Class X

Subject: Social Science

Economics
CH 1 Development
Notes

What Development Promises - Different People, Different Goals

 Development promises a real growth by enhancing total income and standard of living
person.
 Different people have different development goals. The development goals are varying
from people to people depending on their life situations.
 For example: a girl from a rich urban family gets a much freedom as her brother and is
able to decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue her studies abroad.

Income and Other Goals

 People prefer to earn more income for fulfilling their daily requirements of life.
Companies provide material thing like money. But people also want non-material thing
like freedom, security and respect of others.
 Some companies provide less salary but offer regular employment which enhances sense
of securities.
 In other case, some companies provide high salary but offer no job securities. They
reduce sense of securities.

National Development

 National development refers to ability of a nation to improve standard of living of its

citizens.
 Standards of living of citizens depend upon per capita income, Gross Domestic Product,
literacy rate and availability of health etc. These factors also consider as measure of
improvement.

How to compare different countries or states?

 We can compare different countries or states on the basis of per capita income.
 We can’t take national income to compare different countries because each country has
different population rate.
 Per capita income is calculated by dividing total income of a country to total population
of that country.
 Per capita income of a country shows the standard of living of the citizens of that
particular company.
 A country with higher per capita income is more developed than others with less per
capita income.

Income and other Criteria

 For achieving development goal of the people, people are not only want better income,
they also want non-material thing like freedom, security and respect of others.
  For development of a nation average income or per capita income is needed.

State Per Capita Income

(in Rs) 2011-12
Haryana 1,62,034
Kerala 1,55,516
Bihar 34,168

As per table, Haryana had topest position with 1,62,034 per capita income. Whereas,
Bihar was in bottom position with 34,168 per capita income. It means a person in
Haryana earned Rs.1,62,034 in one year. Whereas, a person in Bihar earned only Rs
34,168 in one year. So, Haryana is more developed country than Bihar with 1,62,034 per
capita income.

 Development of a nation is also depended upon literacy rate.

State Infant Mortality Rate Literacy Rate Net Attendance Ratio (per
per 1000 births (2011) % 100 persons) secondary
2011(P) stage (age 14 and 15 years)
2009-10
Haryana 36 82 61
Kerala 12 94 83
Bihar 42 62 43
In this table, the first columns shows that in Kerala, out of 1000 children born, 12 died
before completing one year of age but in Haryana, out of 1000 children born, 36 died
before completing one year of age and in Bihar, out of 1000 children born, 42 died before
completing one year of age. The last columns shows that in Kerala ,83 children out of
100 aged 14-15 are not attending school beyond Class 8,which is greater than
Maharashtra and Bihar.

Public Facilities

 Facilities which are provided by the government considered as public facilities like
schools, hospitals, community halls, transport, electricity etc.
 As we know that Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala but Kerala
has a low Infant Mortality Rate because of better public facilities like Public Distribution
System which provide Human and nutritional status of the state.
 We need public facilities because we are not able to purchase all things by money. We
can’t able to buy a pollution free environment with the help of money.

Sustainability of Development

 Sustainable Development refers to a development without damaging the environment.

 It is helpful to fulfills the needs of the human being without harming the ability of the
future generation.
 For sustainable development, we have to use non-renewable resources like carbon based
originally designed fuel for the quality how much we needed.
 Some renewable resources like groundwater will take long time for replenished. So we
should use that resource is finite quality.
 CLASS X
CHAPTER-1 DEVELOPMENT
MIND MAP
 QUES-ANS

Note : LEARN THEM

Q1. What is the meaning of development? Explain the two aspects of development?
Ans.(i) Development means change for the better/ progress over a period of time.
(ii) It comprises of social, political, economic, cultural elements or issues.
(iii) All economies whether developed or developing aim at development i.e. quality education, medical
care, nutritive food and better living conditions so as to improve the quality of life of people.

Two aspects of development are:

 Different persons can have different developmental goals.
 What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It might be
destructive for others.

Q2. Why do different persons have different notions of development? Explain with examples.
Ans. (i) People have different developmental goals because life situations of people are different.
(ii) They seek things that are most important for them i.e. which can fulfill their aspirations or desires.
(iii) For eg: Developmental goal of a landless rural labourer may be to get more days of work, better
wages etc whereas a prosperous farmer would aspire for a high family income through higher support
prices for his crops, hardworking and cheap labourers etc.

Q3. ‘People have conflicting developmental goals.’ Justify the statement with suitable examples.
Ans. (i)Two persons, or group of persons, at times may seek things which are conflicting.
(ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be
destructive for the other.
(iii) For e.g.:
 A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that he also shares in the
household work. Her brother may not like this.
 Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But, this may submerge
the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced such as tribals. They might resent this
and prefer small check dams to irrigate their land.
Q4. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
OR
Mention the factors on which the quality of life depends.
Ans. Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security
respect of others, affectionate behavior of family and friends, clean environment, good health and
education facilities.

Q5. ‘For development, people look at a mix of goals.’ Support the statement giving suitable examples.
Ans. The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other
important things in life like respect of others, equal treatment, freedom, security, affectionate behavior
etc.

For eg(i) Women who are engaged in paid work gets more respect in the household and society. As a
result, there would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside.
A safe and secure environment, as desired by women, may encourage more women to take up a variety
of jobs or run a business.

(ii) Before accepting a job, people may consider many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for
family, working atmosphere, job security, opportunity to learn, scope for promotion, work timings etc.

Q6. Mention the economic indicators to assess the development of a country.

Ans. (i)National Income/ Total Income: It is the sum total of incomes earned by the residents of a
country during a particular year.
(ii) Per capita Income:It is the average income of people of a country during a particular year. It is
obtained by dividing total income of a country by its population.
Per capita income= Total income
Population
A sound economy with higher national and per capita income can provide better standard of living to
the people of a country.
Q7.Why is total income not a useful measure for comparing development of various countries?
Ans.(i)Since countries have different populations comparing total income does not tell what an average
person is likely to earn.
(ii) It therefore can’t be used to judge precisely whether people in one country are better off than others
in a different country.
(iii) It only focuses on the monetary aspect i.e. income and does not tell about the availability of
educational, medical facilities, quality of environment, and other services that too influence the quality
of life.

Q8. Why is per capita income a better measure for comparing development of various countries?
OR
What is the significance of per capita income?
Ans. (i)Different countries have different populations. So, total income doesn’t tell what an average
person is likely to earn. Therefore, average income is more useful for making comparisons.
(ii) It determines the amount of goods and services that citizens are able to use. Hence, it can be used to
judge the general standard of living enjoyed by the average citizen.
(iii) It is an important indicator for categorizing countries into developed, developing and under
developed.

Q9. Discuss the limitations of average income as a measure of development.

OR
Why is per capita not a reliable indicator of economic development?
Ans. (i) Per capita income can’t be used solely as a measure of development because it hides disparities.
(ii) It doesn’t tell us how the income is distributed among people. There may be a very large number of
poor people in a society but only a handful of very rich persons. Per capita income will not reflect these
differences.
(iii) It doesn’t tell about the educational, medical facilities, quality of environment and other services
that influence the quality of life.

Q10. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries?
Ans. (i) In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, per capita income is used in
classifying countries.
(ii)Countries with per capita income of U.S. $12736 per annum and above in 2013, are called rich
countries.
(iii)Countries with per capita income of U.S. $1045 per annum or less, are called low income countries.
(iv)India was recognized as low middle income country because its per capita income in 2013 was first $
1570 per annum.

Q11. Explain the basis of comparison of economic development of different states or countries.
Ans.(i) Per capita Income:It is the average income of people of a country during a particular year. Higher
per capita income means more availability of goods and services per head and higher standard of living.
(ii) Infant Morality Rate:It indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a
proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
Lower IMR indicates better medical and child care facilities, better availability of food , clean
environment etc.
(iii) Literacy Rate:It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group. Higher
literacy rate implies people can undertake better job opportunities.
(iv) Net Attendance Ratio (NAR): It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years
attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group. Higher NAR shows
provision of better education facilities.

Q12. What is BMI? How is it calculated?

Ans. BMI stands for Body Mass Index. It is calculated to assess the nutritional status of adults.
Its Calculation:
 Taken the weight of the person in kg.
 Then take the height in metres.
 Divide weight by the square of height.
 If this figure is less than 18.5, then the person would be considered undernourished.
 If BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight.
Q13. ‘ Money in your pocket can’t buy all goods and services that you may need to live well.’ Justify
Ans. Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens
are able to use.
 For eg: money can’t buy us a particular free environment.
 Money can’t ensure that we get unadulterated medicines unless we can afford to shift to a
community that already has these things.
 Money may also be able to protect us from injectious diseases unless the whole of our
community takes preventive steps.
Hence, there must be an adequate provision of public facilities for the development of a country.

Q14.Describe the public facilities needed for the development of a country.

Ans. Public facilities are provided by the government for the welfare of the people.
(i) Adequate provision of health and education facilities for all.
(ii) Provision of safe drinking water, electricity at reasonable rates.
(iii) Availability of unadulterated medicines, eatables.
(iv) Good infrastructure such as road, transport, irrigation facilities etc.
(v) An effective Public Distribution System.

Q15. Distinguish between human and economic development.

Ans.
Economic Development Human Development

1.It refers to quantitative growth 1. Human Development Report

taking olace in an economy measured published by UNDP compares
through an increase in the production countries based on educational level of
of goods and services during a year. people,their health status and per
capita income.

2. It is measured on the basis of 2. It is measured as a cumulative index

national and per capita income. of :

(i) life expectancy

(ii) adult literacy rate and grpss

enrollment ratio.

(iii) Standard of living judged by per

capita income.

3. It is narrow in scope. 3. It is broader in scope.

Q16. Explain the indicators used by UNDP for measuring development.
OR
Explain the components of Human Development Index.
Ans. (i) Per capita income – It is used to indicate the purchasing power of the people or their ability to
buy goods and services.
(ii) Adult Literacy Rate – It means the proportion of literate population in the 15 and above age group.
(iii) Gross Enrollment Rate – This means enrollment ratio for primary school, secondary school and
higher education beyond secondary school.
(iv) Life Expectancy at Birth – It denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.

Q17. Why Kerala has a better human development ranking lower than Maharashtra, inspite of lower
per capita income?
Ans. (i) Kerala has lower infant morality rate than Maharashtra.
(ii) Kerala has higher literacy rate and net attendance ratio than Maharashtra.
(iii) It shows Kerala has adequate provision of basic health and education facilities, availability of clean
environment, a strong Public Distribution System.
It therefore indicated high level of human development in Kerala compared to Maharashtra.

Q18. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from
the one used by the World Bank?
Ans.
World Bank UNDP

1. In World Development Reports 1. Human Development Report

brought out by the World Bank, per published by UNDP compares
capita income is used for measuring countries based on educational level of
development. people, their health status and per
capita income.

2. It focuses only on qualitative aspect 2. It focuses on qualitative and

of development. quantitative aspect of development.

3. It is narrow in scope. 3. It is broader in scope.

Q19. What is Sustainable Development? Why is the issue of sustainability important for
development?
Ans. Sustainable Development means development should take place without damaging the
environment. Development in the present should not compromise with the needs of future generations.

IMPORTANCE:
1. Limited resources: The stock of natural resources is limited. Thus, the growth of all countries of
the world in future is likely to be endangered if the limited resources are completely exhausted.
For e.g. if we continue using crude oil at present rate, then the future generations will have no
oil reserves after 53 years.
2. Concern for environment: The process of development has led to environmental degradation
and pollution adversely affecting the quality of life in present and future generations.
Hence, sustainable development aims at raising the quality of life of both present and future
generations without threatening natural resources and environment.
Q20. What are renewable resources and non-renewable resources? Give examples.
Ans. Renewable resources are those which can be used without the possibility of resource becoming
depleted or exhausted. These resources are replenished by nature. For example: groundwater, plants
etc.
Non-Renewable resources are those which get exhausted with extraction and use. There is a fixed stock
of such resources which can’t be replenished. For example: fossil fuels like coal, minerals etc.

Q21. State some of the measures/strategies to achieve sustainable development.

Ans. (i) Lesser use of fossil fuels and reliance on non-conventional and environment friendly sources of
energy such as wind power and solar energy.
(ii) Shift to organic farming.
(iii) Use of cleaner fuels such as CNG and in rural areas LPG and gobar gas should be promoted.
(iv) Conserve water through rainwater harvesting.
(v) Use of energy efficient appliances and LED bulbs.

Q22. ‘ The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of
even one person.’ How is this statement relevant to to the discussion of development?
Ans. (i) Resources are important for the development activities of a nation.
(ii) Unreasonable consumptions and over-utilization of resources may lead to socio-economic and
environmental problems.
(iii) The exploitative nature of modern technology and the greed of selfish individuals are the root cause
of resource depletion.
Gandhiji has rightly said ‘ There is enough for everybody’s needs but not for anyone’s greed.

Q23. Is crude oil essential for the development of a country? Discuss.

Ans. Yes, it is essential for the development of a country because of the following reasons:
(i)It is used as a raw material in a number of industries such as chemicals,petrochemicals and for
manufacturing a variety of products such as plastics,detergents etc.
(ii) It is used as a source of energy for running industrial machines.
(iii) Petroleum derivates are used in cosmetic industry. For eg: Vaselline Jelly
(iv) By products of refined crude oil are petrol, diesel and kerosene.
Petrol and diesel are fuels for running automobiles , ships and tractors etc.

Q24. Why is groundwater overused? Can there be development without its overuse?
Ans. (i) Groundwater is overused due to:
 Urbanisation – large and growing population of cities.
 Agricultural advancement - rising demand of food and cash crops , thus resulting in increased
use of tubewells and wells for irrigation.
(ii) Development can be brought without overuse of groundwaterby taking following steps:
 Alternative sources of irrigation such as canals need to be developed.
 By harvesting rain water through rain water harvesting.
 Increasing the vegetation cover helps in increasing groundwater as plants reduce surface run off
and allow more water to seep into the ground.

Q25. Find out the present sources of energy used by people in India. What would be possibilities 50
years from now?
Ans. The present sources of energy used by people in India are:
 Conventional sources of energy: refer to such sources which are in use since a long period of
time. Such sources are non-renewable. For eg: coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.
 Non- Conventional sources of energy: refer to such sources which have come into use only in
recent times. For eg: solar energy, wind energy, bio-gas and tidal power. These are renewable
sources of energy.
 Possibilties after 50 years:
 Resources like coal and petroleum are limited and once exhausted can’t regenerated. Their
consumption at present is too high in comparison to production and reserves. If these resources
are recklessly used to increase production, India will face energy crises.
 For eg: if use continue using oil at present rate, then future generations will have no oil reserves
after 50 years.
 India depends on oil imports from oil producting countries. The rising prices of oil and its related
articles will increase financial burden on everyone.
 Thus, India will have to use more of non-conventional sources of energy like solar energy, wind
energy etc as they are not likely to get exhausted in future by human activities.

ASSIGNMENT-1

NOTE : MAKE AN ASSIGNMENT NOTEBOOK AND SOLVE IT

1. Mention the formula to calculate the BMI.

2. One of the best ways to reduce over usage of groundwater is _____________.

3. The number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1000 live births is referred as
______.

4. How is per capita income of the country calculated?

5. Why do different persons have different notions of development?

6. Human Development Report was published by _______________.

7. Life expectancy at birth indicates average expected length of life at the time of ___________.

8. What criterion has been used by Government of India, besides per capita income, to learn
about the development level of the states in India?

9. According to the World Bank Report countries with per capita income of __________ per
annum are called rich countries.

10. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason
(R).Read the statements and chose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Different people have different developmental goals.

Reason (R): Different people have different aspirations.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true and R is the not correct explanation of A.
c) A is correct but R is wrong.
d) A is wrong but R is correct.

11.“National development of a country depends on the availability of public facilities.”

(a) What are public facilities?

(b) Describe any three public facilities needed for development.
 ASSIGNMENT-2

1. Mohit is 28 years of age, has 65kg of body weight and is 1.4 metres tall. Calculate his BMI.
Find out whether he is under nourished or overweight. Why?

2. Correct the following statement and rewrite:

EDI is used to measure level of development of a country.

3. The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is ________.

4. Define the following terms:

(a) Literacy Rate (b) Infant Mortality Rate (c) Net Attendance Ratio

5. According to the World Bank, countries with per capita income of US $__________ are called
rich countries.

6. According to the World Bank, countries with per capita income of US $__________ are called
low countries.

7. Beside size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two
countries.

8. The factors on which Human Development Report published by UNDP is based, are
____________.

9. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason
(R).Read the statements and chose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Kerala has low infant mortality rate.

Reason (R): It has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true and R is the not correct explanation of A.
c) A is correct but R is wrong.
d) A is wrong but R is correct.

10. Read the comprehension and answer the following questions:

However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such an useful measure. Since,
countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average
person is likely to earn. Are people in one country better off than others in a different country?
Hence, we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its
total population. The average income is also called per capita income.

(a) What is national income?

(b) How per capita income is calculated?
(c) Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.