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VOLLEYBALL
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME
1. Recognize the history of Volleyball
2. Identify the different equipments in Volleyball
3. Familiarize the different set of skills in volleyball
4. Understand the different Rules and Regulation of the game
5. Perform the different basic skills

Learning Contents
VOLLEYBALL

INTRODUCTION
Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to
score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. It has been a part of
the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since Tokyo 1964.
The complete set of rules is extensive, but play essentially proceeds as follows: a player on
one of the teams begins a 'rally' by serving the ball (tossing or releasing it and then hitting it with a hand
or arm), from behind the back boundary line of the court, over the net, and into the receiving team's
court. The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court. The team may touch the
ball up to 3 times, but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively. Typically, the first
two touches are used to set up for an attack, an attempt to direct the ball back over the net in such a
way that the serving team is unable to prevent it from being grounded in their court.
The ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but players can legally strike or push (short
contact) the ball with any part of the body.
HISTORY
In the winter of 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (United States), William G. Morgan, a YMCA physical
education director, created a new game called Mintonette, a name derived from the game
of badminton, as a pastime to be played (preferably) indoors and by any number of players. The game
took some of its characteristics from other sports such as tennis and handball. Another indoor
sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometres)
away in the

city of Springfield, Massachusetts, only four years before. Mintonette was designed to be an indoor
sport, less rough than basketball, for older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a bit of athletic
effort.

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Descriptive Title: Team Sports
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The first rules, written down by William G Morgan, called for a net 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) high, a 25 ft × 50 ft
(7.6 m × 15.2 m) court, and any number of players. A match was composed of nine innings with three
serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before
sending the ball to the opponents' court. In case of a serving error, a second try was allowed. Hitting the
ball into the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point or a side-out)—except in the case of the
first-try serve.

William G. Morgan, inventor of Volleyball

After an observer, Alfred Halstead, noticed the volleying nature of the game at its first exhibition match
in 1896, played at the International YMCA Training School (now called Springfield College), the game
quickly became known as volleyball (it was originally spelled as two words: " volley ball"). Volleyball
rules were slightly modified by the International YMCA Training School and the game spread around
the country to various YMCAs.
In the early 1900s Spalding, through its publishing company American Sports Publishing Company,
produced books with complete instruction and rules for the sport.

Volleyball game in 1943

EQUIPMENTS

1. Volleyball ball –

Course Code: PE 104

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- A volleyball is a ball used to play indoor volleyball, beach volleyball, or other less
common variations of the sport. Volleyballs are round and traditionally consist of eighteen
nearly rectangular panels of synthetic or genuine leather, arranged in six identical sections
of three panels each, wrapped around a bladder. A valve permits the internal
air pressure to be adjusted. In a break from the traditional construction, in 2008,
the FIVB adopted as its official indoor ball a new Mikasa with dimples and only eight panels
for a softer touch and truer flight.
A regulation volleyball should be 65-67 centimeters in circumference and weigh 260-280 grams (9-10
oz). The ball's inside pressure should be 0.30-0.325 kg/cm2 (4.26-4.61 psi).

Official Volleyball ball by MIKASA

2. volleyball net 
- the high net that separates the two teams and over which the volleyball must pass

- Official outdoor nets measure 32 feet long by 39 inches tall. If you don't have the space for an
official size net we can make a volleyball net any size you wish. The proper height for a men's
net is 7' 11-5/8" (8 Feet) tall and for women it's 7' 4-1/8" (7 Feet 4 Inches) tall.

Volleyball net diagram

3. Volleyball Court
- Volleyball Courts are flat horizontal playing surfaces sized for the game of volleyball. Volleyball
courts are regulated at 59' (18 m) in length with a width of 29.5' (9 m). ... Attack lines dividing
the front and back rows are marked 9'10” (3 m) parallel to the net.
-

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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Diagram of a Volleyball Court

4. Antenna
- The antenna is a vertical rod that is located on the top of each end of the volleyball net. The
two vertical rods are usually red and white in color and are mounted on the ends of the net,
above the sidelines and not in-play. The antennas are usually only used for indoor play and not
on outdoor nets.

example of an Antenna attached to a net

BASIC SKILLS
1. SERVE
- A player stands behind the inline and serves the ball, in an attempt to drive it into the
opponent's court. The main objective is to make it land inside the court; it is also desirable to
set the ball's direction, speed and acceleration so that it becomes difficult for the receiver to
handle it properly. A serve is called an "ace" when the ball lands directly onto the court or
travels outside the court

- after being touched by an opponent; when the only player on the server's team to touch the ball
is the server.
Types of Service
a. Under Hand
b. Sky ball serve
c. Top Spin

Course Code: PE 104

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d. Floater Serve
e. Jump Serve
f. Jump Float

Overhand Service
2. Pass
Also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent's
serve or any form of attack. Proper handling includes not only preventing the ball from touching
the court but also making it reach the position where the setter is standing quickly and
precisely.

A player making a forearm pass

3. THE SET
- is usually the second contact that a team makes with the ball. The main goal of setting is to put
the ball in the air in such a way that it can be driven by an attack into the opponent's court. The
setter coordinates the offensive movements of a team, and is the player who ultimately decides
which player will actually attack the ball.

Example of quick Set

Course Code: PE 104

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Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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4. ATTACK
- The attack, also known as the spike, is usually the third contact a team makes with the
ball. The object of attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on the opponent's court and
cannot be defended. A player makes a series of steps (the "approach"), jumps, and swings at
the ball.

Basic Attack play

5. BLOCK
- Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to stop or alter an opponent's
attack.
A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus making the ball remain in the
opponent's court, is called offensive. A well-executed offensive block is performed by jumping
and reaching to penetrate with one's arms and hands over the net and into the opponent's
area. It requires anticipating the direction the ball will go once the attack takes place. It may
also require calculating the best footwork to executing the "perfect" block.

example of a 3-man block

6. DIG
- Digging is the ability to prevent the ball from touching one's court after a spike or attack,
particularly a ball that is nearly touching the ground. In many aspects, this skill is similar to
passing, or bumping: overhand dig and bump

are also used to distinguish between defensive actions taken with fingertips or with joined
arms. It varies from passing however in that is it a much more reflex based skill, especially at
the higher levels. It is especially important while digging for players to stay on their toes;
several players choose to employ a split step to make sure they're ready to move in any
direction.

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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POLYTECHNIC STATE
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a player going for a Dig

Basic Rules

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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INTENDED LEARNING ACTIVITY

Perform the basic skills of volleyball

ASSESSMENT
Test I Answer the following:
1. What is the main objective of Volleyball?
2. What does William G. Morgan, inventor of Volleyball and James Naismith, inventor of
Basketball have in common?
3. What is Volleyball?
4. What do you call the scoring system of volleyball?
Test II Define the following:
a. Under Hand
b. Sky ball serve
c. Top Spin
d. Floater Serve
e. Jump Serve

f. Jump Float
g. Dig

Course Code: PE 104

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Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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h. Spike
i. Block
j. Set
k. Pass
Test III Enumerate the following:
1. Equipments used in volleyball (include optional equipments)
2. Enumerate at least 10 Rules and regulations in volleyball

ASSIGNMENT
1. Watch volleyball videos performing Basic moves in Youtube, then prepare a video presentation
performing the different basic skills.
2. Advance reading on Basketball

BASKETBALL

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME
1. Recognize the history of Basketball
2. Identify the different equipments in Basketball
3. Familiarize the different set of skills in Basketball
4. Understand the different Rules and Regulation of the game
5. Perform the different basic skills

CONTENT

Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one
another on a rectangular court, compete with the primary objective
of shooting a basketball (approximately 9.4 inches (24 cm) in diameter) through the defender's hoop (a
basket 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter mounted 10 feet (3.048 m) high to a backboard at each end of the
court) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop. A field goal is worth
two points, unless made from behind the three-point line, when it is worth three. After a foul, timed play
stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one, two or three one-
point free throws. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but if regulation play
expires with the score tied, an additional period of play (overtime) is mandated.
Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James
Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, basketball has evolved to become one of the
world's most popular and widely viewed sports. [1] The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the most
significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of
competition.[2][3] Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental
championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas. The FIBA
Basketball World Cup and Men's Olympic Basketball Tournament are the major international events of
the sport and attract top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional
competitions for national teams, like EuroBasket and FIBA AmeriCup.

HISTORY
In December 1891, James Naismith, a Canadian professor of physical education and instructor at the
International Young Men's Christian Association Training School (now Springfield College)
in Springfield, Massachusetts,[4] was trying to keep his gym class active on a rainy day. [5] He sought a
vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New
England winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-
in gymnasiums, he invented a new game in which players would pass a ball to teammates and try to
score points by tossing the ball into a basket mounted on a wall. Naismith wrote the basic rules and
nailed a peach basket onto an elevated track. Naismith initially set up the peach basket with its bottom
intact, which meant that the ball had to be retrieved manually after each "basket" or point scored. This
quickly proved tedious, so Naismith removed the bottom of the basket to allow the balls to be poked out
with a long dowel after each scored basket.

Course Code: PE 104

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Dr. James Naismith, who invented basketball in Springfield,

Massachusetts in 1891

The first basketball court: Springfield College

Old style basketball with laces

Course Code: PE 104

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Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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RULES AND REGULATION
Measurements and time limits discussed in this section often vary among tournaments and
organizations; international and NBA rules are used in this section.
The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by throwing the ball through the opponents'
basket from above while preventing the opponents from doing so on their own. An attempt to score in
this way is called a shot. A successful shot is worth two points, or three points if it is taken from beyond
the three-point arc 6.75 metres (22 ft 2 in) from the basket in international games and 23 feet 9 inches
(7.24 m) in NBA games. A one-point shot can be earned when shooting from the foul line after a foul is
made. After a team has scored from a field goal or free throw, play is resumed with a throw-in awarded
to the non-scoring team taken from a point beyond the endline of the court where the points(s) were
scored.

End of a match as the game clock shows no time left

PLAYING REGULATIONS
Games are played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA) or 12 minutes (NBA). College men's games use two 20-
minute halves, college women's games use 10-minute quarters, and most United States high school
varsity games use 8-minute quarters; however, this varies from state to state. 15 minutes are allowed
for a half-time break under FIBA, NBA, and NCAA rules and 10 minutes in United States high
schools. Overtime periods are five minutes in length except for high school, which is four minutes in
length. Teams exchange baskets for the second half. The time allowed is actual playing time; the clock
is stopped while the play is not active. Therefore, games generally take much longer to complete than
the allotted game time, typically about two hours.
Five players from each team may be on the court at one time. Substitutions are unlimited but can only
be done when play is stopped. Teams also have a coach, who oversees the development and
strategies of the team, and other team personnel such as assistant coaches, managers, statisticians,
doctors and trainers.

EQUIPMENT
A regulation basketball court in international games is 28 meters (92 feet) long and 15 meters (49 feet)
wide. In the NBA and NCAA the court is 94 by 50 feet (29 by 15 meters). Most courts have wood
flooring, usually constructed from maple planks running in the same direction as the longer court
dimension. The name and logo of the home team is usually painted on or around the center circle.
The basket is a steel rim 18 inches (46 cm) diameter with an attached net affixed to a backboard that
measures 6 by 3.5 feet (1.8 by 1.1 meters) and one basket is at each end of the court. The white
outlined box on the backboard is 18 inches (46 cm) high and 2 feet (61 cm) wide. At almost all levels of
competition, the top of the rim is exactly 10 feet (3.05 meters) above the court and 4 feet (1.22 meters)
inside the baseline. While variation is possible in the dimensions of the court and backboard, it is

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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considered important for the basket to be of the correct height – a rim that is off by just a few inches
can have an adverse effect on shooting. The net must "check the ball momentarily as it passes through
the basket" to aid the visual confirmation that the ball went through. The act of checking the ball has the
further advantage of slowing down the ball so the rebound doesn't go as far.

basketball court with dimensions

Ball
The size of the basketball is also regulated. For men, the official ball is 29.5 inches (75 cm) in
circumference (size 7, or a "295 ball") and weighs 22 oz (623.69 grams). If women are playing, the
official basketball size is 28.5 inches (72 cm) in circumference (size 6, or a "285 ball") with a weight of
20 oz (567 grams). In 3x3, a formalized version of the halfcourt 3-on-3 game, a dedicated ball with the
circumference of a size 6 ball but the weight of a size 7 ball is used in all competitions (men's, women's,
and mixed teams).

official basketball ball

Violations
The ball may be advanced toward the basket by being shot, passed between players, thrown, tapped,
rolled or dribbled (bouncing the ball while running).
The ball must stay within the court; the last team to touch the ball before it travels out of bounds forfeits
possession. The ball is out of bounds if it touches a boundary line, or touches any player or object that
is out of bounds.

Course Code: PE 104

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There are limits placed on the steps a player may take without dribbling, which commonly results in an
infraction known as traveling. Nor may a player stop his dribble and then resume dribbling. A dribble
that touches both hands is considered stopping the dribble, giving this infraction the name double
dribble. Within a dribble, the player cannot carry the ball by placing his hand on the bottom of the ball;
doing so is known as carrying the ball. A team, once having established ball control in the front half of
their court, may not return the ball to the backcourt and be the first to touch it. A violation of these rules
results in loss of possession.

Fouls
An attempt to unfairly disadvantage an opponent through certain types of physical contact is illegal and
is called a personal foul. These are most commonly committed by defensive players; however, they can
be committed by offensive players as well. Players who are fouled either receive the ball to pass
inbounds again, or receive one or more free throws if they are fouled in the act of shooting, depending
on whether the shot was successful. One point is awarded for making a free throw, which is attempted
from a line 15 feet (4.6 m) from the basket.
The referee is responsible for judging whether contact is illegal, sometimes resulting in controversy.
The calling of fouls can vary between games, leagues and referees.
There is a second category of fouls called technical fouls, which may be charged for various rules
violations including failure to properly record a player in the scorebook, or for unsportsmanlike conduct.
These infractions result in one or two free throws, which may be taken by any of the five players on the
court at the time. Repeated incidents can result in disqualification. A blatant foul involving physical
contact that is either excessive or unnecessary is called an intentional foul (flagrant foul in the NBA). In
FIBA and NCAA women's basketball, a foul resulting in ejection is called a disqualifying foul, while in
leagues other than the NBA, such a foul is referred to as flagrant.

The referee signals that a foul has been committed

TECHNIQUES AND POSITIONS

Although the rules do not specify any positions whatsoever, they have evolved as part of basketball.
During the early years of basketball's evolution, two guards, two forwards, and one center were used. In
more recent times specific positions evolved, but the current trend, advocated by many top coaches
including Mike Krzyzewski, is towards positionless basketball, where big players are free to shoot from
outside and dribble if their skill allows it. Popular descriptions of positions include:
Point guard (often called the "1") : usually the fastest player on the team, organizes the team's offense
by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the right time.

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Shooting guard (the "2") : creates a high volume of shots on offense, mainly long-ranged; and guards
the opponent's best perimeter player on defense.
Small forward (the "3") : often primarily responsible for scoring points via cuts to the basket and dribble
penetration; on defense seeks rebounds and steals, but sometimes plays more actively.
Power forward (the "4"): plays offensively often with their back to the basket; on defense, plays under
the basket (in a zone defense) or against the opposing power forward (in man-to-man defense).
Center (the "5"): uses height and size to score (on offense), to protect the basket closely (on defense),
or to rebound.
The above descriptions are flexible. For most teams today, the shooting guard and small forward have
very similar responsibilities and are often called the wings, as do the power forward and center, who
are often called post players. While most teams describe two players as guards, two as forwards, and
one as a center, on some occasions teams choose to call them by different designations.

Basketball positions in the offensive zone

Basic Skills
Shooting
Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through the basket,
methods varying with players and situations.
Typically, a player faces the basket with both feet facing the basket. A player will rest the ball
on the fingertips of the dominant hand (the shooting arm) slightly above the head, with the other hand
supporting the side of the ball. The ball is usually shot by jumping (though not always) and extending
the shooting arm. The shooting arm, fully extended with the wrist fully bent, is held stationary for a
moment following the release of the ball, known as a follow-through. Players often try to put a steady
backspin on the ball to absorb its impact with the rim. The ideal trajectory of the shot is somewhat
controversial, but generally a proper arc is recommended. Players may shoot directly into the basket or
may use the backboard to redirect the ball into the basket.

Player releases a short jump shot, while her defender is either knocked down, or trying
to "take a charge"

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A shot that misses both the rim and the backboard completely is referred to as an air ball. A particularly
bad shot, or one that only hits the backboard, is jocularly called a brick. The hang time is the length of
time a player stays in the air after jumping, either to make a slam dunk, lay-up or jump shot.

Rebounding
The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession of the basketball after a missed
field goal or free throw, as it rebounds from the hoop or backboard. This plays a major role in the game,
as most possessions end when a team misses a shot. There are two categories of rebounds: offensive
rebounds, in which the ball is recovered by the offensive side and does not change possession, and
defensive rebounds, in which the defending team gains possession of the loose ball. The majority of
rebounds are defensive, as the team on defense tends to be in better position to recover missed shots.

Example of rebounding

Passing
A pass is a method of moving the ball between players. Most passes are accompanied by a step
forward to increase power and are followed through with the hands to ensure accuracy.
A staple pass is the chest pass. The ball is passed directly from the passer's chest to the receiver's
chest. A proper chest pass involves an outward snap of the thumbs to add velocity and leaves the
defence little time to react.
Another type of pass is the bounce pass. Here, the passer bounces the ball crisply about two-thirds of
the way from his own chest to the receiver. The ball strikes the court and bounces up toward the
receiver. The bounce pass takes longer to complete than the chest pass, but it is also harder for the
opposing team to intercept (kicking the ball deliberately is a violation). Thus, players often use the
bounce pass in crowded moments, or to pass around a defender.

Normal passing

Blocking

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A block is performed when, after a shot is attempted, a defender succeeds in altering the shot by
touching the ball. In almost all variants of play, it is illegal to touch the ball after it is in the downward
path of its arc; this is known as goaltending. It is also illegal under NBA and Men's NCAA basketball to
block a shot after it has touched the backboard, or when any part of the ball is directly above the rim.
Under international rules it is illegal to block a shot that is in the downward path of its arc or one that
has touched the backboard until the ball has hit the rim. After the ball hits the rim, it is again legal to
touch it even though it is no longer considered as a block performed.
To block a shot, a player has to be able to reach a point higher than where the shot is released. Thus,
height can be an advantage in blocking. Players who are taller and playing the power forward or center
positions generally record more blocks than players who are shorter and playing the guard positions.
However, with good timing and a sufficiently high vertical leap, even shorter players can be effective
shot blockers.

SOCIAL FORMS OF BASKETBALL

Basketball as a social and communal sport features environments, rules and demographics different
from those seen in professional and televised basketball.
Recreational basketball
Basketball is played widely as an extracurricular, intramural or amateur sport in schools and colleges.
Notable institutions of recreational basketball include:

 Basketball schools and academies, where students are trained in developing basketball

fundamentals, undergo fitness and endurance exercises and learn various basketball
skills. Basketball students learn proper ways of passing, ball handling, dribbling, shooting
from various distances, rebounding, offensive moves, defense, layups, screens, basketball
rules and basketball ethics. Also popular are the basketball camps organized for various
occasions, often to get prepared for basketball events, and basketball clinics for improving
skills.
 College and university basketball played in educational institutions of higher learning. This
includes National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) intercollegiate basketball.

Disabled basketball

 Deaf basketball - One of several deaf sports, deaf basketball relies on signing for
communication. Any deaf sporting event that happens, its purpose is to serve as a catalyst
for the socialization of a low-incidence and geographically dispersed population.
 Wheelchair basketball - A sport based on basketball but designed for disabled people
in wheelchairs and considered one of the major disabled sports practiced.There is a
functional classification system that is used to help determine if the wheelchair basketball
player classification system reflects the existing differences in the performance of elite
female players. This system gives an analysis of the players' functional resources through
field-testing and game observation. During this system's process, players are assigned a
score of 1 to 4.5

INTENDED LEARNING ACTIVITY

Perform the different basic skills

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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POLYTECHNIC STATE
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ASSESSMENT
Test I State a brief history of the game. What are the developments in different timelines.
Test II Enumeration
a. Positions
b. Rules
c. Violations
Test III Illustrate a court and a Ring post with back board and fill in the measurements

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

1. Recognize the history of Baseball

2. Identify the different equipments in Baseball
3. Familiarize the different set of skills in Baseball
4. Understand the different Rules and Regulation of the game
5. Perform the different basic skills

CONTENTS
BASEBALL
Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and
fielding. The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team, called the pitcher, throws a ball which
a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat. The objective of the offensive team (batting team) is
to hit the ball into the field of play, allowing its players to run the bases, having them advance counter-
clockwise around four bases to score what are called "runs". The objective of the defensive team
(fielding team) is to prevent batters from becoming runners, and to prevent runners' advance around
the bases. A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches
home plate (the place where the player started as a batter). The team that scores the most runs by the
end of the game is the winner.

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely. A player on the
batting team who reaches first base without being called "out" can attempt to advance to subsequent
bases as a runner, either immediately or during teammates' turns batting. The fielding team tries to
prevent runs by getting batters or runners "out", which forces them out of the field of play. Both the
pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team's players out. The opposing teams switch
back and forth between batting and fielding; the batting team's turn to bat is over once the fielding team
records three outs. One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning. A game is usually composed
of nine innings, and the team with the greater number of runs at the end of the game wins. If scores are
tied at the end of nine innings, extra innings are usually played. Baseball has no game clock, although
most games end in the ninth inning.

HISTORY
The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision. Consensus
once held that today's baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders,
popular among children in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the
Roots of the Game (2005), by American baseball historian David Block, suggests that the game
originated in England; recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that
rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of each other, and that the game's most
direct antecedents are the English games of stoolball and "tut-ball". The earliest known reference to
baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, by John Newbery.[45] Block
discovered that the first recorded game of "Bass-Ball" took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured
the Prince of Wales as a player. This early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by
English immigrants

BASIC SKILLS

Hitting
Throwing
Throwing is the most basic skills in baseball. It allows their team to prevent their opponent form
touching bases or even earning points or runs. Style and technique in doing it differs from player to
player.
Elements of Throwing
1. Grip – grips the balls across the seams in your index and middle finger. The thumb is under the
top fingers.
2. Wind-up – raising the throwing arm up and turn the shoulder on the direction of the throw. The
gloved hands point towards ther target. Raise your left or right foot depending which one is
your throwing arm and place all the weight on your other foot.
3. Delivery – make a backward swing with a bent elbows; lean forward in transferring weight to
the foot then release the ball.
4. Follow-through- point the throwing arm down forward, putting the feet parallel in ready position.

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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Pitching
Pitching is a skill that puts a game into play, it is performed by a pitcher, one of the key players in
baseball who stays in the center of the playing field called diamond.

Catching
This is a defense skill used to receive a thrown ball and hold a base runner or batter from proceeding or
prevent the the opponent from earning a score.

In baseball, a catch occurs when a fielder gains secure possession of a batted ball on flight, and
maintains possession until he voluntarily or intentionally releases the ball. When a catch occurs the
batter is out and the runners, once they properly tag-up may attempt to advance at risk of being tagged
out.

Hitting / batting
Batting is the act of facing the opposing pitcher and trying to produce offense for one's team.
A batter or hitter is a person whose turn it is to face the pitcher. 

Equipments
Bat
A rounded, solid wooden or hollow aluminum bat. Wooden bats are traditionally made
from ash wood, though maple and bamboo is also sometimes used. Aluminum bats are not permitted in

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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professional leagues, but are frequently used in amateur leagues. Composite bats are also available,
essentially wooden bats with a metal rod inside. Bamboo bats are also becoming popular.

Ball
A cork sphere, tightly wound with layers of yarn or string and covered with a stitched leather
coat.

Base
One of four corners of the infield which must be touched by a runner in order to score a run;
more specifically, they are canvas bags (at first, second, and third base) and a rubber plate (at home).

Home base
Glove
Leather gloves worn by players in the field. Long fingers and a webbing between the thumb
and first finger allows the fielder to catch the ball more easily.

Fielder’s glove
Catchers Mitt
Leather mitt worn by catchers. It is much wider than a normal fielder's glove and the four
fingers are connected. The mitt is also better-padded than the standard fielder's glove.

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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First baseman's mitt
Leather mitt worn by first basemen. It is longer and wider than a standard fielder's glove. The
four fingers are connected and the glove is rounded like a catcher's mitt. A first baseman's mitt has a bit
more padding than a standard fielder's glove.

Batting gloves
Gloves often worn on one or both hands by the batter. They offer additional grip and eliminate
some of the shock when making contact with the ball.

Batting helmet
Helmet worn by batter to protect the head and the ear facing the pitcher from the ball.
Professional models have only one ear protector (left ear for right-handed batters, right ear for lefties),
amateur and junior helmets usually have ear protectors on both sides, for better protection from loose
balls, and to reduce costs to teams (all players can use the same style of helmet).

Cap
Hat worn by all players. Designed to shade the eyes from the sun, this hat design has become
popular with the general public.

Catcher's helmet
Protective helmet with face mask worn by the catcher. Newer styles feature a fully integrated
helmet and mask, similar to a hockey goalie mask. More traditional versions were a separate mask
worn over a helmet similar to a batting helmet, but with no ear protection and worn backwards.

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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Jockstrap with cup pocket

also called jock or athletic supporter. An undergarment worn by boys and men for support of
the testicles and penis during sports. A jockstrap by itself holds the testicles up and close to the body to
help keep them from being squished between the thighs, or from twisting or hanging out. The jockstrap
with cup pocket contains a pocket to hold a protective cup.

Protective cup
Also called a baseball cup, box, athletic cup - made of hard impact-resistant plastic or light
metal, often with flexible sides for comfort and protection, designed to protect the testicles and groin
from impact of a baseball, baseball bat, cleats, or any other moving object. Absolutely required for
catchers, pitchers, and often all infielders. Many leagues require all male players to wear jockstrap and
cup for practices and games.

Pelvic protector
Provides groin protection for females against impact.

Uniform
Shirt and pants worn by all players, coaches and managers. Each team generally has a unique
pattern of colors and designs. Traditionally, the home team's uniform is predominantly white with the
team's nickname, and the visiting team's is predominantly gray with (usually, but not always) the team's
city. Teams often have white, gray and colored jerseys; colored jerseys can be worn at home or on the
road, depending on the team's preference.

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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Sliding shorts
Padded support shorts sometimes worn to protect the thighs when the player slides into the
bases. Some sliding shorts contain a pocket for a protective cup. This is so the player does not have to
wear a jockstrap and sliding shorts at the same time, although many players find the cup is held in
place better by wearing it in a jockstrap under sliding shorts.

Sunglasses
Worn to shade the eyes from the sun.

Baseball cleats
Baseball specific shoes worn by the player for better traction. The cleats themselves are either
rubber or metal.

Baseball doughnut
A weighted ring that fits over the end of a baseball bat, used for warming up during a baseball
game. A doughnut can help increase bat speed.

Baseball Diamond / Field

A baseball field, also called a ball field or baseball diamond, is the field upon which the game
of baseball is played. The term can also be used as a metonym for a baseball park. The term sandlot is
also sometimes used, although this usually refers to less organized venues for activities like sandlot
ball.

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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RULES AND REGULATIONS

Object of the Game

The objective of baseball is to score more runs than your opponent. The idea is to hit the ball
thrown at you as far as you can before running around 4 bases to complete a run. Once a player
manages to get around the four bases before being tagged out, then another batter steps in.

Players & Equipment

A game is played out between two teams, each made up of 9 players. The game lasts for 9 innings with
each team alternating between batting and fielding in each inning. The scores at the end of the innings
are added to a cumulative score and the team with most points wins. Each team has three outs per
inning before they then swap roles. Each inning can be broken down into the top (where the away team
bats), and the bottom (where the home team bats).

The field is split into two sections: infield and outfield. Separating the infield and outfield is a diamond
shape with four bases, spaced at 90 feet apart each. In the center of the infield is the pitching mound
where the pitcher stands and throws the ball toward the batter. The batter stands at the home plate.
The other three bases are known as first base, second base and third base. The batter must touch all
bases before successfully scoring a run.

The bats are made out of either wood, aluminium or metal materials. The ball is white with red stitching
and is roughly 3 inches in diameter. The fielding team wear ‘mits’, which are basically an oversized
glove to help them catch and pick up the ball. The catcher (standing behind the batter to catch any balls
missed) wears extra padding in their glove, along with leg guards, a body pad, and a helmet.

Scoring

To score, a batter must hit the ball with the bat into the designated fielding area and make it around all
four bases (before the fielding team is able to collect the ball and throw it to the base the batter is
running to). A player can score a mandatory point if they hit a home run, which usually means the ball
has left the playing area, often landing in the crowd. A player can stop at any base if they feel they
might not make it to the next base before being tagged out.

Players can score multiple points from one hit if more than one player is already on one of the bases.
When you hear the phrase 'the bases are loaded', this refers to the instance where there is a player on
every base. So, every time a batter successfully makes it to first base, the other players on the second

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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POLYTECHNIC STATE
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and third bases are able to trickle home, earning a point for their team each time. Depending on how
many players get around to home plate before being tagged will depend on how many points you
score. A maximum of four points can be scored on one hit.

Winning the Game

To win a game, you must outscore your opposition through the 9 innings played. The team with the
most points after 9 innings is deemed the winner. In the event of a tie, extra innings are played until a
winner has been concluded.

Rules of Baseball

 Baseball has two teams of 9 players.

 The fielding team’s positions are made up of a pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second
baseman, shortstop, third baseman, and three outfielders at left field, centre field and right field.
 Games last for 9 innings of which both teams get to bat once. If the game is a tie after 9 innings
then an extra inning will be added until a winner is found. If the team batting second in the
bottom of the 9th inning are already ahead in points, then they do not need to complete their
batting innings.
 Once a batting order is picked, then it cannot be changed throughout the game. Substitutes are
permitted, however, they must bat in the order of the previous player whom they replaced.
 If the batter manages to hit the ball from the pitcher, they must make an effort to at least get to
first base. They can then run to as many bases as they wish before being tagged out. Each
base must be touched with some part of the batters body when running past.
 A batter gets up to three strikes before getting out. A strike is deemed when a batter swings for
a ball and misses it. The batter can leave the ball but, if it’s within a certain area (called the
'strike zone'), then a strike will also be given. If four balls miss the strike zone and the batter
does not swing their bat, they can walk to first base.
 When on base, the batter can run to the next base at any point.
 Players can be dismissed by either a 'strike out' (referring to a batsman missing the ball three
times), 'force out' (when a player fails to make the base before the defensive player), 'fly out'
(when the ball is hit in the air and caught without it bouncing), and 'tag outs' (where a defensive
player with the ball tags the batsman with the ball all whilst they are running).

REFERENCE

WIKIPEDIA

INTENDED LEARNING ACTIVITY

Perform the different basic skills in baseball

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd
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POLYTECHNIC STATE
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ASSESSMENT

Test I Enumeration

1. Equipments in baseball and their uses

2. Rules in baseball

3. Basic skills with description

Test II Illustrate the following:

1. Baseball diamond with specification

2. Baseball bat

Course Code: PE 104

Descriptive Title: Team Sports
Instructor: Marvin Aristeo C. Pico, MAEd