Title: Study of Raspberry-Pi, Beagle board, Arduino.

Objective: To study IoT platforms such as Raspberry-Pi/Beagle board/ Arduino

Theory:

Internet of Things: -
IOT is short for Internet of Things. The Internet of Things refers to the ever- growing
network of physical objects that feature an IP address for internet connectivity, and the
communication that occurs between these objects and other Internet-enabled devices and
systems. The Internet of Things (IOT) refers to the use of intelligently connected devices
and systems to leverage data gathered by embedded sensors and actuators in machines and
other physical objects. In other words, the IOT (Internet of Things) can be called to any
of the physical objects connected with network.

Examples of IOT: -
⦁ Apple Watch and Home Kit.

⦁ Smart Refrigerator.

⦁ Smart Refrigerator.

⦁ Smart cars.

⦁ Google Glass.

⦁ Smart thermostats.

⦁ Raspberry-Pi:-

The Raspberry Pi is a complete minicomputer. It needs an operating system to work. All

the Storage is provided from a SD card. You can connect this to your network with an
Ethernet Cable. The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers developed
in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation to promote teaching of basic
computer science in schools and in developing countries. It does not include peripherals
(such as keyboards and mice). The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer
that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a
capable little device that enables people of all ages to explore computing, and to learn how
to program in languages like Scratch and Python. The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card-sized
computer that costs between $5 and $35. It's available anywhere in the

world, and can function as a proper desktop computer or be used to build smart devices. A
Raspberry Pi is a general-purpose computer, usually with a Linux operating system, and
the ability to run multiple programs. Raspberry Pi is like the brain. Its primary advantage
comes in processing higher level processing capability. It’s a single board computer.

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Fig.A.1: - Raspberry-Pi Fig. A.2: -Raspberry-Pi Architecture

Here are the various components on the Raspberry Pi board:

⦁ ARM CPU/GPU -- This is a Broadcom BCM2835 System on a Chip (SoC) that's
made up of an ARM central processing unit (CPU) and a Video core 4 graphics
processing unit (GPU). The CPU handles all the computations that make a computer
work (taking input, doing calculations and producing output), and the GPU handles
graphics output.
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⦁ GPIO -- These are exposed general-purpose input/output connection points that will
allow the real hardware hobbyists the opportunity to tinker.
⦁ RCA -- An RCA jack allows connection of analog TVs and other similar output
devices.
⦁ Audio out -- This is a standard 3.55-millimeter jack for connection of audio
output devices such as headphones or speakers. There is no audio in.
⦁ LEDs -- Light-emitting diodes, for your entire indicator light needs.

⦁ USB -- This is a common connection port for peripheral devices of all types
(including your mouse and keyboard). Model A has one, and Model B has two. You
can use a USB hub to expand the number of ports or plug your mouse into your
keyboard if it has its own USB port.
⦁ HDMI -- This connector allows you to hook up a high-definition television or other
compatible device using an HDMI cable.
⦁ Power -- This is a 5v Micro USB power connector into which you can plug your
compatible power supply.
⦁ SD card slot -- This is a full-sized SD card slot. An SD card with an operating system

(OS) installed is required for booting the device. They are available for purchase from
the manufacturers, but you can also download an OS and save it to the card yourself if
you have a Linux machine and the wherewithal.
⦁ Ethernet -- This connector allows for wired network access and is only available on the

Model B.
⦁ Beagle board: - It’s similar to a Raspberry Pi but It’s more powerful. The Beagle
Board is a low-power open-source single-board computer produced by Texas Instruments
in association with Digi-Key and Newark element14. The Beagle Board was also designed
with open source software development in mind, and as a way of demonstrating the Texas
Instrument's OMAP3530 system-on-a-chip.]The board was developed by a small team of
engineers as an educational board that could be used in colleges around the world to teach
open source hardware and software capabilities. It is also sold to the public under the
Creative Commons share-alike license. The board was designed using Cadence OrCAD
for schematics and Cadence Allegro for PCB manufacturing; no simulation software was
used. Beagle Bone Black is a low-cost, open source, community-supported development
platform for ARM® Cortex™-A8 processor developers and hobbyists. Boot Linux in under
10-seconds and get started on Sitara™ AM335x ARM Cortex-A8 processor development in
less than 5 minutes with just a single USB cable.

Fig.B.1:-BeagleBoardBlack Fig.B.1: - Beagle Board Black architecture

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Here are the various components on the Beagle
board: Processor: AM335x 1GHz ARM®
Cortex-A8
⦁ 512MB DDR3 RAM

⦁ 4GB 8-bit eMMC on-board flash storage

⦁ 3D graphics accelerator

⦁ NEON floating-point accelerator

5.2x PRU 32-bit microcontrollers

Connectivity
⦁ USB client for power & communications

⦁ USB host

⦁ Ethernet

⦁ HDMI

5.2x 46 pin headers

Software Compatibility
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⦁ Ubuntu

⦁ Cloud9 IDE on Node.js w/ BoneScript library

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⦁ plus, much more

⦁ Arduino: -

The Arduino is simply perfect for electronics projects and prototyping. You can easy
connect some LED’s, sensors, motors into the board directly. Arduino is an open-source
hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and
manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital
devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical and
digital world. Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The
boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The
boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on
some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The
microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features from the
programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler tool chains,
the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the
Processing language project. Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference
designs are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and
are available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the
hardware are also available.

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Fig.C.1: - Arduino Board Fig.C.1: - Arduino Board
Architecture.

Here are the various components on the Arduino board:

Microcontrollers
ATmega328P (used on most recent boards)
ATmega168 (used on most Arduino Diecimila and early Duemilanove) ATmega8 (used on
some older board)

Digital Pins

In addition to the specific functions listed below, the digital pins on an Arduino board can
be used for general purpose input and output via the pinMode(), digitalRead(), and
digitalWrite() commands. Each pin has an internal pull-up resistor which can be turned on
and off using digitalWrite() (w/ a value of HIGH or LOW, respectively) when the pin is
configured as an input. The maximum current per pin is 40 mA.

Analog Pins

In addition to the specific functions listed below, the analog input pins support 10-bit
analog-to- digital conversion (ADC) using the analog Read() function. Most of the analog
inputs can also be used as digital pins: analog input 0 as digital pin 14 through analog
input 5 as digital pin 19.
Analog inputs 6 and 7 (present on the Mini and BT) cannot be used as digital pins.

Power Pins

⦁ IN (sometimes labelled "9V"). The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using

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an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other
regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage
via the power jack, access it through this pin. Note that different boards accept different
input voltages ranges, please see the documentation for your board. Also note that the
LilyPad has no VIN pin and accepts only a regulated input

Other Pins

⦁ AREF.

Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

⦁ Reset.

(Diecimila-only) Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used
to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

⦁ Analog Reference pin (orange)

⦁ Digital Ground (light green)

⦁ Digital Pins 2-13 (green)

⦁ Digital Pins 0-1/Serial In/Out - TX/RX (dark green) –

These pins cannot be used for digital i/o (digitalRead and digitalWrite) if you are also
using serial communication (e.g. Serial.begin).

⦁ Reset Button - S1 (dark blue)

⦁ In-circuit Serial Programmer (blue-green)

⦁ Analog In Pins 0-5 (light blue)

⦁ Power and Ground Pins

(power: orange, grounds: light orange)

⦁ External Power Supply In (9-12VDC) –

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X1 (pink)

⦁ Toggles External Power and USB Power

(place jumper on two pins closest to desired supply) - SV1 (purple)

⦁ USB

(used for uploading sketches to the board and for serial communication between the board
and the computer; can be used to power the board) (yellow)

Conclusion: - Thus, we have studied of IoT platforms such as

Raspberry-Pi/Beagle board/Arduino