Experiment # 02

Title:
Study and Implementation of Ohm’s law
Objective:
Section-I
a. To learn Resistor Color Code
Section-II
a. To understand the relationship between the current and the voltage of the dc circuit according to
Ohm’s law.
b. To apply Ohm’s law and troubleshoot a dc circuit.
c. To be able to connect the circuit and determine the current and voltage values on the direct
circuit.

Section I:
Theory:
A Resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals.
This relationship is represented by Ohm's law:
V
I=
R
Color Coding of Resistor:
Color Codes are used to identify the value of resistor. The numbers to the Color are identified in the
following sequence which is remembered as BBROY GREAT BRITAN VERY GOOD WIFE
(BBROYGBVGW) and their assignment is listed in following table.
Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

The values for Resistor Tolerance are:

Color Silver Gold Red Brown Green Blue Violet Grey
Toleranc ±10% ±5% ±2% ±1% ±0.5% ±0.25% ±0.1% ±0.05%
e

Resistor Color Codes: Resistors are devices that limit current flow and provide a voltage drop in
electrical circuits. Because carbon resistors are physically small, they are color coded to identify their
resistance value in Ohms. The use of color bands on the body of a resistor is the most common system for
indicating the value of a resistor. Color-coding is standardized by the Electronic Industries Association
(EIA).
Use the Resistor Color Code Chart: 4-Band: Reading the resistor from left to right, the first two color
bands represent significant digits, the third band represents the decimal multiplier, and the fourth band
represents the tolerance. 5- Band: The first three color bands represent significant digits, the fourth band
represents the decimal multiplier, and the fifth band represents the tolerance. 6-Band: The first three
color bands represent significant digits, the fourth band represents the decimal multiplier, the fifth band
represents the tolerance, and the sixth band represents the temperature coefficient. The method of
calculating resistance using 4-Band is shown in figure.

View the resistors and based on the color bands determine its value. Below is an example:
Band Color Code Numeric Value
1st Band Brown 1
2nd Band Black 0
3rd Band Orange 103
4th Band Gold ± 5%
The Resistor Value is 10K The Tolerance is ± 5%

The first band is a one (1), the second band is a zero (0), and the multiplier band or third band is one time
text to the third power (103) or one thousand (1000). Multiply 10 times 1000.

Tasks
Task 1:
Determine the value and tolerance of the resistors by using following color bands.
Band Color Code Numeric Value
1st Band Orange
2nd Band Orange
3rd Band Orange
4th Band Silver
The Resistor Value is The Tolerance is
Band Color Code Numeric Value
1st Band Red
2nd Band Violet
3rd Band Brown
4th Band Gold
The Resistor Value is The Tolerance is

Band Color Code Numeric Value

1st Band Yellow
2nd Band Violet
3rd Band Red
4th Band Silver
The Resistor Value is The Tolerance is

Band Color Code Numeric Value

1st Band Brown
2nd Band Brown
3rd Band Red
4th Band Gold
The Resistor Value is The Tolerance is

Task 2:
Record resistor colors gave to its value in below:
4.7kΩ ±5%, 910Ω ±10% ,12Ω ±5% , 6.8kΩ ±10%
Section II:
Theory:
The relationship between current, voltage and resistance wasstudied by the 19th century German
mathematician, GeorgeSimon Ohm. Ohm formulated a law which states that currentvaries directly with
voltage and inversely with resistance. Fromthis law the following formula is derived:
E Voltage
I = ∨Current=
R Resistance
Ohm’s Law is the basic formula used in all electrical circuits. Electrical designers must decide how much
voltage is needed for a given load, such as computers, clocks, lamps and motors. Decisions must be made
concerning the relationship of current, voltage and resistance. All electrical design and analysis begins
with Ohm’s Law. There are three mathematical ways to express Ohm’s Law. Which of the formulas is
used depends on what facts are known before starting and what facts need to be known.
E E
I= , E=I × R , R=
R I
To determining the current of a dc circuit with Ohm’s law, the circuit as shown in fig 1 is composed of a
1V battery which connected to a 1Ω resistor. An ammeter is used to measure the current 1A which is the
current can be calculated by Ohm’s law as shown in fig 1.

fig 1

Materials Required:
 Multimeter
 Experimental Kit: Electronic Trainer EES-21-305
 Power Supply
 Resistors: 100kΩ , 150Ω , 1kΩ
 Line Cords

Procedure:
a. The Relation of the current and the voltage according to the Ohm’s law.
1. Connect the circuit of fig 2. And test it.
 fig 2

2. Adjust the voltage of the supply to be 0 volt.

3. Increase the voltage of the supply from 0 to 1 volt. Read the current from the ammeter (A).
4. Adjust the voltage of the supply to 2, 3, 4 and 5 volts respectively. Record the results in Observation
Table.
5. Use the observation data to plot the V-I Characteristic.
Observation Table:
Voltage E (Volts) 1 2 3 4 5
Current I (mA)

Graph:

b. Application of Ohm’s law in a dc circuit:

fig1

1. Connect the dc circuit of fig 3. Adjust the voltage of the dc supply to the constant value of 2V
(E=2V).
2. Use Ohm’s law with the formula, I=E/R, then calculate the current value (I).
3. I=__________ mA.
4. From the value of the current in step 2, select the suitable range of the multimeter to measure the
current. The selected measurement range is _______ mA. Measure I and record the result.
5. Compare the experimental result with the calculated result with the calculated result of the current (I)
whether there is any discrepancy. State in percentage of the error, %Error ______ %.
6. In the circuit of fig 3, if the voltage of the source E is increased 2 times, the current will be increased
_______ times.
7. Use Ohm’s law (I=E/R) to calculate the current, when the voltage of the source E in the circuit of fig
3 is increased 2 times.
8. According to the circuit of fig 3, again by adjusting the voltage of the source E to the 4V. Adjust
again the measurement range of the current of the multimeter to be appropriated to the calculated
value of the current of step 5. Experimentally, the current that has been changed, I= _____ mA.

Tasks

Task 1:
1. Replace the resistor R1=100Ω with R2=150Ω as shown in fig 4. Repeat

the experiment and write down the values.

Applied Voltage 2 times of applied voltage

fig 4
Calculated Current, I = ________ Calculated Current, I = ________
mA mA
Measured Current, I= ________ Measured Current, I= ________
mA mA
% Error = _______ % % Error = _______ %

From the circuit of fig 4, when the R1 is 100Ω , R2=150Ω and the supply (E) is constant of 2V, the
different value of the resistance is 150Ω \ 100Ω or 1.5 times, so the current of the circuit differs _______
times.

Task 2:
Calculate the voltage (E) that causes the current (I) in the circuit flow through the resistor, R 3=1k
Ω , 10 mA .Write down the Observations for the voltage.
Calculated Voltage, V = ________ V
Measured Voltage, V= ________ V
% Error = _______ %
Refer to the circuit of fig 5, if R3 is increased for 10 times, what is the value of the current in the circuit?
I=______ mA.
Conclusion: