ABSTRACT

Curve sketching is another practical application of differential calculus. We can obtain a good
picture of the graph using certain crucial information provided by derivatives of the function
and certain limits.

In the above report we have determine following methods such as maxima and minima, first
and second order differential equations, x and y intercept and all the other method is use to
demonstrate how curve can be generated and what are its applications .
APPLICATION OF CURVE SKECHING:-
The different applications of curve apply to our daily life. Curve can be seen almost many
where, the different types of curves can be form aesthetically pleasing to being functional.

ARCHITECT:-
Architecture structural is one of the real life case studies that actually uses the different types
of curve for both aesthetic and function.

HENDERSON WAVE:-Reverse wave

Take for example the Henderson wave bridge , at first when it was built actually find it pretty
amusing. The pathway itself is almost a flat plan but the surrounding the pathway actually
created the delusion of it going in a wave like motion.

Furniture

There are also different furniture that uses the curves for its
function but maybe also aesthetic. I have found a few
furniture that is somehow different from the norm but it
looks interesting.
ELECTRIC GUITAR:-Reverse, parabolic and accented curve
Electric guitar can come in many designs ,the way it is design may or may not be functional but
the aesthetic sense of it allows it to be easily recognized as an electric guitar . Some times the
different curvature sticks to us for a certain object and some how we are able to link it to that
object even if it is by showing just a few stroke of a drawing.
EXAMPLE 1:-F(X) = X2/√X+1
A. Domain ={x│x+1>0}={x│ x >-1}= (-1,∞)
B. The x- and y –intercept are both 0.
C. Symmetry: None
D. Sine

Limx-∞ x2/√x+1 =∞

There is no horizontal asymptote, since x+1-0as x-_1+ and f(x) is always positive, we have

Limx-_1+ x2/x+1=∞

And so the line x=_1 is a vertical asymptote

E.F’(X) =√X+1(2X) _X2.1/(2√X+1)/X+1

=3X2+4X/2(X+1)1/2

X(3X+4)/2(X+1)3/2

We see that f’(x)=0 where x=0 (notice that _4/3 is not in the domain of F),so the only critical
number is 0. Since f’(x)<0 when _1<x<0 and f’(x)>0 when x>0f is decreasing on(_1,0)and
increasing on (0,∞).

F. Since f’(0) =0 and f’ changes from negative to positive at 0,f(0)=0 is a local (and absolute)
minimum by the first derivative test.

G.F’’(X)=2(X+1)3/2(6X+4)_(3X2+4X)3(X+1)1/2/4(X+1)3
3X2+8X+8/4(X+1)5/2

Note that the denominator is always positive because its discriminate is

B2 _4ac=_32 which negative and the coefficient of x2 is positive.

H. The curve is sketched in figure 7.

EXAMPLE 2:F(X)=COSX/2+SINX

A. The domain is R.
B. The y-intercept is f(0)=1/2.The intercept occur when cosx =0 that is X=¿) + nπ , where n is
an integer.
C. F is neither even nor odd , but F(X+2π ¿=F(X) for all X and SO F is periodic and has period 2
π. Thus , in what follows, we need to consider only 0≤ x ≤ 2 π and then extend the curve by
translation in part H.
D. Asymptotes’: None
E. F’(X)=(2 + sinx) (_sinx )_cosx(cosx)/(2+sinx)2
=-2SINX + 1/(2+ SINX)2
F .From part E and the first derivative test, we see that the local minimum value is F(7 π /6 ¿
=_1/√ 3∧¿ the local maximum value is F(11π /6 ¿=1/√ 3.
G .If we use the quotient rule again and simplify , we get
F’’(X)=_2cosx(1_sinx)/(2+sinx)3
Because (2+sinx)3>0 and 1_sinx≥ 0 for all x , we know that F’’(X)>0 WHEN
π
COSX<0, THAT IS 2 < X < 3 π /2 SO f is concave upward on ( π /2.3 π /2) and
π
concave downward on (0. π /2) and (3 2 , 2 π ) The inflection point are ( π
/2,0)and(3 π /2,0).
H .The graph of the function restricted to 0≤ x ≤ 2 π is shown in figure 9 .Then we extend it
using periodicity ,to the complete graph in figure 10.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-
The success and final out come of this assignment required a lot of guidance and assistance
from many people and we extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our
assignment work. Whatever we have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and we
would not forget to thank them .I respect and thank Ms Nazia for giving we an opportunity to
do this assignment work and providing us all support and guidance which made me complete
the assignment on time, extremely grateful to her for providing such a nice support and
guidance.

We are really grateful because we managed to complete this assignment with in the time
given by Ms Nazia. This assignment can not be completed without the effort and co-operation
from our group members. Group members UNZILA and AJIA. Last but not least we would like to
express our friends and respondents for support and willingness to spend some time with us.
Curve sketching is another practical application of differential calculus. We can obtain a good
picture of the graph using certain crucial information provided by derivatives of the function
and certain limits.

MAXIMA AND MINIMA:-

1. A local maximum point on a function is a point (x ,y) on the graph of function whose y
coordinates is larger than all y coordinates on the graph at point close to (x,y) .
2. A local extreme is either a local maximum or a local minimum.
3. The derivative of a function can tell us where the function is increasing and where it is
decreasing if :-
(a) F(x) > 0on interval I, the function is increasing on I.
(b) F (X) < 0 on interval I , the function is decreasing on I

.
Some local maximum points( A)∧minimum points(B).
 Concavity and point of inflection:-
Compute f” (x) and use the concavity test. The curve is concave upward where f” (x) > 0
and concave downward where f”(x) < 0.

Concave upward concave downwaed

ASYMPTOTES:-

1. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES:-
If either LIMIT X-∞ f” (x) = L or LIMITX- -∞ f(x) = L then the line Y=L is a horizontal
asymptotes.
2. VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES:-
The line n=a is a vertical asymptotes if at least one of the following statement is true.
LIMITX-A+ F(x)=∞ LIMITX-A- F (X)=∞
3. SLANT ASYMPTOTES:-
Some curve have asymptotes that are oblique, that is neither horizontal nor vertical if m=0
then the line y=mx+b is called a slant asymptotes.
[f(x) –(mx+b)]=0
INTERVAL OF INCREASES OR DECREASES:-
Use the I/D test compute f’ (x) and find the interval on which f’ (x) is positive (f is increasing)
and the intervals on which f’ (x) is negative(f is decreasing).
DOMAIN:-
Its after use full to start by determining the domain D of f, that is the set of value of x for
which f(x) is defined.
INTERCEPT:-
The y intercept is f(0) and this tell us where the curve intersect the y –axis. To find the x
intercept we set y=0 and solve for “x”.
 SYMMERTRY:-
ODD FUNCTION:-
1. Condition f (-x) =-f(x)
2. Think of function like y=x3.

EVEN FUNCTION:-
1. Condition f(-x)=f(x)
2. Function which are symmetric about y-
axis.

PERIOD FUNCTION:-

1. Function which repeat.

2. Think of functions like Sin(x).
NAME OF GROUP MEMBERS: AJIA IMAM
UNZILA MALIK
NAME OF MAJOR DEPP: CHEMISTRY
CLASS: BS 1
COURSE TITLE: CALCULUS 1
COURSE CODE: MAT 1011
COURSE INCHARGE: MS. NAZIA
REFRENCES:
Calculus by James Stewart
https://www.whitman.edu/mathematics/multivariable/multivariable_05_Curve_Sketching.pdf