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Properties of Limits PDF

1) The limit of a function f(x) as x approaches a value a is written as lim f(x) = L or using limit notation limx→a f(x) = L. 2) Several rules govern the limits of sums, products, quotients, constants, and powers of functions as x approaches a value including: the sum rule, product rule, quotient rule, constant multiple rule, and power rule. 3) The squeeze theorem states that if two functions g(x) and h(x) bound a third function f(x) for all x close to a value a, except possibly for x = a, and the limits of g(x) and h

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124 views

Properties of Limits PDF

1) The limit of a function f(x) as x approaches a value a is written as lim f(x) = L or using limit notation limx→a f(x) = L. 2) Several rules govern the limits of sums, products, quotients, constants, and powers of functions as x approaches a value including: the sum rule, product rule, quotient rule, constant multiple rule, and power rule. 3) The squeeze theorem states that if two functions g(x) and h(x) bound a third function f(x) for all x close to a value a, except possibly for x = a, and the limits of g(x) and h

Uploaded by

PRITHWISH BISWAS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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PROPERTIES OF LIMITS

Notation of Limit
The limit of a function is designated by 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) → 𝑳𝑳 as 𝒙𝒙 → 𝒂𝒂 or using the limit
notation: 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝑳𝑳.
𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

Below we assume that the limits of functions:


𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙), 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙), 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇1(𝒙𝒙), … , 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇n(𝒙𝒙) exist.
𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

Sum Rule
This rule states that the limit of the sum of two functions is equal to the
sum of their limits:

𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 [𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) + 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) + 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙).


𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

Extended Sum Rule


𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 [𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) + ⋯ + 𝒇𝒇n(𝒙𝒙) = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇1(𝒙𝒙) + ⋯ + 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇n(𝒙𝒙).
𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

Constant Function Rule


The limit of a constant function is the constant:

𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝑪𝑪 = 𝑪𝑪
𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

Constant Multiple Rule


The limit of a constant times a function is equal to the product of the
constant and the limit of the function:

𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 (𝒙𝒙) = 𝒌𝒌 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙).


𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂
PROPERTIES OF LIMITS

Product Rule
This rule says that the limit of the product of two functions is the product of
their limits (if they exist):

𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 [𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙). 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙). 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙).


𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

Extended Product Rule

𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥[𝒇𝒇1(𝒙𝒙). 𝒇𝒇2(𝒙𝒙) … 𝒇𝒇n(𝒙𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇1(𝒙𝒙). 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇2(𝒙𝒙) … 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇n(𝒙𝒙).


𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

Quotient Rule
The limit of quotient of two functions is the quotient of their limits,
provided that the limit in the denominator function is not zero:

𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)


𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 = 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 ,
𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙) 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙)
𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

only if 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙) ≠ 𝟎𝟎.


𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

Power Rule

𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥[ 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)]𝒑𝒑 = [𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)]𝒑𝒑


𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

where the power p can be any real number. In particular,


𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑
𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 �𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = �𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)
𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

If 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒙𝒙n, then 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒙𝒙n= 𝒂𝒂n , 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟎𝟎, ±𝟏𝟏, ±𝟐𝟐, … and 𝒂𝒂 ≠ 𝟎𝟎, if 𝒏𝒏 ≤ 𝟎𝟎.
𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

This is a special case of the previous property.


PROPERTIES OF LIMITS

Limit of an Exponential Function


𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)
𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒃𝒃𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 ,
𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

where the base 𝒃𝒃 > 𝟎𝟎.

Limit of a Logarithm of a Function

𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥[𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒃𝒃 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒃𝒃 [𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)],


𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

where the base 𝒃𝒃 > 𝟎𝟎.

The Squeeze Theorem


Suppose that 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙) ≤ 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) ≤ 𝒉𝒉(𝒙𝒙) for all 𝒙𝒙 close to 𝒂𝒂, except perhaps
for 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒂𝒂.

If 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙) = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒉𝒉(𝒙𝒙) = 𝑳𝑳,


𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

Then 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝑳𝑳.


𝒙𝒙→𝒂𝒂

The idea here is that the function 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) is squeezed between two other
functions having the same limit 𝑳𝑳.

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