Chapter 3

Time Value of
Money
Instructor: Ajab Khan Burki

3-1
 The Time Value of Money

● The Interest Rate

● Simple Interest
● Compound Interest
● Amortizing a Loan

3-2
 The Interest Rate

Which would you prefer -- $10,000

today or $10,000 in 5 years?

Obviously, $10,000 today.

You already recognize that there is

TIME VALUE TO MONEY!!

3-3
 Why TIME?

Why is TIME such an important

element in your decision?

TIME allows you the opportunity to

postpone consumption and earn
INTEREST.

3-4
 Types of Interest

● Simple Interest
Interest paid (earned) on only the original
amount, or principal borrowed (lent).

● Compound Interest
Interest paid (earned) on any previous
interest earned, as well as on the
principal borrowed (lent).

3-5
 Simple Interest Formula

Formula SI = P0(i)(n)
SI: Simple Interest
P0: Deposit today (t=0)
i: Interest Rate per Period
n:Number of Time Periods
3-6
 Simple Interest Example
● Assume that you deposit $1,000 in an
account earning 7% simple interest for
2 years. What is the accumulated
interest at the end of the 2nd year?

● SI = P0(i)(n) =
$1,000(.07)(2) = $140

3-7
 Simple Interest (FV)
● What is the Future Value (FV) of the
deposit?
FV = P0 + SI =
$1,000 + $140 = $1,140
● Future Value is the value at some future
time of a present amount of money, or a
series of payments, evaluated at a given
interest rate.
3-8
 Simple Interest (PV)
● What is the Present Value (PV) of the
previous problem?
The Present Value is simply the
$1,000 you originally deposited. That
is the value today!
● Present Value is the current value of a
future amount of money, or a series of
payments, evaluated at a given interest
rate.
3-9
 Future Value (U.S. Dollars)

3-10
Why Compound Interest?
 Future Value
Single Deposit (Graphic)
Assume that you deposit $1,000 at
a compound interest rate of 7% for
2 years.
0 1 2
7%
$1,000
FV2
3-11
 Future Value
Single Deposit (Formula)
FV1 = P0 (1+i)1 = $1,000 (1.07)
= $1,070
Compound Interest
You earned $70 interest on your $1,000
deposit over the first year.
This is the same amount of interest you
would earn under simple interest.

3-12
 Future Value
Single Deposit (Formula)
1
FV1 = P0 (1+i) = $1,000 (1.07)
= $1,070
FV2 = FV1 (1+i)1
= P0 (1+i)(1+i) =
$1,000(1.07)(1.07) = P0 (1+i)2
2
= $1,000(1.07)
= $1,144.90
You earned an EXTRA $4.90 in Year 2 with
3-13
 General Future
Value Formula
FV1 = P0(1+i)1
2
FV2 = P0(1+i)
etc.

General Future Value Formula:

FVn = P0 (1+i)n
or FVn = P0 (FVIFi,n) -- See Table I
3-14
 Valuation Using Table I
FVIFi,n is found on Table I at the end
of the book or on the card insert.

3-15
 Using Future Value Tables
FV2 = $1,000 (FVIF7%,2) =
$1,000 (1.145) = $1,145
[Due to Rounding]

3-16
 TVM on the Calculator

● Use the highlighted row

of keys for solving any
of the FV, PV, FVA,
PVA, FVAD, and PVAD
problems
N: Number of periods
I/Y: Interest rate per period
PV: Present value
PMT: Payment per period
FV: Future value
CLR TVM: Clears all of the inputs
into the above TVM keys

3-17
 Using The TI BAII+ Calculator
Inputs
N I/Y PV PMT FV
Compute

Focus on 3rd row of keys (will be

displayed in slides as shown above)
3-18
 Entering the FV Problem

Press:
2nd CLR TVM
2 N
7 I/Y
-1000 PV
0 PMT
CPT FV

3-19
 Solving the FV Problem
Inputs 2 7 -1,000 0
N I/Y PV PMT FV
Compute 1,144.90

N: 2 periods (enter as 2)
I/Y: 7% interest rate per period (enter as 7 NOT .07)
PV: $1,000 (enter as negative as you have “less”)
PMT: Not relevant in this situation (enter as 0)
FV: Compute (Resulting answer is positive)
3-20
 Story Problem Example
Julie Miller wants to know how large her deposit
of $10,000 today will become at a compound
annual interest rate of 10% for 5 years.

0 1 2 3 4 5
10%
$10,000
FV5
3-21
 Story Problem Solution
● Calculation based on general formula:
FVn = P0 (1+i)n FV5 =
5
$10,000 (1+ 0.10) = $16,105.10

● Calculation based on Table I:

FV5 = $10,000 (FVIF10%, 5) =
$10,000 (1.611) = $16,110
[Due to Rounding]

3-22
 Entering the FV Problem

Press:
2nd CLR TVM
5 N
10 I/Y
-10000 PV
0 PMT
CPT FV

3-23
 Solving the FV Problem
Inputs 5 10 -10,000 0
N I/Y PV PMT FV
Compute 16,105.10

The result indicates that a $10,000

investment that earns 10% annually
for 5 years will result in a future value
of $16,105.10.
3-24
 Double Your Money!!!

Quick! How long does it take to

double $5,000 at a compound rate
of 12% per year (approx.)?

We will use the “Rule-of-72”.

3-25
 The “Rule-of-72”

Quick! How long does it take to

double $5,000 at a compound rate
of 12% per year (approx.)?

Approx. Years to Double = 72 / i%

72 / 12% = 6 Years
[Actual Time is 6.12 Years]
3-26
 Solving the Period Problem
12 -1,000 0
Inputs
+2,000
N I/Y PV PMT FV
Compute 6.12 years

The result indicates that a $1,000

investment that earns 12% annually
will double to $2,000 in 6.12 years.
Note: 72/12% = approx. 6 years
3-27
 Present Value
Single Deposit (Graphic)
Assume that you need $1,000 in 2 years.
Let’s examine the process to determine
how much you need to deposit today at
a discount rate of 7% compounded
annually.
0 1 2
7%
$1,000
PV0 PV1
3-28
 Present Value
Single Deposit (Formula)

PV0 = FV2 / (1+i)2 = $1,000 / (1.07)2

= FV2 / (1+i)2 = $873.44

0 1 2
7%
$1,000
PV0
3-29
 General Present
Value Formula
1
PV0 = FV1 / (1+i)
2
PV0 = FV2 / (1+i)
etc.

General Present Value Formula:

PV0 = FVn / (1+i)n
or PV0 = FVn (PVIFi,n) -- See Table II
3-30
 Valuation Using Table II
PVIFi,n is found on Table II at the end
of the book or on the card insert.

3-31
 Using Present Value Tables
PV2 = $1,000 (PVIF7%,2) =
$1,000 (.873) = $873 [Due
to Rounding]

3-32
 Solving the PV Problem
2 7 0
Inputs
+1,000
N I/Y PV PMT FV
Compute -873.44

N: 2 periods (enter as 2)
I/Y: 7% interest rate per period (enter as 7 NOT .07)
PV: Compute (Resulting answer is negative “deposit”)
PMT: Not relevant in this situation (enter as 0)
FV: $1,000 (enter as positive as you “receive $”)
3-33
 Story Problem Example
Julie Miller wants to know how large of a
deposit to make so that the money will
grow to $10,000 in 5 years at a discount
rate of 10%.
0 1 2 3 4 5
10%
$10,000
PV0
3-34
 Story Problem Solution
● Calculation based on general formula:
PV0 = FVn / (1+i)n PV0 =
5
$10,000 / (1+ 0.10) = $6,209.21
● Calculation based on Table I: PV0
= $10,000 (PVIF10%, 5) = $10,000
(.621) = $6,210.00 [Due to
Rounding]

3-35
 Solving the PV Problem
5 10 0
Inputs
+10,000
N I/Y PV PMT FV
Compute -6,209.21

The result indicates that a $10,000

future value that will earn 10% annually
for 5 years requires a $6,209.21 deposit
today (present value).
3-36
 Types of Annuities
● An Annuity represents a series of equal
payments (or receipts) occurring over a
specified number of equidistant periods.
● Ordinary Annuity: Payments or receipts
occur at the end of each period.
● Annuity Due: Payments or receipts
occur at the beginning of each period.

3-37
 Examples of Annuities

● Student Loan Payments

● Car Loan Payments
● Insurance Premiums
● Mortgage Payments
● Retirement Savings

3-38
 Parts of an Annuity

(Ordinary Annuity)
End of End of End of
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3

0 1 2
3
$100 $100
$100
Today Equal Cash Flows
Each 1 Period Apart
3-39
 Parts of an Annuity

(Annuity Due)
Beginning of Beginning of Beginning of
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3

0 1 2
3
$100 $100
$100
Today Equal Cash Flows
Each 1 Period Apart
3-40
 Overview of an
Ordinary Annuity -- FVA
Cash flows occur at the end of the period
0 1 2 n
n+1 i% . . .
R R
R
R = Periodic
Cash Flow

FVAn
FVAn = R(1+i)n-1 + R(1+i)n-2 +
... + R(1+i)1 + R(1+i)0
3-41
 Example of an
Ordinary Annuity -- FVA
Cash flows occur at the end of the period
0 1 2 3
4 7%
$1,000 $1,000 $1,000
$1,070
$1,145
FVA3 = $1,000(1.07)2 +
$1,000(1.07)1 + $1,000(1.07)0 $3,215 = FVA3
= $1,145 + $1,070 + $1,000
= $3,215
3-42
 Hint on Annuity Valuation
The future value of an ordinary
annuity can be viewed as
occurring at the end of the last
cash flow period, whereas the
future value of an annuity due
can be viewed as occurring at
the beginning of the last cash
flow period.
3-43
 Valuation Using Table III
FVAn = R (FVIFAi%,n) FVA3
= $1,000 (FVIFA7%,3) =
$1,000 (3.215) = $3,215

3-44
 Solving the FVA Problem
Inputs 3 7 0 -1,000
N I/Y PV PMT FV
Compute 3,214.90

N: 3 periods (enter as 3 year-end deposits)

I/Y: 7% interest rate per period (enter as 7 NOT .07)
PV: Not relevant in this situation (no beg value)
PMT: $1,000 (negative as you deposit annually)
FV: Compute (Resulting answer is positive)
3-45
 Overview View of an
Annuity Due -- FVAD
Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period
0 1 2 3 n-1
n i% . . .
R R R R
R

FVADn = R(1+i)n + R(1+i)n-1 + FVADn

... + R(1+i)2 + R(1+i)1
= FVAn (1+i)
3-46
 Example of an
Annuity Due -- FVAD
Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period
0 1 2 3
4 7%
$1,000 $1,000 $1,000
$1,070
$1,145
$1,225

FVAD3 = $1,000(1.07)3 + $3,440 = FVAD3

$1,000(1.07)2 + $1,000(1.07)1
= $1,225 + $1,145 + $1,070
= $3,440
3-47
 Valuation Using Table III
FVADn = R (FVIFAi%,n)(1+i)
FVAD3 = $1,000 (FVIFA7%,3)(1.07)
= $1,000 (3.215)(1.07) = $3,440

3-48
 Solving the FVAD Problem
Inputs 3 7 0 -1,000
N I/Y PV PMT FV
Compute 3,439.94
Complete the problem the same as an “ordinary annuity”
problem, except you must change the calculator setting
to “BGN” first. Don’t forget to change back!
Step 1: Press 2nd BGN keys
Step 2: Press 2nd SET keys
Step 3: Press 2nd QUIT keys
3-49
 Overview of an
Ordinary Annuity -- PVA
Cash flows occur at the end of the period
0 1 2 n
n+1 i% . . .
R R
R
R = Periodic
Cash Flow
PVAn
PVAn = R/(1+i)1 + R/(1+i)2
+ ... + R/(1+i)n
3-50
 Example of an
Ordinary Annuity -- PVA
Cash flows occur at the end of the period
0 1 2 3
4 7%
$1,000 $1,000 $1,000
$ 934.58
$ 873.44
$ 816.30
$2,624.32 = PVA3 PVA3 = $1,000/(1.07)1 +
$1,000/(1.07)2 +
$1,000/(1.07)3
= $934.58 + $873.44 + $816.30
= $2,624.32
3-51
 Hint on Annuity Valuation
The present value of an ordinary
annuity can be viewed as
occurring at the beginning of
the first cash flow period,
whereas the present value of
an annuity due can be viewed
as occurring at the end of the
first cash flow period.
3-52
 Valuation Using Table IV
PVAn = R (PVIFAi%,n) PVA3
= $1,000 (PVIFA7%,3) =
$1,000 (2.624) = $2,624

3-53
 Solving the PVA Problem
Inputs 3 7 -1,000 0
N I/Y PV PMT FV
Compute 2,624.32

N: 3 periods (enter as 3 year-end deposits)

I/Y: 7% interest rate per period (enter as 7 NOT .07)
PV: Compute (Resulting answer is positive)
PMT: $1,000 (negative as you deposit annually)
FV: Not relevant in this situation (no ending value)
3-54
 Overview of an
Annuity Due -- PVAD
Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period
0 1 2 n-1
n i% . . .
R R R
R

R: Periodic
PVADn Cash Flow

PVADn = R/(1+i)0 + R/(1+i)1 + ... + R/(1+i)n-1

= PVAn (1+i)
3-55
 Example of an
Annuity Due -- PVAD
Cash flows occur at the beginning of the period
0 1 2 3
4 7%

$1,000.00 $1,000 $1,000

$ 934.58
$ 873.44
$2,808.02 = PVADn

PVADn = $1,000/(1.07)0 + $1,000/(1.07)1 +

$1,000/(1.07)2 = $2,808.02
3-56
 Valuation Using Table IV
PVADn = R (PVIFAi%,n)(1+i)
PVAD3 = $1,000 (PVIFA7%,3)(1.07)
= $1,000 (2.624)(1.07) = $2,808

3-57
 Solving the PVAD Problem
Inputs 3 7 -1,000 0
N I/Y PV PMT FV
Compute 2,808.02
Complete the problem the same as an “ordinary annuity”
problem, except you must change the calculator setting
to “BGN” first. Don’t forget to change back!
Step 1: Press 2nd BGN keys
Step 2: Press 2nd SET keys
Step 3: Press 2nd QUIT keys
3-58
 Steps to Solve Time Value
of Money Problems
1. Read problem thoroughly
2. Determine if it is a PV or FV problem
3. Create a time line
4. Put cash flows and arrows on time line
5. Determine if solution involves a single
CF, annuity stream(s), or mixed flow
6. Solve the problem
7. Check with financial calculator (optional)

3-59
 Mixed Flows Example
Julie Miller will receive the set of cash
flows below. What is the Present Value
at a discount rate of 10%?

0 1 2 3 4 5
10%
$600 $600 $400 $400 $100
PV0
3-60
 How to Solve?

1. Solve a “piece-at-a-time” by
discounting each piece back to t=0.
2. Solve a “group-at-a-time” by first
breaking problem into groups of
annuity streams and any single cash
flow group. Then discount each
group back to t=0.

3-61
 “Piece-At-A-Time”

0 1 2 3 4 5
10%
$600 $600 $400 $400 $100
$545.45
$495.87
$300.53
$273.21
$ 62.09
$1677.15 = PV0 of the Mixed
3-62
Flow
 “Group-At-A-Time” (#1)
0 1 2 3 4
5 10%
$600 $600 $400 $400 $100
$1,041.60
$ 573.57
$ 62.10
$1,677.27 = PV0 of Mixed Flow [Using Tables]

$600(PVIFA10%,2) = $600(1.736) = $1,041.60

$400(PVIFA10%,2)(PVIF10%,2) = $400(1.736)(0.826) = $573.57
$100 (PVIF10%,5) = $100 (0.621) = $62.10
3-63
 “Group-At-A-Time” (#2)
0 1 2 3
4
$400 $400 $400 $400
$1,268.00
0 1 2 PV0 equals
Plus
$200 $200 $1677.30.
$347.20
0 1 2 3 4
Plus 5
$100
$62.10
3-64
 Solving the Mixed Flows
Problem using CF Registry
● Use the highlighted
key for starting the
process of solving a
mixed cash flow
problem
● Press the CF key
and down arrow key
through a few of the
keys as you look at
the definitions on
3-65 the next slide
 Solving the Mixed Flows
Problem using CF Registry
Defining the calculator variables:
For CF0: This is ALWAYS the cash flow occurring at
time t=0 (usually 0 for these problems)
For Cnn:* This is the cash flow SIZE of the nth
group of cash flows. Note that a “group” may only
contain a single cash flow (e.g., $351.76).
For Fnn:*This is the cash flow FREQUENCY of the nth
group of cash flows. Note that this is always a
positive whole number (e.g., 1, 2, 20, etc.).

* nn represents the nth cash flow or frequency. Thus, the

first cash flow is C01, while the tenth cash flow is C10.
3-66
 Solving the Mixed Flows
Problem using CF Registry

Steps in the Process

Step 1: Press CF key
Step 2: Press 2nd CLR Work keys
Step 3: For CF0 Press 0 Enter ↓ keys
Step 4: For C01 Press 600 Enter ↓ keys
Step 5: For F01 Press 2 Enter ↓ keys
Step 6: For C02 Press 400 Enter ↓ keys
Step 7: For F02 Press 2 Enter ↓ keys

3-67
 Solving the Mixed Flows
Problem using CF Registry
Steps in the Process
Step 8: For C03 Press 100 Enter ↓ keys
Step 9: For F03 Press 1 Enter ↓ keys
Step 10: Press ↓ ↓ keys
Step 11: Press NPV key
Step 12: For I=, Enter 10 Enter ↓ keys
Step 13: Press CPT key

Result: Present Value = $1,677.15

3-68
 Frequency of
Compounding
General Formula:
mn
FVn = PV0(1 + [i/m])
n: Number of Years m:
Compounding Periods per Year i:
Annual Interest Rate FVn,m: FV at
the end of Year n
PV0: PV of the Cash Flow today
3-69
 Impact of Frequency
Julie Miller has $1,000 to invest for 2
years at an annual interest rate of
12%.
(1)(2)
Annual FV2 = 1,000(1+ [.12/1])
= 1,254.40
Semi FV2 = 1,000(1+ [.12/2])(2)(2)
= 1,262.48
3-70
 Impact of Frequency
Qrtly FV2 = 1,000(1+ [.12/4])(4)(2)
= 1,266.77
(12)(2)
Monthly FV2 = 1,000(1+ [.12/12])
= 1,269.73
Daily FV2 = 1,000(1+[.12/365])(365)(2)
= 1,271.20

3-71
 Solving the Frequency
Problem (Quarterly)
Inputs 2(4) 12/4 -1,000 0
N I/Y PV PMT FV
Compute 1266.77

The result indicates that a $1,000

investment that earns a 12% annual
rate compounded quarterly for 2 years
will earn a future value of $1,266.77.
3-72
 Solving the Frequency
Problem (Quarterly Altern.)
Press:
2nd P/Y 4 ENTER
2nd QUIT
12 I/Y
-1000 PV
0 PMT
2 2nd xP/Y N
CPT FV
3-73
 Solving the Frequency
Problem (Daily)
Inputs 2(365) 12/365 -1,000 0
N I/Y PV PMT FV
Compute 1271.20

The result indicates that a $1,000

investment that earns a 12% annual
rate compounded daily for 2 years will
earn a future value of $1,271.20.
3-74
 Solving the Frequency
Problem (Daily Alternative)
Press:
2nd P/Y 365 ENTER
2nd QUIT
12 I/Y
-1000 PV
0 PMT
2 2nd xP/Y N
CPT FV
3-75
 Effective Annual
Interest Rate
Effective Annual Interest Rate
The actual rate of interest earned
(paid) after adjusting the nominal
rate for factors such as the number
of compounding periods per year.

(1 + [ i / m ] )m - 1

3-76
 BW’s Effective
Annual Interest Rate
Basket Wonders (BW) has a $1,000
CD at the bank. The interest rate
is 6% compounded quarterly for 1
year. What is the Effective Annual
Interest Rate (EAR)?
EAR = ( 1 + 6% / 4 )4 - 1 =
1.0614 - 1 = .0614 or 6.14%!
3-77
 Converting to an EAR

Press:
2nd I Conv
6 ENTER
↓ ↓
4 ENTER
↑ CPT
2nd QUIT

3-78
 Steps to Amortizing a Loan
1. Calculate the payment per period.
2. Determine the interest in Period t.
(Loan balance at t-1) x (i% / m)
3. Compute principal payment in Period t.
(Payment - interest from Step 2)
4. Determine ending balance in Period t.
(Balance - principal payment from Step 3)
5. Start again at Step 2 and repeat.
3-79
 Amortizing a Loan Example
Julie Miller is borrowing $10,000 at a
compound annual interest rate of 12%.
Amortize the loan if annual payments are
made for 5 years.
Step 1: Payment
PV0 = R (PVIFA i%,n)
$10,000 = R (PVIFA 12%,5)
$10,000 = R (3.605)
R = $10,000 / 3.605 = $2,774
3-80
 Amortizing a Loan Example

[Last Payment Slightly Higher Due to Rounding]

3-81
 Solving for the Payment
Inputs 5 12 10,000 0
N I/Y PV PMT FV
Compute -2774.10

The result indicates that a $10,000 loan

that costs 12% annually for 5 years and
will be completely paid off at that time will
require $2,774.10 in annual payments.
3-82
 Using the Amortization
Functions of the Calculator
Press:
2nd Amort
1 ENTER
1 ENTER
Results:
BAL = 8,425.90 ↓
PRN = -1,574.10 ↓
INT = -1,200.00 ↓

Year 1 information only

3-83
 Using the Amortization
Functions of the Calculator
Press:
2nd Amort
2 ENTER
2 ENTER
Results:
BAL = 6,662.91 ↓
PRN = -1,763.99 ↓
INT = -1,011.11 ↓

Year 2 information only

3-84
 Using the Amortization
Functions of the Calculator
Press:
2nd Amort
1 ENTER
5 ENTER
Results:
BAL = 0.00 ↓
PRN =-10,000.00 ↓
INT = -3,870.49 ↓

Entire 5 Years of loan information

3-85
 Usefulness of Amortization

1. Determine Interest Expense --

Interest expenses may reduce
taxable income of the firm.
2. Calculate Debt Outstanding -- The
quantity of outstanding debt
may be used in financing the
day-to-day activities of the firm.

3-86