AD-779 512

OCTANE-CETANE RELATIONSHIP

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

PREPARED FOR
ARMY MOBILITY EQUIPMENT RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT CENTER

MARCH 1974

DISTRIBUTED BY:

rann®
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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
 UNCLASSIFIED
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AFLRL Report No. 33

«. TITLE (end htbtltle) •• TYRE OP REPORT A PERIOD COVERED

Octane-Cetane Relationship Final Report

•■ PERPORN'NG ORG. REPORT NUMBER'

». AUTHONT«; f. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERf«)

J.N. Bowden DAAK02-73-C-0221
A.A. Johnston
J.A. Russell
I. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND AOORESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK
AREA • WORK UNIT NUMGERS
US Army Fuels and Lubricants Research Laboratory
SwRI
PO Drawer 28510
San Antonio. Tx 78284
II. CONTROLLING OPPICE NAME AND AOORESS 12. REPORT OATE
US Army Mobility Equipment Research & Development Center March, 1974
Petroleum and Materials Department U. NUMBER OP PAGES

Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md

I*. MONITORING AGENCY NAME i ADORES*!/ dJSemmi ham Centre 1*4 OIHce) IS. SECURITY CLASS, (ol Al« »port;

Same
ISA. 3ECLASSIF!CATION/DOWNGRADING
SCHEDULE

I«. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol thle Report)

Approved for public release; distribution limited.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol the ebmtrect entered In Block 20. II Jttloml hem Report)

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

IS. KEY WORDS (Continue on tow »Id» II necoeeery end Identity by Nock nbet)

Gasoline
Reprodut fd by
Octane Number NATIONAL TECHNICAL
Cetane Number INFORMATION SERVICE
U S Department of Commerce
Springfield VA 22151

20. A8STRACT (Continue on reverie elde II neceeemy end Identity by block number)

Sixty-six samples of gasolines, representing commercial, military, and federal specification materials, and
experimental blends were evaluated for motor octane number, research octane number, and cetane number.
Through statistical analyses of the data, linear relationships between octane numbers and cetane numbers of
these fuels were developed.

DD,^",, M73 EDITION OP • NOV «S IS OBSOLETE

UNCLASSIFIED
I' SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Dole Entered)
 AD

OCTANE-CETANE RELATIONSHIP
FINAL REPORT
AFLRL NO. 33

. by
J. N. Bowden
A. A. Johnston
J. A. Russell

Approved for public release; distribution limited,

prepared by

U. S. Army Fuels and Lubricants Research Laboratory

Southwest Research Institute
San Antonio, Texas

under eontraet So

U. S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center

Coating and Chemical Laboratory
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
Contract No. DAAK02-73-C-0221
Mareh 1971
Id.

■ •• «MMMMMMH
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

i The authois express their appreciation to Mr. F.H. Lessing for making the cetane num-
ber measurements on the modified CFR engine and to Mr. E.C. Owens for working with the-
computer programs used in the statistical analyses of the data.

v;

t
■i-

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f
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iv

LIST OF TABLES iv

I. INTRODUCTION I

II. APPROACH 1

III. SUMMARY OF RESULTS 1

IV. DISCUSSION 2

A. Primary Reference Fuels 3

B. Properties of Gasolines 3
C. Relationship to Earlier Work 3

V. CONCLUSIONS 4

LIST OF REFERENCES 4

TABLES 5

ILLUSTRATIONS 9

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LIST OF TABLES

Table_ Page

1 Properties of Gasolines 6

2 Regression Correlations 8

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

1 Motor Ciane-Cetane Number Correlation 10

2 Effect of Lead on MON-CN Correlation 11

3 MON-CN Correlations for Low and High Sensitivity Fuels 12

4 Research Octane-Cetane Number Correlation 13

5 Antiknock lndex-Cetane Number Correlation 14

6 Compression Ratios of Reference Cetane Number Blends 15

7 Present Work Compared to Previous Correlations 16

f
**>?»»*»»«»«»*.

I. INTRODUCTION

The relationship between octane numbers and cetane numbers for low-ignition quality
fuels has become important for the Army in recent times because of the following factors:

• Diesel engines are the predominant power plants in combat and tactical vehicles.
With the energy shortage, it becomes important to know the ignition quality of
gasolines that could be used in these engines when diesel fuel is in short supply.

• The LD/LDS465 multifuel engines, utilized in a high density of Army vehicles, may
be able to use some special and regular grade gasolines. Thus, a relationship between
octane number and cetane number would help determine which gasolines cou'.d be
used in these engines.

The object of this work, therefore, was to study the relationship of cetane and octane
numbers by expanding on the work conducted at this laboratory in the middle 1960's.(1)*
Special interest was focused on the possible effects of unleaded gasolines on the cetane-octane
number relationships, since unleaded (or low lead) fuels will be the primary spark ignition engine
fuel for the Army and government service vehicles in the near future.

II. APPROACH

A total of 66 gasoline samples, which included commercial gasolines of the premium,

regular, low-lead, and unleaded varieties, fuli boiling range reference fuel blends both con-
ventionally leaded and unleaded, and samples meeting Federal Specification VV-G-001690
(Army-MR) and VV-G-76b, were evaluated for cetane number, motor and research octane
number, hydrocarbon type, and lead content. These data were subjected to a regression
analysis computer program from which correlations for octane-cetane numbers were devel-
oped. The effects of other gasoline properties on these correlations were also investigated.

III. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

The data obtained on 66 samples of gasoline are shown in Table I. Equations for
regression correlation lines derived for various expressions of octar.e number correlated with
cetane numbers are shown in Table II. Figure 1 shows the correlation line for motor octane
number and cetane number along with the actual determined values. The 95-percent confi-
dence limits for cetane numbers of given motor octane numbers are indicated by the vertical
lines at the extreme and middle of the correlation line. The data points shown in Figure 1
indicated an apparent effect of lead content on the cetane numbers of fuels with the same
motor octane numbers. The unleaded gasolines had lower cetane numbers than the conven-
tionally leaded fuels. To investigate this observation, two samples of full boiling range
unleaded gasolines were treated at two levels with tetraethyl lead and evaluated for octane
and cetane numbers. The data obtained are in Figure 2, indicating that the effect of lead
content on the correlation is minimal if any. Since most unleaded gasolines contained more
aromatic hydrocarbons than the leaded ones, it was theorized that the observed effect was
due to hydrocarbon-type composition rather than lead content. Therefore, composition was
investigated for possible effect on the correlation; since fuel sensitivity (RON MON)
reflects, to a large extent, fuel composition, two regression correlations were developed one

♦Superscript numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this report.

J..J.1.1J -i- .-,■■■ -■.—, ■■ _,.„.

for the fuels with high sensitivity (8 and above) and one for fuels with low sensitivity (below
7.9). These correlations, shown in Figure 3 and Table II, indicate that fuel sensitivity does
nave an effect on the MON - CN correlation. The linear equations for low- and high-sensitiv-
ity fuels have correlation coefficients that are closer to -1 than the overall MON - CN
correlation.

The correlation equation for cetane number and research octane number, shown in
Table II, was found to have the best correlation coefficient and the lowest standard error of
estimate. The plot for this correlation, the 95-percent confidence limits, and the individually
determined points are shown in Figure 4. Correlation equations for cetane numbers and research
octane numbers of low and high sensitivity gasolines, shown in Table II, indicate a very slight
effect of sensitivity which is not statistically significant within 95-percent confidence limits. The
correlation coefficients for the low and high jensitivity fuels are virtually the same as that for
the overall RON-CN correlation. Cetane numbers of iso-octane and n-heptane blends at several
octane levels are shown in Figure 4 and the data are approaching the regression correlation line.
A regression correlation was also developed for cetane number and antiknock index,
(R+M)/2, and is shown in Figure 5. As expected, the correlation coefficient for this expres-
sion lies between those for research and for motor numbers (Table II).

IV. DISCUSSION

The fuel data for 66 samples of commercial and reference gasolines listed in Table I were
obtained suing the following methods: FIA (ASTM D 1319) for aromatics and olefins;
atomic absorption spectrophotcmetry and lead content; ASTM D 2700 for motor octane num-
ber; and ASTM D2699 for research octane number. The cetane number determinations were
made by ASTM Method D 613 employing the CFR engine with modifications to permit the
measurement on low-cetane quality fuels (0 to 20 cetane numbers) as described by Urban and
Gray.(1) The principal modifications were a thicker diaphragm (0.041 in.) than normal in
the combustion pressure indicator and a spacer (3/8-in. thick) behind the compression plug
to obtain higher compression ratios and to increase the injection pressure (2000 psi), thus
reducing injection sticking. The ASTM delay meter and associated apparatus were replaced
with the modified instrumentation normally used at AFLRL consisting of an injection nozzle
pintle displacement transducer, a quartz crystal cyUnder pressure transducer, and an oscillo-
scope. This instrumentation permits the determination of beginning of injection and start of
rapid pressure rise.

The reproducibility of the ASTM Motor Octane Number Method states that the results
for a given sample between two laboratories should not be considered suspect unless they
differ by more than 1.2 at 80 MON, 1.0 at 90 MON, and 1.5 at 100 MON, based on 95-per-
cent confidence level. The reproducibility of the ASTM Research Octane Number Method
states that the results for a given sample between two laboratories should not be considered
suspect unless they differ by more than 1.2 at 80 RON, 0.7 at 90 RON, 0.6 at 95 RON, and
0.7 at 100 RON, based on 95-percent confidence level. Data to define the repeatability (dif-
ference between two results on a single sample by the same operator), for both methods has
not been developed by ASTM. The reproducibility of the ASTM Cetane Method states that
a single rating can be expected to be within ±2 cetane numbers of the true value at the 95-
percent confidence level for conventional diesel fuels. The repeatability of the cetane method
is not defined. These statement« indicate that the research method has slightly better precision
than the motor method, and fie cetane method has less precision than either octane method.

samsmam
 !

The cetane numbers of 39 of the gasoline samples reported herein were determined in
duplicate and in a few cases in triplicate. The largest deviation between determinations on a
single sample was 0.8 cetane number and the average deviation was ±0.1.

A. Primary Reference Fuels

The primary reference fuels used in the work performed during the 1960's were n-cetane
and alpha-methyl naphthalene. The latter is no longer available as an ASThl reference grade
fuel and has been replaced in the standard procedure with heptamethylnonane which was
assigned a cetane number of 15. Since it was expected that many fuels used in this work
would have cetane numbers below 15, a supply of 99-percent pure alpha-methyl naphthalene
was obtained which is believed to be of higher purity than the old ASTM grade material.

To compart the two primary reference fuel series and the secondary reference fuel blends
(U-9 and T-16 blends), a series of fuels were evaluated for compression ratios at 17-deg igni-
tion delay and plotted against the cetane number to which each fuel was blended (Figure 6).
In the range of 71 to 34 cetane numbers, the primary reference fuel blends (alpha-methyl
naphthalene - n-cetane and heptamethylnonane - n-cetane) and the secondary reference
blends gave virtually the same compression ratios. Below 34 cetane numbers, differences
among the compression ratio obtained for the three reference fuels at given ceiane numbers
became apparent. The cetane for the U-9 secondary reference fuel is 20.7; therefore, com-
pression ratios at lower cetane numbers could not be obtained for this series of blends.
Heptamethylnonane has been assigned a cetane number of 15 in D 613; however, based on
alpha-methyl naphthalene - n-cetane primary reference blends, the cetane number of hepta-
methylnonane was found to be 12.2. Because of the limitations of secondary reference fuels
and the current ASTM-designated primary reference fuels, the alpha-methyl naphthalene -
n-cetane reference fuei blends were used in this work. Had the heptamethylnonane - IM»tane
reference fuels been used with some provision for extrapolation below 15 cetane number, it
appears that the cetane numbers obtained for the various gasoline samples would have been
approximately 2.8 numbers higher than those measured with the alpha-methyl naphthalene —
n-cetane blends as primary reference fuel?.
I
: B. Properties of Gasolines
I Approximately half of the gasolines evaluated in this program were either commercial fuels,
and/or met the requirements of Federal Specifications VV-G-001690 (Army-MR) Gasoline,
Automotive, Low Lead or Unleaded and VV-G-76b Gasoline, Automotive or Military Speci-
fication MIL-G-46015 (MR) Gasoline, Automotive, Combat, Referee Grade. The balance were
full boiling range reference fuel blends which are useG primarily for road octane evaluations
in the Coordinating Research Council's cooperative road octane survey program. One sample
was an unleaded gasoline to which an unknown quantity of kerosene or diesel fuel had been
added.
;

C. Relationship to Earlier Work

Figure 7 shows plots of octane-cetane number relationships reported by B. Brewster and

R.V. Kerley(2) and by CM. Urban and J.T. Gray(1) compared to the motor octane-cetane
number correlation obtahed in this work. The differences observed can be attributed to the
differences in fuels used to develop the correlations and to the precision of the octane
number and cetane number determinations. The correlation reported by Brewster and
Keriey is based on fuels with cetane numbers covering virtually the entire cetane scale and
included some alcohol-gasoline blends.

The Urban and Gray work utilized, for the most part, commercial premium and regular
grade gasolines containing lead. The present work included unleaded and leaded reference
fuels of low octane numbers in addition to commercial leaded premium and regular gasolines,
but not higher boiling diesel fuels and gas oils as in the correlation reported by Brewster and
Keriey. Using only the data for commercial premium and regular gasolines in the present
work, a linear correlation approaching the Urban and Gray correlation was developed.

V. CONCLUSIONS

The results of this work led to the following conclusions:

• A satisfactory correlation of motor octane numbers with cetane numbers for gaso-
lines in the 75- to 94-MON range was developed which has a standard error of esti-
mate of ±1.71. The linear equation for this correlation differs from previous pub-
lished ones due primarily to differences in the fuels used.

The most significant result of this work was the observation that the research
octane number-cetane number correlation with a standard error of estimate of
±1.09 appears to be much better than the motor octane number-cetane number
correlation.

A satisfactory correlation between antiknock index, (R+M)/2, and cetane number

with a standard error of estimate of ±1.31 was also developed. This correlation
would have a practical application inasmuch as service station gasoline pumps are
currently being posted with antiknock index values as rule^ by the Cost of Living
Council.

LIST OF REFERENCES

(1) Urban, CM. and Gray, J.T., "An Investigation of Methods for Determining Cetane
Numbers of Low Ignition Quality Fuels," presented at SAE Mid-Year Meeting,
Detroit, Michigan, May 1968.

(2) Brewster, B., and Keriey, R.V., "Automotive Fuels and Combustion Problems," pre-
sented at SAE National West Coast Meeting, Seattle, Washington, August 1963.
■W?"W15»!9MW»

TABLES
 www»!—

TABLE I. PROPERTIES OF GASOLINES

Code, Description Lead, Aroma tics, Oiefins, R+M Cetane

RON MON Sensitivity
AL- -G (See Note) g/gal V% V% 2 Number

5066 FBRU 0.002 19 10 84.1 76.5 80.3 7.6 16.2

5066-2 FBRU 0.002 21 10 85.3 77.2 81.2 8.1 16.0
5066-3 FBRU 0.002 23 10 86.7 78.2 82.4 8.5 15.6
50664 FBRU 0.001 24 11 88.3 79.3 83.8 9.0 15.1
5066-5 FBRU 0.001 25 11 89.9 80.5 84.7 9.4 14.7
5067-6 FBRU 0.001 27 11 91.6 81.7 86.6 9.9 14.2
5067-7 FBRU 0.003 27 10 93.2 82.9 88.0 10.3 13.0
5067-8 FBRU 0.004 27 9 95.1 84.2 89.6 10.9 12.0
5067-9 FBRU 0.005 27 7 96.8 85.5 91.2 11.3 10.3
5067-10 FBRU 0.006 27 6 98.5 86.7 92.6 11.8 9.2
5068 FBRU 0.007 27 5 100.0 87.9 94.0 12.1 7.8
5224 (1) 0.01 ... ... 84.5 76.4 80.4 8.1 18.1
4656 W-G-001690 0.007 33 7 93.0 82.9 88.0 10.1 14.0
5242 Premium 0.006 33 0 100.1 92.6 96.4 7.5 8.2
5026 W-G-001690 0.005 23 4 88.7 82.6 85.6 6.1 15.8
5208 W-G-001690 0.002 30 32 95.5 84.4 90.0 11.1 i2.1
5233 W-G-001690 0.017 32 17 94.9 83.9 89.4 11.0 11.8
5244 W-G-001690 0.001 25 14 91.4 83.6 87.5 7.8 14.6
5042 W-G-001690 0.009 22 4 88.3 82.5 85.4 5.8 15.6
5050 W-G-001690 0.004 21 3 88.9 82.8 85.8 6.1 15.7
4113 W-G-001690 0.46 24 10 96.3 86.6 91.4 9.7 12.6
4659 W-G-001690 0.36 31 6 94.7 84.2 89.4 10.5 13.5
5055 W-G-001690 0.49 8 22 91.8 85.5 88.6 6.3 15.8
5056 W-G-001690 0.45 32 9 95.5 87.1 91.3 8.4 13.2
5066/5237 FBRU/FBRL 0.625 17 8 83.7 77.9 80.8 5.8 !7.6
■

5193 Low Lead 0.56 30 1 96.4 89.3 92.8 7.1 10.7

5200 Low Lead 0.32 33 2 92.8 85.5 89.2 7.3 12.8
5202 Low Lead 0.42 25 4 94.1 87.1 90.6 7.0 11.8
5207 Low Lead 0.49 24 5 95.4 88.5 92.0 6.9 11.8
5237 FBRL 1.25 14 7 83.0 79.2 81.1 3.8 18.3
5237-2 FBRL 1.32 16 7 84.9 80.4 82.6 4.5 17.7
5237-3 FBRL 1.39 18 7 86.6 81.7 85.6 4.9 17.0
5237-4 FBRL 1.46 20 7 88.4 82.8 87.0 5.6 15.9
5237-5 FBRL 1.53 22 7 90.1 83.8 88.2 6.3 15.3
5237-6 FBRL 1.60 24 7 91.7 84.8 89.6 6.9 14.5
5237-7 FBRL 1.67 26 7 93.3 85.9 89.6 7.4 13.5
52378 FBRL 1.74 28 7 94.8 86.8 90.8 8.0 12.6
5238 FERL 1.81 30 8 96.1 87.8 92.0 8.3 11.3
5238-10 FBRL 1.75 29 6 97.5 88.8 93.2 8.7 10.1
5238-11 FBRL 1.69 29 4 98.9 89.9 94.4 9.0 8.5
5239 FBRL 1.63 28 2 100.4 91.1 95.8 9.3 8.0
4692 W-G-76b 1.63 30 2 91.9 85.4 88.6 6.5 15.6
4693 W-G-76b 1.56 27 1 93.4 86.1 89.8 7.3 15.5
4694 W-G-76b 1.56 26 2 92.9 85.3 89.1 7.6 15.3
4695 W-G-76b 1.44 28 2 93.9 86.5 90.2 7.4 14.9
i 5067/5238 FBRU/FBRL 0.90 28 9 93.8 84.8 89.3 9.0 12.4
5068/5239 FBRU/FBRL 0.82 28 4 100.2 89.5 94.8 10.7 6.9
5192 Regulai 3.19 25 3 92.8 87.8 90.3 5.0 14.1
5195 Regular 1.19 22 1 92.7 87.7 90.2 5.0 14.3
 fäS^mmmmmm
1 -

TABLE I. PROPERTIES OF GASOLINES (Cont'd)

Code, Description Lead, Aroma tics, Oiefins, R+M Cetane

RON MON Sensitivity
AL- -G (See Note) g/gal V% 2 Number

5197 Regular 2.25 24 1 93.2 87.3 90.2 5.9 14.4

5199 Regular 2.56 25 3 93.8 87.4 90.6 6.4 13.9
5203 Regular 2.63 18 10 95.0 87.9 91.4 7.1 13.6
5205 Regular 2.69 19 6 93.3 87.2 90.2 6.1 15.1
5194 Premium 3.38 22 5 100.0 93.1 96.6 6.9 8.3
5196 Premium 2.75 28 2 99.0 92.6 95.8 6.4 9.0
5198 Premium 1.88 28 2 99.4 92.8 96.1 6.6 8.8
5201 Premium 3.13 27 4 100.1 93.7 96.9 6.4 7.8
5204 freinium 2.69 23 6 99.6 92.9 96.2 5.2 7.9
5206 Premium 2.44 22 3 99.9 93.9 96.9 6.0 8.1
5066-A FBRU 0.002 19 10 b5.0 75.7 80.4 9.3 16.5
5066-B 0.5ml MM 0.34 19 10 88.7 79.0 83.8 9.7 15.7
5066-C 3.0ml MM 1.86 19 10 93.9 85.5 89.7 8.4 13.4
5067-B 0.5ml MM 0.35 19 10 94.7 85.1 89.9 9.6 12.4
5067-C 3.0ml MM 1.88 19 10 99.0 89.5 94.2 9.5 8.6
5069 MIL-G-46015 3.94 26 5 91.3 83.2 87.2 8.1 15.5
5252 W-G-001690 0.02 32 3 92.3 83.1 87.7 9.2 13.4

Note: FBRU-Full boiling range unleaded reference fuel blends, 1973 series RMFD 263, 264, 265-73.
(l)-Unleaded gasoline contaminated with diesel fuel
W-G-001690-Fuels meeting Interim Federal Specification VV-G-001690 (Army-MR) Gas-
oline, Automotive, Low Lead or Unleaded.
Premium-Commercial premium grade gasoline.
Low-lead-Commercial low-lead grade gasoline.
FBRL-Full boiling range leaded reference fuel blends, 1973 series, RMFD 266, 267, 268-73.
Regular-Commercial regular grade gasoline.
W-G-76b-Fuels meeting Federal Specification VV-G-76b, Gasoline, Automotive.
MIL-G-46015-Fuels meeting Military Specification MIL-G-46015, Gasoline, Automotive,
Combat, Referee Grade, Grade 1.
FBRU/FBRL-1 to 1 blends of full boiling range fuels, unleaded and leaded.
MM-Added TEL as Motor Mix.

■/;-
:
 TABLE II REGRESSION CORRELATIONS

Standard 95% Confidence

Octane Equation for Regression Conelation
Error of Limits a- «he
Number Correlation Lh<e Coefficient
Estimate Mean Octane No.

MON CN=60.96-0.56 (MON) 0.820 ±1.71 ±3.44

MONL CN=67.86-0.63 (MONL) 0.903 ±1.32 ±2.73
MONH CN=64.21-0.61 (MONH) 0.893 ±1.24 ±2.58
RON CN=68.54-0.59(RON) -0.930 ±1.09 ±2.20
RONi CN=68.51-0.59(RONL) -0.920 ±1.20 ±2.48
RONH CN=67.49- 0.59 (RONH) -0.940 ±0.94 ±1.96
AI CN=66.88-0.50(AI) -0.897 ±1.31 ±2.65

Definitions:

CN-Cetane Number.
MON-Motor Octane Number.
MONL-Motor Octane Number, Low Sensitivity Fuel.
MONH-Motor Octane Number. High Sensitivity Fuel.
RON-Research Octane Number.
RONj_-Research Octane Number, Low Sensitivity Fuel.
RONn-Research Octane Number, High Sensitivity Fuel.
Al-Antiknock Index = (RON+MON)/2.
Correlation Coefficient-Tendency toward linearity (divergence from zero toward
+1 or -1 'ndicative of stronger direct or inverse linear relationship).
Standard Error of Estimate- Vertical scatter of CN about the regression line.
95-Percent Confidence Limits -Upper and lower boundaries for the regression line
with 0.95 probability of occurrence.
i
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