Submitted by:

o Shiza Shahid-181346
o Malik Anza Khlaid-181341
o Ahmed Bilal-181311
Submitted to:
o Engg. Mehmood ul Hassan
Subject:
o IT Infrastructure
Project name:
 o Building Information Modeling and Geographic Information
System
Abstract:
Building Information Modeling and Geographic Information System are two vast topics but their
fusion would be a great result that converts information into knowledge and intelligence. BIM
and GIS were developed for different objectives and they have few similarities and few dis-
similarities. Their fusion would be solving a lot of issues related to civil, building and
infrastructure. The framework supporting or urging it is EEEF (effectiveness, extensibility, effort
and flexibility).

Introduction:
Defining the two differently now, so Building Information Modeling (BIM) can be explained
as a 3D model that is based on process which is quite intelligent and it provides architecture,
engineering and also construction (AEC) specialist some understanding, perception and tools to
manage infrastructure, plan, design, build and construct. Differently, Geographic Information
System (GIS) is defined as framework that gathers, manages, and analyzes data that provides
ability to capture along with analyzing data and that data might be spatial and geographic.
BIMS supports comprehensive construction information for geometric as well as semantic view
but does not support surrounding information. The important factor is that in environmental
evaluation, safety analysis and resource arrangement the spatial information is important for
BIM. It is also capable of providing elaborated architecture of the pipeline network and supplier
data of all the components in the building. This would definitely take GIS management and
analysis network to the next level.
GIS supports spatial analysis positioned for both functional as well as physical spatial
relationship at a larger scale but does not support comprehensive digital repository of building
block.
Moreover, the noise analysis is supervised indoor and outdoor, fusion of BIMS and GIS would
help develop a seamless noise mapping at any spatial scale. This fusion also results in effective
management of knowledge at many levels when the project is in process, namely devising,
architecture, construction, operation and also upkeep. If the divergent information is maintained
effectively and wisely it can be helpful in decision-making.
The preparation of this BIM and GIS fusion went through many difficulties. GIS users tried to
incorporate BIM into GIS and vice versa and after many hard times the fusion became further
COMPROMISED and now it can be classified into 3 stages;
o Process-level
o Application-level
o Data-level
Introduction including Advancement of Geographic Information System
GIS can be defined as a decision backing system that includes all the specification of the
information structure. GIS is prioritized over others because it is geo-referenced and spatial data
and other related features are significant or essential for GIS. This knowledge further helps in
spatial and temporal analysis.
Spatial information symbolizes realism, through model. Core topic of research for GIS are
location, situations, trends, models and patterns. Now the 3D model has become more in practice
because of these. In contrast to 2D it is easy to use and detailed as well.

City Geographic Markup Language (CityGML) is the most used in geospatial domain and is a
prominent linguistic 3D modeling pattern. It is a prominent step in fusion of GIS and BIM. A
method to handle objects and data is to indulge LEVEL of DETAIL. It is from LOD0 to LOD4,
every level increases accuracy.
LOD0 is Region and Landscape
LOD1 is city and region
LOD2 is city, city district and project
LOD3 is city district, exterior architectural model and landmark
LOD4 is landmark and interior architectural model
With more significant level the accuracy and complexity were increased adding new
mechanisms, attributes, grouping mechanism etc

Building Information Modeling

An overview of BIM has been given already it’s most prominent and dominant feature is that it
provides us with data (digital depiction of physical and functional parts) sharing and facilities
related to management to users in entire life cycle time. The good thing is that it is easy to use as
3D CAD and by involving those functions within project every stage of the life cycle will be
constructed effectively. The limitations are that in real world building is a dependent micro scale
item which is connected with macro-scale-built environment. Also, locating objects and spatial
inquiry in large scale is a limit of BIM. Also, information partition expression range, and multi-
interpolation on data is not supported by BIM but semantic web technology does solve this issue.

In BIM INDUSTRIAL FOUNDATION CLASS (IFC) is uttermost comprehensive and known

setup for converting information from generic to exchange standard BIM. The most
interoperable tool for exchanging information among various platforms. Unlike cityGML which
is XML as described above, IFC is modeling language, it has XML and ifcXML as well but
mostly the EXPRESS based IFC is used.
LOD is used to check design and architecture progress without ISO normalization unlike
cityGML.
Figure 1. (a–d) Diverse Level Of Development (LOD) of Trade Center structure from 100 to
400
Similarities among CityGML and IFC
o Object-based
o Define some similar entities
o CityGML models consistent with IFC and vice-versa
o Use same amount of information

Dissimilarities or Mismatches in BIM-GIS

BIM GIS
IFC CityGML
For design process Real world modeling
In IFC, wall is shared between room and In CityGML, wall is a surface for all the
surface case rooms individually
It is based depiction of geometric and It is based on essentials of mapping
construction details
Targets on building components in detail and Target is on geographical data and building
project knowledge shape
Constructive perspective Geographic perspective
Application led technology Manual application, now application led
technology
Models’ objects that are don’t exist Models object that does exist
 There are even more differences between the two due to which the merging of two generates a
lot of challenges and problems.

Figure 2. Cover among fields of GIS and BIM.

To overcome these challenges, it was observed that openness and association can be gained by
being
o Government initiatives
o Frequent communication
o Demand driven

Integrating Building Models with Geospatial Context

Merging of BIM and GIS is an encouraging and a challenging and difficult topic to work on at
the same time. Reconstructing information present towards generation of knowledge and
intelligence is not a easy task. Success of this fusion would definitely solve a lot of issues that
are related to civil, building and also infrastructure.as we know that both the components were
actually designed for different aims and challenges so now the fusion is even more challenging
for us. Their differences and similarities have already been discussed. For successful integration
it should be done at different levels as shown below:
o GIS and BIM Integration at Data Level
Presentation of new guidelines and modification of old ones
o GIS and BIM Integration at Process Level

It holds semantic web technologies and service-based methods

o GIS and BIM Integration at Application Level
o Comparison of Integration Solutions
 The boundaries affecting the decision may summed up and called as "EEEF" criteria:
effectiveness, extensibility, effort, and flexibility. Contrasted and different arrangements,
semantic web innovations give an empowering and summed up combination arrangement. Be
that as it may, the greatest difficulties of this strategy are the huge endeavors needed at beginning
phase and the confined improvement of ontologies inside one specific space. The segregation
issue additionally applies to different techniques. So, receptiveness is the key of the achievement
of BIM and GIS combination or integration.

Applications of GIS and BIM UNION

3D cadaster:
A vital application of GIS as well as BIM integration is known as 3D cadaster. Cadaster is
actually built on the description of 2D parcel with the connected legal status along with the
property right data. A detailed information can be provided by BIM for the purpose of cadaster.
Application of 3D cadaster isn’t only technical problem but it includes legal and organizational
trials too. Similarly, BIM has the advantage of coupling the execution plan with a 3D model
providing time-space conflict detection along with space planning.
 Location-Based Services (LBS) and Navigation
LBS stands for the Location Based Services, it provides services that are based on geographical
location resolved by the mobile devices. Multiple applications like emergency reply can
stimulate the localized service, they can be user-requested as well as triggered. By utilizing the
semantic web technique BIM is combined with user constraints. In addition to these applications
BIM includes extent of pedestrian traffic in the building as well as tracking of construction
activities.
Asset Management
In the area of renovation and maintenance systematic procedures are required by the asset
management. To assist the rational making of decision in order to select the optimized course, a
system providing the GIS and BIM systems with the three modules estimating the cost of
construction, cost of land acquisition as well as the cost of operation

Heritage management:
Recent advances in the technology has provided the ease to capture and manage data of
architectural heritage that includes spatial, geometric, as well as multitemporal information. BIM
has the strong capability to support the 3D model resulting from the designed data.

Site selection and plan layout:

By utilizing the data found in 3D model project planners are facilitated by the BIM in order to
immerse the practical views of construction sites as well as to assess the potential threats.
6.6 Urban environment analysis:
In the enhancement of smart cities ICT has become an important motivating force.
Communication and digital infrastructure of smart city is provided by the ICT.
Safety:
GIS and BIM are more capable for the attention of construction security. Environmental threats
are evaluated with the help of GIS. These systems of BIM an GIS are introduced for the
development of combustion response managing strategies.

Conclusions and Directions for Future Research

GIS and BIM are two disparate topics and there are many differences among them but these gaps
are now becoming less. There integration has much potential. There integration is definitely a
matter of great advantage as GIS’s 3D would be enriched then. At the point when the geometric
and semantic data will be moved from building displaying to geospatial setting it will be a
positive impact among a progression of exercises, site determination, wellbeing the executives
and climate sway appraisal are a couple of models.
Semantic level conversion is way harder than geometric transferring. This integration has
acquired much effort since last year. Information loss is a significant point and this happens
probably due to variant development purpose. BIM is young and it’s IFC hasn’t satisfied
requirement standard yet: competitiveness, conformity, connectivity. In an IFC model, additional
semantics are esteemed to show how a couple of perspectives are to be shown in CityGML. Two
layers between change from CityGML and IFC will be "ifc Spaces" and "ifcSlab". At the point
when its about GIS they need to dedicate time for improvement of more open and stable norm
for spatial data imparting to building data.
There are three levels of integration and EEEF criteria was introduced to access methods of each
group. New development is complex and data loss is noticed, this risk can be reduced if they
work focused, less ambitious and app-oriented too. It would be great if they work on integration
of revolutionary BIM & GIS combination.
Best solution is a semi-automatic conversion, translation and extension of present standards
among other methods as it is cheap too.
The utilization of semi-automatic conversion, interpretation and expansion of existing standards
is a decent trade off among every one of the strategies accessible, considering its ease and the
generally great combination result. Contrasted and the manual transformation, semi-automatic
techniques require less exertion by sacrificing the extensibility, the semi-automatic techniques
have process to be followed.
Because of the quick advancement of Internet innovation, there are a lot of framework
coordination worked with the assistance of new web technologies. satisfying results have been
accomplished by administrations-based techniques in term of less data loss. But because of its
little adaptability and extensibility, it isn't just about as famous as semantic web technologies,
which give a better solution. It is likewise a cheap strategy, particularly at initial phase.
Moreover, free improvement of ontologies fuels the difficulties looked by researchers and
designers from various spaces. As a matter of fact, the eventual fate of GIS and BIM
combination by semantic web advancements is as yet encouraging, as more individuals give to
this space.
Receptiveness and coordinated effort are the secret of the success of GIS and BIM fusion. This
doesn’t just apply to advanced norm or philosophy improvement, yet additionally shows the
mentalities of individuals from various areas. Past investigations show that request driven,
incessant correspondence and government activities are the three fundamental ways to
accomplish open and communitarian combination work among BIM and GIS. For instance, the
new arising savvy city study demands individuals from the two spaces to cooperatively
cooperate to create consistent ICT foundation.

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