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Data Communication & Computer Networks (DCCN) IT-360

This document discusses the data link layer. It describes the data link layer as providing the means to transfer data between network entities and possibly correct errors. The data link layer focuses on local delivery, addressing, and media arbitration. It discusses the two sublayers of the data link layer - the logical link control (LLC) layer and the media access control (MAC) layer. The LLC layer provides multiplexing and flow/error control. The MAC layer determines media access and frame synchronization. It also discusses various frame synchronization techniques.

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Abdullah Ramay
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
67 views

Data Communication & Computer Networks (DCCN) IT-360

This document discusses the data link layer. It describes the data link layer as providing the means to transfer data between network entities and possibly correct errors. The data link layer focuses on local delivery, addressing, and media arbitration. It discusses the two sublayers of the data link layer - the logical link control (LLC) layer and the media access control (MAC) layer. The LLC layer provides multiplexing and flow/error control. The MAC layer determines media access and frame synchronization. It also discusses various frame synchronization techniques.

Uploaded by

Abdullah Ramay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Communication &

Computer Networks (DCCN)


IT-360
Data Link Layer

03.12.20 Dr. Mufassra Naz (DCCN) 1


Data Link Layer

03.12.20 Dr. Mufassra Naz (DCCN) 2


Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE)
• Standardization of the IEEE 802.X-Standards for Local Area Networks
(www.ieee802.org) – many historical!

03.12.20 Dr. Mufassra Naz (DCCN) 3


Data Link Layer

• Data-link Layer provides the functional and


procedural means to transfer data between network
entities and might provide the means to detect and
possibly correct errors that may occur in
the Physical Layer.

• Data-link Layer is concerned with local delivery


of frames between devices on the same LAN.

03.12.20 Dr. Mufassra Naz (DCCN) 4


Data Link Layer

• Inter-network routing and global addressing are


higher-layer functions, allowing data-
link protocols to focus on local delivery, addressing,
and media arbitration.
• When devices attempt to use a medium
simultaneously, frame collisions occur. Data-
link protocols specify how devices detect and
recover from such collisions, and may provide
mechanisms to reduce or prevent them.

03.12.20 Dr. Mufassra Naz (DCCN) 5


Data Link Layer

• The Data Link Layer is responsible for transmission


of data frames between two nodes. Its sub-layers
are:
1. Logical link control (LLC) Layer
2. Media Access Control (MAC) Layer
Functions of the Data Link Layer

04.12.20 Dr. Mufassra Naz (DCCN) 7


Logical link control (LLC)
• IEEE 802 splits the OSI-Model Data-link Layer into
two sub-layers named Logical Link Control (LLC)
and Media Access Control (MAC)
• LLC is defined within the IEEE 802.2 specification.
• LLC sublayer provides multiplexing mechanisms.
• LLC can also provide flow control and error
management mechanisms.

• LLC sublayer acts as an interface between the Media


Access Control (MAC) sublayer and the Network
Layer.
04.12.20 Dr. Mufassra Naz (DCCN) 8
Media Access Control (MAC)

• Media Access Control (MAC) is a sub-layer defined


by IEEE 802 within the OSI-Model Data-link Layer
Media Access Control sublayer that determines who
is allowed to access the media at any one time
(e.g. CSMA/CD).
• Media Access Control sublayer also determines
where one frame of data ends and the next one starts
– frame synchronization.

03.12.20 Dr. Mufassra Naz (DCCN) 9


Four means of frame synchronization
1. Time based - simply puts a specified amount of time
between frames.
2. Character counting - simply notes the count of
remaining characters in the frame's header.
3. Byte stuffing - precedes the frame with a special byte
sequence such as DLE STX and succeeds it with DLE
ETX. Appearances of DLE (byte value 0x10) have to be
escaped with another DLE. The start and stop marks are
detected at the receiver and removed as well as the
inserted DLE characters.
4. Bit stuffing - replaces these start and end marks with flag
consisting of a special bit pattern (e.g. a 0, six 1 bits and a
0).
04.12.20 Dr. Mufassra Naz (DCCN) 10
Framing (Character Count)

A character stream. (a) Without errors. (b) With one error.


03.12.20 Dr. Mufassra Naz (DCCN) 11
Framing (Byte stuffing)

(a) A frame delimited by flag bytes.


(b) Four examples of byte sequences before and after stuffing
03.12.20 Dr. Mufassra Naz (DCCN) 12
Framing (Bit stuffing)

03.12.20 Dr. Mufassra Naz (DCCN) 13


Framing (Bit stuffing)

Examples –
1. If Data –> 011100011110 and ED –> 01111 then,
find data after bit stuffing ?–> 01110000111010

2. If Data –> 110001001 and ED –> 1000 then, find


data after bit stuffing ?–> 11001010011

03.12.20 Dr. Mufassra Naz (DCCN) 14

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