CHEM 142, F2016 (CRAIG) Name ____________________

Worksheet 1a (WEEK 2) Section____________________

Atomic Structure, EM Radiation, Bohr's Model

1a Lectures 1.1-1.3 | Sections 2.5-8; 12.1-4

1. Answer the following questions concerning the nature of the atom.

a. Complete the following table:
Subatomic Particle Symbol Electrical Charge Location in Atom
Electron e- 1- Surrounding the nucleus

Neutron n 0 Nucleus

Proton p, p+ 1+ Nucleus

b. Which subatomic particles make the greatest contribution to the mass of an atom?

protons and neutrons

c. Which subatomic particles make the greatest contribution to the chemical properties of an
atom?
electrons

2. Write the symbol for the following ( X ):

A
Z

a. An isotope with Z = 12, A = 23

23
12 Mg

b. An ion with 24 protons, 28 neutrons and 21 electrons

52
24 Cr 3+

c. An ion with 34 protons, 45 neutrons and 36 electrons

79
34 Se 2−

d. An isotope with a mass number of 238 and an atomic number of 92

238
92 U

Revised Fall 2016 1 of 5

CHEM 142, F2016 (CRAIG) Name ____________________
Worksheet 1a (WEEK 2) Section____________________

3. Fill in the missing information in the following table of neutral atoms:

27 98 182 238 58
Symbol Al Mo W U Fe

Element Name Aluminum Molybdenum Tungsten Uranium Iron

# Protons 13 42 74 92 26

# Neutrons 14 56 108 146 32

# Electrons 13 42 74 92 26

Mass number 27 98 182 238 58

4. Fill in the missing information in the following table of ions:

32 2- 64
Symbol S Zn2+ 137
Ba2+ 90
Zr4+ 31 3-
P

Element Name Sulfur Zinc Barium Zirconium Phosphorus

# Protons 16 30 56 40 15

# Neutrons 16 34 81 50 16

# Electrons 18 28 54 36 18

Mass number 32 64 137 90 31

Charge 2- 2+ 2+ 4+ 3-

Revised Fall 2016 2 of 5

CHEM 142, F2016 (CRAIG) Name ____________________
Worksheet 1a (WEEK 2) Section____________________

5. An element's most stable ion forms an ionic compound with chlorine having the formula XCl2. If
the ion of element X has a mass of 89 and 36 electrons, what is the identity of the element, and
how many neutrons does it have?
To identify X, we need the atomic number (Z).
XCl2 must have an overall charge of 0. We know that chlorine forms an anion with -1 charge, therefore
X must be a cation with +2 charge. We are told that X 2+ has 36 electrons. This means that the neutral
form of X has 38 electrons. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons,
which equals Z. The element with Z = 38 is strontium, Sr.
Number of neutrons is determined by subtracting Z from the mass number (A): 89 – 38 = 51.

6. An argon laser emits light of wavelength 488 nm.

a. Calculate the frequency of the light.

488 𝑛𝑚 (10−9 𝑚)
( )( ) = 4.88 x 10−7 𝑚
1 𝑛𝑚

𝑚
𝑐 3.0 x 108 𝑠
𝜈= = = 6.15 x 1014 𝑠 −1
𝜆 4.88 x 10−7 𝑚

b. Calculate the energy of the light in electronvolts (eV).

𝐸 = ℎ𝜈 = (6.626 x 10−34 𝐽 𝑠)(6.15 x 1014 𝑠 −1 ) = 4.07 x 10−19 𝐽

4.07 x 10−19 𝐽 1 𝑒𝑉
( )( ) = 2.54 𝑒𝑉
1 1.602 x 10−19 𝐽

c. Suppose a pulse of light from this laser is sent from Earth, is reflected from a mirror on
the moon, and returns to its starting point. Calculate the time elapsed for the round trip,
taking the distance from Earth to the moon to be 3.8 x 105 km.

1000 𝑚 1𝑠
(3.8 × 105 𝑘𝑚) ( )( ) = 1.3 𝑠
1 𝑘𝑚 3.0 × 108 𝑚

1.3 𝑠 × 2 = 2.6 𝑠

Revised Fall 2016 3 of 5

CHEM 142, F2016 (CRAIG) Name ____________________
Worksheet 1a (WEEK 2) Section____________________

7. The power output of a laser is measured by its wattage, that is, the number of joules of energy it
radiates per second (1 W = 1 J s-1). A 10-W laser produces a beam of green light with a wavelength
of 520 nm.

a. Calculate the energy carried by each photon.

−34 𝑚
ℎ𝑐 (6.626 x 10 𝐽 𝑠) x (3.0 x 108 𝑠 )
𝐸= = = 3.8 x 10−19 𝐽
𝜆 5.2 x 10−7 𝑚

b. Calculate the number of photons emitted by the laser per second.

𝐽
𝐽 10
𝑊= = 𝑠 = 2.6 x 1019 𝑠 −1
𝑠 3.8 x 10−19 𝐽

8. Rank the following photons in order of increasing energy. What region of the electromagnetic
spectrum does each belong to? (exa (E) = 1018)

A:  =5.0 x 10-5cm B: v = 98.6MHz C: E = 3.3 eV D:  = 10,000Å

c 3.0 x 108 m s−1

A: 𝜈 = = = 0.60 x 1015 Hz = 6.0 x 1014 Hz (green light)
𝜆 (5.0 x 10−5 cm) ( 1 m )
102 cm

106 Hz
B: 98.6 MHz ( ) = 9.86 x 107 Hz (radio waves)
1 MHz

1.602 x 10−19 J
(3.3 eV ( 1 eV ))
E
C: 𝜈 = = = 7.99 x 1014 Hz (Ultraviolet)
ℎ 6.626 x 10−34 J s

c 3.0 x 108 m s1
D: 𝜈 = = = 3.0 x 1014 Hz (infrared)
𝜆 10−10 m
(10,000 Å) ( )
1Å

EB < E D < E A < EC

Revised Fall 2016 4 of 5

 CHEM 142, F2016 (CRAIG) Name ____________________
Worksheet 1a (WEEK 2) Section____________________

1A 8A
1 eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J
1 Atomic Mass Unit (amu) = 1.661 x 10-24 g 2
H 1 mg = 0.001 g 1 kg = 1000 g He
1.00794 4.00260
1 J = 1 N.m 1 N = 1 kg.m/s2 1 J = 1 kg m2 s-2
2A Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m s-2 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
3 4 Mass of electron, Me = 9.109 x 10-31 kg micro () = 10–6 5 6 7 8 9 10
-34
Li Be Planck’s constant, h = 6.626 x 10 J.s nano (n) = 10–9 B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.01218
Speed of light, c = 3.00 x 108 m/s pico (p) = 10–12
10.811 12.0107 14.00674 15.9994 18.99840 20.1797

11 12 1 s–1 = 1 Hz femto (f) = 10–15 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.9898 24.3050 26.9815 28.0855 30.97376 32.066 35.4527 39.948
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B 8B 1B 2B
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.0983 40.078 44.9559 47.867 50.9415 52.996 54.9380 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.80

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.4678 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.8682 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90447 131.3

55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.21 190.2 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.19 208.98 (209) (210) (222)

87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109

Fr Ra Ac
(223) 226.03 (227)

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)

Ephoton = h c = 
 Z2 
V B G Y O R E = −2.178  10−18 J  2 
n 
h
=
7.5 x 1014 Hz 6.0 x 1014 Hz 5.0 x 1014 Hz 4.0 x 1014 Hz mv

Revised Fall 2016 5 of 5

 Worksheet 3

1. The magnesium emission spectrum has a line at 266.8 nm. Which of the following statements about
this radiation are correct and which are not? Explain your reasoning for each statement.

a. It has a higher frequency than radiation with wavelength 402 nm.

Yes. Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional, so a shorter wavelength means a
higher frequency.

b. It is visible to the eye.

No. This wavelength is in the UV spectrum

c. It has a greater speed in a vacuum than does red light with wavelength 652 nm.

No. All EM radiation travels at the same speed in a vacuum.

d. Its wavelength is longer than X-rays.

Yes, UV light is lower in energy than X-rays, therefore it has a longer wavelength.

2. Barium atoms in a flame emit light as they undergo transitions from one energy level to another that
is 2.247 eV lower in energy. Calculate the wavelength of light emitted, and predict the color of the flame.

2.247 𝑒𝑉 𝐽
( 1
) (1.602 x 10−19 𝑒𝑉) = 3.600 x 10−19 𝐽

−34 𝑚
ℎ𝑐 (6.626 x 10 𝐽 𝑠) (3.0 x 108 𝑠 )
𝜆= = = 5.522 x 10−7 𝑚 = 552.2 𝑛𝑚
𝐸 (3.600 x 10−19 𝐽)

yellow/green light
3. The energy levels in one-electron systems (e.g., H, He , Li , Be , etc.) can be described using the
+ 2+ 3+

Rydberg equation , where Z is the atomic number of the nucleus, and n is the principle quantum number
of the energy level. This expression was first derived from the experimentally-observed emission spectrum
of hydrogen by Niels Bohr. Later, Erwin Schrödinger and Louis de Broglie arrived at the same expression
from a theoretical perspective.

a. Use the Rydberg equation to derive an expression for determining the change in energy
associated with a transition from an initial quantum state (n ) to a final quantum state (n ).
i f

  Z 2    Z 2   1 1 
E =  −2.178  10−18 J  2   −  −2.178  10−18 J  2    E = −2.178  10 −18 J ( Z 2 )  2 − 2 
  n    n 
  f    ni    f ni 

b. As the value of Z increases, does the wavelength of the photon associated with the
transition from n = 2 to n = 1 increase or decrease? Why?

1 1
E  Z 2 , and E  , therefore  
 Z2
So, we expect that the wavelength of emission associated with the n = 2 to n = 1 transition in
a series of one-electron systems (H, He+, Li2+, Be3+, etc) will decrease with increasing Z.

c. Can the wavelength of the photon associated with the transition from n = 2 to n = 1 ever
be observed in the visible spectrum? Why or why not?

2 1 1 
( )
E = −2.178  10−18 J (1)  2 − 2  = −1.633  10−18 J
1 2 
 109 nm 
( )(
6.626  10−34 J s 2.997  108 m/s  ) 
=
hc
=  1 m  = 121.6 nm
E 1.633  10−18 J

For the lowest Z system, atomic hydrogen, the wavelength of emission associated with the

n = 2 to n = 1 transition is 121.6 nm. This wavelength is in the UV portion of the electromagnetic

spectrum, which is invisible to the human eye. Since we expect the wavelength of emission to
decrease with increasing Z, the n = 2 to n = 1 transition will never be observed in the visible
spectrum.
4. The transition from n = 3 to n = 2 in a hydrogen atom produces a photon with λ = 656 nm.
Determine the wavelength of the photon emitted from the same transition in the Li ion. What can you
2+

conclude about the relative distance between the n = 3 and n = 2 electron energy levels in H versus Li ?
2+

 Z2 Z2 
E = −2.178  10−18 J  2 − 2 
n 
 final ninitial 
−18  3 32  9 
2
= − 2.178  10 J  2 − 2  = −2.178  10−18 J  − 1 = −2.722  10−18 J
2 3  4 

hc ( 6.626  10 Js )( 3.00  10 m/s )  109 nm 

−34 8
c
= = =   = 72.9 nm = 
 E −2.722  10−18 J  1m 

The n = 2 and n = 3 levels are farther apart in energy in Li 2+ than in H.

5. What must be the velocity (in m/s) of a beam of electrons if they are to display a de Broglie
wavelength of 1.0 µm?

h h
= v=
mv m

 1 kg m2 s−2 
( 6.626 10 −34
J s)  
v=  1J 
 1m 
(9.109 10 −31
kg ) (1  m )  6 
 10  m 
= 727 m/s
6. The following images show four possible wavefunctions ψ(x) for a quantum-mechanical particle.
Without doing any math, try to answer the following questions for all 4 graphs:

• What does the probability distribution |ψ(x)|2 look like qualitatively?

See the red line in the graphs.

• What is the most likely position of the particle?

The most likely position is indicated in blue on the x-axis. Figure (c) has two positions that are equally likely.

• What is the probability of finding the particle at position x=2?

For (a) and (b) the probability is high, for (c) and (d) the probability is zero.

• What are the regions where you are likely to find the particle?
See the region shaded in yellow.
1. Consider an electron that is confined in a box of length L = 10-10m.
a. What is the difference in energy between the n=1 and the n=2 state?

En = h2 n2/ (8 m L2)

ΔE = E2 – E1 = (h2 22/ (8 m L2))- (h2 12/ (8 m L2)) = 3 (h2 / (8 m L2)) = 1.8 ⨉ 10-17 J

b. What is the wavelength of the photon that is generated if the particle in a box
transitions from the n=2 to the n=1 state?

λ = h c / ΔE = 11 nm

c. How does the energy difference between the n=1 and n=2 state change if the box is
expanded to 2 ⨉ 10-10m ?

ΔE = 3 (h2 / (8 m (2 ⨉ 10-10m)2)) = 4.5 ⨉ 10-18 J (that is ¼ of what if was in part a)

2. Identify the false statements below, and explain why they are false.

a. Only electromagnetic radiation exhibits wave-particle duality.

FALSE. Matter also exhibits wave-particle duality. According to the de Broglie wavelength,
 = h mv , the smaller the mass of the particle, the longer its wavelength, and the easier its wave-
like nature is to observe. The electron has a particularly small mass (~10-31 kg), so its wavelength is
particularly apparent.

b. The hydrogen atom does not exhibit a 3s orbital.

FALSE. The H atom can exhibit a 3s orbital if the electron is excited to the 3s state.

c. The electron path is indicated by the surface of the orbital.

FALSE. By convention, the surface of an orbital represents a volume in which there is a 90% chance
of finding the electron. Stated another way: the orbital surface contains 90% of the electron’s
probability density. The surface DOES NOT represent a path for the electron.

d. The Bohr model of the atom was retired in part because it implied that the behavior of an electron
could be completely described by treating it as a particle.
TRUE

e. The quantization of the energy levels available to the electron in an atom is a consequence of the
wave-like nature of the electron.
TRUE

f. The energies available to the electron in any environment are quantized.

FALSE. The energies available to the electron are quantized only when the electron is subject to a
constraining potential (such as a nucleus). This limits the motion of the wave-like electron to a
series of “standing waves” that are well-separated in energy.

g. The emission spectrum of an atomic system is quantized (emission at only certain wavelengths is
observed), but its absorption spectrum is continuous (system can absorb at all wavelengths).
FALSE. Absorptive transitions are quantized also. The photon energy must match a possible
transition exactly or nothing will happen…the electron will remain in the initial state.
3. Of the following sets of quantum numbers {n, l, ml}, identify the ones that are forbidden for an
electron in an atom and explain why they are invalid.

a. {4, 2, -1}

b. {2, 2, -1} INVALID. l cannot equal n.

c. {4, -3, 1} INVALID. l cannot be negative

d. {6, 0, 0}

e. {5, 4, +5} INVALID. ml cannot be bigger than l

4. List all states (n, l, ml) for hydrogen-like atoms for n=4 and n=5. How many states are there?

n = 4:
n l ml
4 0 0
4 1 -1
4 1 0
4 1 1
4 2 -2
4 2 -1
4 2 0
4 2 1
4 2 2
4 3 -3
4 3 -2
4 3 -1
4 3 0
4 3 1
4 3 2
4 3 3 There are 16 states with n=4

n = 5:
n l ml
5 0 0
5 1 -1
5 1 0
5 1 1
5 2 -2
5 2 -1
5 2 0
5 2 1
5 2 2
5 3 -3
5 3 -2
5 3 -1
5 3 0
5 3 1
5 3 2
5 3 3
5 4 -4
5 4 -3
5 4 -2
5 4 -1
5 4 0
5 4 1
5 4 2
5 4 3
5 4 4 There are 25 states with n=5
 5. Consider the following hydrogen-atom orbitals. Rank the orbitals in order of increasing energy.

A B C D E F

d orbital d orbital s orbital s orbital p orbital p orbital

n=4 n=3 n=3 n=2 n=3 n=2
l=2 l=2 l=0 l=0 l=1 l=1

Answer: D = F < C = E = B < A

6. Will the following properties increase or decrease when the electron in a hydrogen atom
undergoes a transition from the 1s-orbital to a 2p-orbital? Explain your reasoning in each case.

a. Energy of the electron.

Increase. The 2p orbital has a larger radius, so the electron is further away from the
nucleus. Therefore, its energy is higher.

b. The value of n.

Increase. The electron moves from the n = 1 shell to the n = 2 shell.

c. The value of l.

Increase. An s-orbital has l = 0, and a p-orbital has l = 1

d. The radius of the atom.

Increase. The 2p orbital has a larger radius than the 1s orbital, which is the highest-
occupied orbital in the ground state of lithium. With an electron excited to the 2p orbital,
the radius of the atom will increase.