Is made of tiny particles having energy which causes them to vibrate and / or move.
­ There are three states (phases) of matter: solid, liquid and gas.

Solid Liquid Gas

Lattice: regular 3D
arrangement of particles
in a crystalline solid.

Arrangement of ­ Closely packed ­ Touched ­ Very far apart


particles ­ Regular arrangement ­ Randomly ­ Totally randomly
(lattice) distributed distributed
Intermolecular ­ Negligible ­ Very small ­ Very large
spaces
Intermolecular ­ Very strong ­ Weaker than in ­ Very week
forces solids
Movement of ­ Vibrate in a fixed ­ Slide over each ­ Free to move
particles position other randomly in all
directions
Shape ­ Fixed shape ­ No fixed shape ­ No fixed shape
­ Crystalline lattice (takes the shape of
the container)
Volume ­ Fixed ­ Fixed ­ No fixed volume
(volume of the
container)
Compression ­ Can not be ­ Can be hardly ­ Can be
compressed compressed compressed
IGCSE Grade (10)
­ The movement of the particles depends on:
1. Mass of particles. 2. Their kinetic energy.

“Changes of State”
Energy is given in
Evaporation
Solid Liquid Gas
Condensation

Energy is given out

N.B. Examples of materials which sublime:


- Iodine is a dark gray solid that sublimes to purple vapour
-White solid CO2 (dry ice) that sublimes to CO2 gas.
-Naphthalene (moth balls) & ammonium chloride.

Factors affecting evaporation:


1-Temperature: higher temperature leads to faster evaporation
2­Volatility: volatile liquids (having low b.p.) like alcohols evaporate faster
than nonvolatile liquids like water.
3­Surface area: larger surface area leads to faster evaporation.
N.B. 1. When pressure increases over a liquid, the boiling point increases.
IGCSE Grade (10)
2. Evaporation occurs due to moving of air particles which possess large amount of
energy and hit the particles of a liquid giving them kinetic energy enough to overcome
the forces of attraction, escape and diffuse as a gas into the surrounding medium

­ Kinetic particle theory:

When a solid is heated, the particles vibrate faster about a fixed point. This causes the
particles to move further apart and so the solid expands.

When the particles gain sufficient energy to overcome the strong forces of attraction
holding them together, they can move out of their fixed positions. They can slip and
slide over each other in a continuous random motion. When this happens the solid
melts.

The particles in the liquid are still close to each other. They have enough kinetic energy
to move around each other closely, but do not have enough energy to overcome the
forces that hold them close to each other.

If more heat energy is supplied to the particles, they move faster until they have enough
energy to overcome the forces holding them together. The particles then escape from
the liquid surface and move around in a continuous rapid random motion. The liquid
now boils.

In the vapour formed, the particles move in a rapid random motion. The movement is
random due to the collision of the vapour particles with the air particles.
IGCSE Grade (10)
Heating Curve

Temperature
F

G
D (L + G)
E

B (S + L)
C L
S
A Time

B: Melting point is the temperature at which solid changes to liquid.


B C [melting duration]
D: Boiling point is the temperature at which liquid changes to gas.
D E [boiling duration]
Value of melting point and boiling point depends on the intermolecular forces
between particles.

N.B.
From (B → C) the temperature remains constant as the energy is used to overcome
the forces holding the lattice.
From (D → E) the temperature remains constant as the energy is used to overcome
the forces between the particles.
Remember, evaporation occurs at room temperature, while boiling needs heating till
boiling point.
Any change in state is:
- a physical change such that no new substance is formed.
- a reversible change.
- does not affect the mass of the substance.
IGCSE Grade (10)

Brownian motion is the random motion of liquid or gas particles in all directions.

Proofs for Brownian motion:

­ Pullen particles move randomly in water although they were not alive because they
are striking by moving water particles.
­ In sunlight rooms, dust dancing is seen in the air because dust particles are being
bombarded by the tiny moving air particles
­ Cooking smell spread because are being bombarded by the tiny moving air particles.
IGCSE Grade (10)

“Diffusion”
• Diffusion is the spreading of gas or liquid particles from more concentrated area to
less concentrated one.
• The particles mix and spread by colliding with other moving particles and bouncing
off in all directions.

Rate of diffusion depends on:


1) Mass:
­ Less dense particles of lower atomic or molecular mass (Ar or Mr)] diffuse faster
than more dense particles of higher atomic or molecular mass at same temperature.
2) Energy:
­ Particles with more kinetic energy diffuse faster than particles of less K.E with the
same mass.
3) Presence of other substance:
­ Diffusion takes place faster in vacuum ( no other substances )
4) Intermolecular spaces:
­ Diffusion takes place faster in gases than in liquids ( gases have larger intermolecular
spaces )

N.B. No diffusion in solids.


IGCSE Grade (10)
(A) Diffusion in gases:
1. Diffusion of bromine:
The reddish brown bromine gas diffuses upwards between air particles, mix and spreads
uniformly to fill both gas jars.

2. Diffusion of ammonia and hydrogen chloride gas:


A + B

­ White cloud of NH4Cl is formed nearer to the cotton wool soaked with HCl [more
dense / more Mr].
­ The ring is not formed immediately because
1­ The particles are not moving in just one direction
2­ The tube is filled with air
IGCSE Grade (10)
(B) Diffusion in Liquids:
Diffusion of copper sulfate in water:

­ Blue crystals dissolve, sulfate particles fill inter molecular spaces of water.
­ Both water and sulfate particles are in a continuous random motion& collide.
­ Blue colour of copper sulfate spreads gradually as the blue particles diffuse in
water.
­ Water becomes uniformly blue.

The particles could be:


­ Atoms that cannot break down further in chemical reaction ex. He
­ Molecules that consist of two or more atoms joined together ex. Br2.
­ Ions that are charged atoms or groups of atoms ex. Ions in CuSO4
IGCSE Grade (10)

Gas pressure:

Gas pressure is due to the collision of gaseous particles with the walls of the
container.
­ When the gas is heated in a closed container, the particles move faster hit the walls
more often and with more force, its pressure increases ex. pressure cooker.
­ When the gas is compressed into a smaller space, particles hit the walls more
often, its pressure increases.

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