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Chapter 23 Notes - Students

This document outlines key concepts in descriptive statistics including frequency tables, histograms, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), and measures of dispersion (variance, standard deviation). It provides examples of calculating these measures from raw data and grouped data. Examples include constructing frequency tables and histograms, finding the mean, median and mode of various data sets, and calculating variance and standard deviation both algebraically and using technology.

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Regina Lin
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68 views

Chapter 23 Notes - Students

This document outlines key concepts in descriptive statistics including frequency tables, histograms, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), and measures of dispersion (variance, standard deviation). It provides examples of calculating these measures from raw data and grouped data. Examples include constructing frequency tables and histograms, finding the mean, median and mode of various data sets, and calculating variance and standard deviation both algebraically and using technology.

Uploaded by

Regina Lin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 23 Notes – Descriptive Statistics

Outcomes:

1. I can define vocabulary words related to statistics.


2. I can explain the difference between discrete and continuous data.
3. I can construct a frequency table.
4. I can calculate the measures of central tendency algebraically.
5. I can calculate the measures of central tendency using my calculator.
6. I can calculate the measure of dispersion algebraically.
7. I can calculate the measure of dispersion using my calculator.

I. 23A – Key Statistical Concepts


a. Frequency Tables

i. Used to organize of data

ii. Based on classes of


1. Example

a. This is called grouped data

b. Display of Numerical Data


i. Column Graph

1. Used to display numerical variables

2. Gaps between bars


ii. Frequency Histograms ( )

1. Used for data

2. A bar graph with

3. The width of each bar is equal to the


on the frequency table

4. x – axis is always the (ie: mass, heights, ect)

5. y – axis can be either


a. Example: The histogram to the above represents the ages of
people in a village

iii. Example(s):
1. A sample of 20 lobsters is randomly selected from a tank containing several
hundred. Each lobster is measured for length (in cm) and the results are:

4.9 5.6 7.2 6.7 3.1 4.6 6.0 5.0 3.7 7.3
6.0 5.4 4.2 6.6 4.7 5.8 4.4 3.6 4.2 5.4

a. Create a frequency table and a relative frequency histogram


b. State the modal class for the data.

II. 23B – Measuring the Center of Data


a.
i. For discrete data, the is the most frequent occurring data value.

ii. For continuous data, the is the most frequent class. This will be called the
class. We sometimes use the midpoint of the class as the mode.
b. Mean
i. The of all data values

𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 +⋯+𝑥𝑛


ii. 𝑥̅ or 𝜇 = =
𝑛

1. IMPORTANT: For examination purposes, all data will be treated as a population. We


therefore use the statistic 𝜇 for the mean.

c. Median
i. The “ ” value of the ordered set of data

ii. If there is a(n) number of data values, take the mean of the two middle values.

d. Measures of the Center From Other Sources (grouped data)

i. Mean: 𝜇 = Add a column for 𝑥 ∙ 𝑓 to help with this formula

ii. Median: Add a column and calculate a “running


total” of the frequency. Use this to find the middle data value

iii. Mode: Take the class with the largest frequency. If the class has an interval, use the
midpoint value.

iv. Example(s):
1. The number of faulty iPhones returned to the Apple store each day for 21 days is:
3 4 4 9 8 8 6 4 7 9 1
3 5 3 5 9 8 6 3 7 1

a. Find the mean, median, and mode for this data.

b. If on the 22nd day 9 iPhones are returned, how will this affect each of the
three measures?
2. If 6 people have a mean mass of 53.7 kg, find their total mass.

3. Find the mean median and mode from the frequency tables below:
a.

b.

III. 23C – Variance and Standard Deviation


a. Compare these two tests:

i. Sometimes the measure of central tendency are not enough to make conclusions about the
data. We need to look at spread of the data as well.
b. Variance: A measure of how far, on average,

c. Standard Deviation: A measure of how the data is

i. Note: We assume that variance and standard deviation for the population are the same as
for the sample.

ii. A low standard deviation means the data values, on average, are
the mean.

iii. A high standard deviation means the data values, on average, are
the mean.

iv. Example(s)
1. A library surveys readers for 2 weeks and records the number who are not satisfied
with the types of books the library offers. The results are:
3 7 6 3 11 3 2
0 4 0 1 2 3 5

a. Calculate the mean and standard deviation using a frequency table.

b. Calculate the mean and standard deviation using technology.


2. Find the standard deviation for the group of data below using both the formula and
technology:
Score 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 1 2 4 2 1

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