Tall Building Life-cycle Cost Analysis Research

Stage 1: Construction Phase

Cost Analysis

Principal Investigators
Dr. Dario Trabucco
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)
Email: [email protected]

Research Assistant
Martina Belmonte
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)
Email: [email protected]

1
Project Description
The final scope of this research is to evaluate and compare – environmentally and economically speaking -
different tall building construction solutions in three different economic contexts: Bangkok, Singapore and
Sydney. To do that the team developed different building scenarios representing buildings in those markets.
To simplify the research, the design parameters will be consistent city to city. The design scenarios, developed
by the research team, differ from each other by: building functions, dimensions, structural schemes and
technological building solutions adopted.

SCENARIO R: Residential building SCENARIO O: Office building

Building parameters Building parameters

 Number of floors (L+44):  Number of floors (L+44):

- Lobby at the ground floor - Lobby at the ground floor
- 44 residential levels - 44 office levels

 Height from floor to underside of structural  Height from floor to underside of structural
system: system
- Lobby: 4 m - Lobby: 5 m
- Residential levels: 2.7 m - Office levels: 3.5 m

For each one of the two scenarios mentioned above, the team developed a list of structural schemes to apply
and to study, in order to collect the most wide and representative alternatives from a structural and
technological point of view.

The designs of the different building scenarios identified have been developed by a panel of international
engineering firms, who were asked to produce different bill of quantities, according to the technological
solution indicated, which are presented in this document.

Brief overview on the design parameters adopted by the engineering firms

Building Codes

In order to collect a more comparable set of data, scenarios have been designed in accordance with the
following building codes and standards:
 International Building Code (IBC), 2018 Edition;
 Reinforced Concrete: American Concrete Institute, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
and Commentary, 2014 Edition (ACI 318-14);
 Structural Steel: American Institute of Steel Construction, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings,
ANSI/AISC 360:2018;
 American Society of Civil Engineers, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, 2016
Edition (ASCE 7-16);

2
Loading Criteria

Reported below, a summary of the loading criteria adopted for the projects. The following loads are in addition
to the self-weight of the structure, and they have been taken from Chapter 16 of the IBC (2018).

Use* Live Loading Super Imposed Dead Load (SDL)

Office 50 psf (2.4 kPa) 45 psf (2.2 kPa) which includes 50 mm screed, partitions, and ceiling
Residential 40 psf (1.9 kPa) 55 psf (2.6 kPa) which includes 50 mm screed, partition
Roof 20 psf (1.0 kPa) 30 psf (1.4 kPa) which includes 50 mm screed and roofing
*For simplicity lobbies, corridors, assemblies, mechanical, and other type of occupancies are excluded.

**Live load reduction is not to be included for horizontal element design but is permitted for vertical elements.
(The aim of this handling of live load reduction is to bring reasonable structural efficiency to overall building
frame, thus avoiding the standardization of the approach between the different engineers working within the
study.)

In addition to these uniform slab loads, a perimeter dead load is applied to the structure to account for the
weight of the cladding system.

Cladding

Load Type Load

Exterior Cladding (curtain wall) 15 psf (0.75 kPa) of wall area

3
Brief overview on the basic architectural parameters adopted for the scenarios

This section aims to present more in detail the two different scenarios. In both cases, it comes of a 45-story
building (45 levels above the ground floor) with a rectangular shape and a central service core. Within the
walls of the service core, elevators, restrooms, evacuation stairs and amenities are contained. The vertical
transportation systems have been designed according to basic vertical traffic calculations, assuming a low- and
high-rise organization of the service. The first one serves levels above the main lobby from 1 to 25, the latter
from 26 to 45, thus acting as an express service, bypassing the lower levels. This calculation led to the
identification of the minimum net area of the service core, which has to be intended as the starting point of
the design of the building scenario.

The designs only refer to the identification of the structural elements, in relation with the indication reported
in the table below. No basements and foundation have been considered in the designs, the engineering firms
were asked to evaluate the overall loads at the basement but not a proper design of the foundations.

Scenarios Summary

Mai
Building Identificat
n
Scenari ion Structural Systems
Cod
os Code
e
R1.1 Concrete: Conventional beam+ slab, normal f’c, concrete core
R1
R1.2 Concrete Advanced: Post-tensioned flat slab, high strength f’c, concrete core
R2.1 Steel: Rolled beams, columns, braced+ plate core
Residen
R2* Steel Advanced: Built up beams, columns, braced+ plate core w/ high-strength
tial R2.2
R steel
R3.1 Composite: Rolled beams, columns, concrete core
R3 Composite Advanced: Built up beams, composite columns, concrete shear walls
R3.2
w/ high-strength steel
O1.1 Concrete: Conventional beam+ slab, normal f’c, core
O1 Concrete Advanced: Post-tensioned wide-shallow, high strength f’c, concrete
O1.2
shear walls
O2.1 Steel: Rolled beams, columns, braced+ plate core
Office O
Steel Advanced: Built up beams, columns, braced+ place core w/ high-strength
O 2** O2.2
steel
O3.1 Composite: Rolled beams, columns, concrete core
O3 Composite Advanced: Built up beams, composite columns, concrete shear walls
O3.2
w/ high-strength steel
*It is recognized R2.1 and R2.2 system may require 1 intermediate outrigger to achieve drift criteria.
If required and beneficial to overall material quantities, this should be included and identified in design
summary.
**It is recognized O2.1 and O2.2 system may require 1 intermediate outrigger to achieve drift criteria.
If required and beneficial to overall material quantities, this should be included and identified in design
summary.

4
Cost analysis evaluation

The next step of the research is to evaluate the cost of the different designs developed referring to the three
different cities (Bangkok, Singapore and Sydney) considered for the research. Ideally, the idea is to assign a
price tag to the material quantities proposed in the developed designs, together with an evaluation of the
required equipment and labor. Moreover, it would be interesting an estimation of the time of construction
required.

The results of the design, which are presented in detail in the following pages, have been collected and
organized in the excel document provided separately, where have been reported the bill of quantities
identified for the different scenarios. The excel document is already arranged set up to be filled out easily.

Allocation of the different cost required: material cost, equipment and labor. The cost analysis are requested
for the three different cities mentioned above. The scope of the research is not to identify which is the
most/less expensive city or building, but rather provide scientific based information (to be combined with the
results of the life cycle analysis) to approach the construction of a tall building in the three different markets.

5
 R Scenarios (Residential Building)
The R scenarios collect all the case studies regarding the different technological solution adopted for the
residential tower. The scenarios consist of a 45 residential above ground (1 lobby + 44 residential floors).

The ceiling height of the Lobby is 4 meters, while those of the following residential levels is equal to 2.7 meters,
excluding the thickness of the horizontal structural elements, which have to be identified according to the
determined designs. As such, the overall height and lateral demands of the building may vary option to option.

For each one of the scenarios presented above, the load transfer of the vertical elements to the foundation
system has to be provided.

6
 R1.1: Concrete

Structure description:

The structure is composed of a reinforced

concrete core and concrete columns along
the perimeter of the building. The floor
system comprised of conventional mild
beam and slab. The request is to design the
scenarios adopting rectangular columns and
a normal strength concrete:

Columns and walls: f’c=45 MPa

Slab system: f’c=35 MPa

7
Design Results:

Floor Framing Depth: 0.7m

Floor to Floor Height: 2.7m (typical floor), 4.0m (lobby)
Building Height: 154.3m

Building Dynamics
1st Mode 6.1 s (Y)
2nd Mode 5.3 s (X)
3rd Mode 4.4 s (RZ)
X max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H / 1400
Y max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /960

Building Foundation Reactions*

Load Case Base Reaction
Total Dead 0.4841 GN
Total Live (Reduced) 0.0319 GN
Wind Shear: 0.0076 GN X 0.0079 GN Y
Overturning: 0.6830 GN-M ab. Y 0.7206 GN-M ab. X
Notional Shear: 0.0097 GN X 0.0097 GN Y
Overturning: 0.8034 GN-M ab. Y 0.8198 GN-M ab. X
*Site specific geotechnical recommendations are not available at this time, but please provide estimated
building reactions so that foundation costs can be estimated considered in total building construction cost.

Floor Framing Material Quantities

Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements
M3 Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
Typical Floor 236.5 35 34.6 0 0 -
45 x Typical Floor 10642.7 35 1558.4 0 0 -
Vertical Material Quantities
Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements
M3 Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
1604.8 45 602.1 0 0 -
Columns

2600.8 45 329.2 0 0 -
Lateral System

8
 R1.2: Concrete Advanced

Structure description:

The structure is composed of a reinforced

concrete core and concrete columns along the
perimeter of the building. The floor system
comprised of post tensioned (PT) flat slab. The
request is to design the scenarios adopting
rectangular columns and a high strength
concrete:

Columns and walls: f’c=70 MPa

Slab system: f’c=50 MPa

9
Design Results:

Floor Framing Depth: 0.25m

Floor to Floor Height: 2.7m (typical floor), 4.0m (lobby)
Building Height: 134.05m

Building Dynamics
1st Mode 6.0 s (Y)
2nd Mode 4.9 s (X)
3rd Mode 4.0 s (RZ)
X max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H / 1750
Y max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /940

Building Foundation Reactions*

Load Case Base Reaction
Total Dead 0.4724 GN
Total Live (Reduced) 0.0319 GN
Wind Shear: 0.0065 GN X 0.0067 GN Y
Overturning: 0.5012 GN-M ab. Y 0.5361 GN-M ab. X
Notional Shear: 0.0094 GN X 0.0094 GN Y
Overturning: 0.6933 GN-M ab. Y 0.7173 GN-M ab. X
*Site specific geotechnical recommendations are not available at this time, but please provide estimated
building reactions so that foundation costs can be estimated considered in total building construction cost.

Floor Framing Material Quantities

Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements
M3 Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
Typical Floor 252.9 50 14.5 5.7 0 -
45 x Typical Floor 11380.5 50 652.5 256.5 0 -
Vertical Material Quantities
Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements
M3 Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
1041.7 70 281.5 0 0 -
Columns

2028.1 70 272.8 0 0 -
Lateral System

10
 R2.1: Steel

Structure description:

The structure is composed of a braced/steel

plate core and steel columns along the
perimeter of the building. The floor system
comprised of normal weight concrete on metal
deck supported by rolled shape steel beams.
The request is to design the scenarios adopting
rolled I shape columns and beams:

Columns and walls: Fy=350 MPa

Slab system: f’c=30 MPa

11
Design Results:

Floor Framing Depth: 600mm

Floor to Floor Height: 3.3-m
Building Height: 153.1 m
Building Dynamics
1st Mode 6.4 s
2nd Mode 5.7 s
3rd Mode 5.1 s
X max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H / 750
Y max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /550

Building Foundation Reactions*

Load Case Base Reaction
Total Dead 0.28 GN
Total Live (Reduced) 0.041 GN
Wind Shear: 0.0075 GN X 0.0078 GN Y
Overturning: 0.64 GN-M ab. Y 0.62 GN-M ab. X
Notional Shear: 0.0056 GN X 0.0056 GN Y
Overturning: 0.43 GN-M ab. Y 0.43 GN-M ab. X
*Site specific geotechnical recommendations are not available at this time, but please provide estimated
building reactions so that foundation costs can be estimated considered in total building construction cost.

Floor Framing Material Quantities

Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
Typical Floor 150 30 2 - 29 350
45 x Typical Floor 6.750 30 90 - 1.305 350
Vertical Material Quantities
Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
- - - - 560 350
Columns
- - - - - -
- - - - 3160 350
Lateral System
- - - - - -

12
 R2.2: Steel Advanced

Structure description:

The structure is composed of a braced/steel

plate core and steel columns along the perimeter
of the building. The floor system comprised of
normal weight concrete on metal deck
supported by built up asymmetric I shape steel
beams.

Columns and walls: Fy=450 MPa

Slab system: f’c=30 MPa

13
Design Results:

Floor Framing Depth: 600mm

Floor to Floor Height: 3.3-m
Building Height: 153.1 m

Building Dynamics
1st Mode 6.4 s
2nd Mode 5.7 s
3rd Mode 5.1 s
X max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H / 750
Y max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /550

Building Foundation Reactions*

Load Case Base Reaction
Total Dead 0.28 GN
Total Live (Reduced) 0.041 GN
Wind Shear: 0.0075 GN X 0.0078 GN Y
Overturning: 0.64 GN-M ab. Y 0.62 GN-M ab. X
Notional Shear: 0.0056 GN X 0.0056 GN Y
Overturning: 0.43 GN-M ab. Y 0.43 GN-M ab. X
*Site specific geotechnical recommendations are not available at this time, but please provide estimated
building reactions so that foundation costs can be estimated considered in total building construction cost.

Floor Framing Material Quantities

Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
Typical Floor 150 30 2 - 21 450
45 x Typical Floor 6750 30 90 - 945 450
Vertical Material Quantities
Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
- - - - 450 450
Columns
- - - - - -
- - - - 1750 350
Lateral System
- - - - 1100 450

14
 R3.1: Composite

Structure description:

The structure is composed of a

conventional concrete core and steel
columns along the perimeter of the
building. The floor system comprised of
normal weight concrete on metal deck
supported by rolled shape steel beams.
The request is to design the scenarios
adopting normal strength rolled I shape
columns and beams:

Concrete walls: f’c= 45 MPa

Columns: Fy=350 MPa
Slab system: f’c=30 MPa

Design Results:

Floor Framing Depth: 830mm

Floor to Floor Height: 3.53m
Building Height: 160.15m

15
 Building Dynamics
1st Mode 6.7 s
2nd Mode 5.7 s
3rd Mode 4.4 s
X max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H / 700
Y max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /640

Building Foundation Reactions*

Load Case Base Reaction
Total Dead 0.362 GN
Total Live (Reduced) 0.0468 GN
Wind Shear: 0.00769 GN X 0.00800 GN Y
Overturning: 0.697 GN-M ab. Y 0.671 GN-M ab. X
Notional Shear: 0.00724 GN X 0.00724 GN Y
Overturning: 0.547 GN-M ab. Y 0.547 GN-M ab. X
*Site specific geotechnical recommendations are not available at this time, but please provide estimated
building reactions so that foundation costs can be estimated considered in total building construction cost.

Note:

 Columns Vary from W14x398 at Ground floor up to W12x40 at top stories

 Link Beas typically 800mm deep

Levels Core Wall A Core Wall B

0-10 600mm 400mm
11-20 450mm 300mm
21-30 300mm 300mm
30-45 300mm 300mm

Floor Framing Material Quantities

Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
Typical Floor 150 30 5 - 28.25 420
45 x Typical Floor 6750 30 225 - 1271.25 420
Vertical Material Quantities
Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
- - - - 14.6 350
Columns
- - - - 659 350
44 45 4.2 - - -
Lateral System
1988 45 186 - - -

16
 R3.2: Composite Advanced

Structure description:

The structure is composed of a

conventional concrete core and
composite box shape columns along
the perimeter of the building. The
floor system comprised of normal
weight concrete on metal deck
supported by asymmetric I shape
built up steel beams.

Concrete walls and composite

columns: f’c= 70 MPa
Columns: Fy=450 MPa
Slab system: f’c=30 MPa

Design Results:

Floor Framing Depth: 830mm

Floor to Floor Height: 3.53m
Building Height: 160.15m

17
 Building Dynamics
1st Mode 6.8 s
2nd Mode 5.7 s
3rd Mode 4.5 s
X max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /1010
Y max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /660

Building Foundation Reactions*

Load Case Base Reaction
Total Dead 0.360 GN
Total Live (Reduced) 0.0468 GN
Wind Shear: 0.00769 GN X 0.00800 GN Y
Overturning: 0.697 GN-M ab. Y 0.671 GN-M ab. X
Notional Shear: 0.00708 GN X 0.00708 GN Y
Overturning: 0.551 GN-M ab. Y 0.551 GN-M ab. X
*Site specific geotechnical recommendations are not available at this time, but please provide estimated
building reactions so that foundation costs can be estimated considered in total building construction cost.

Note:

 Columns vary from RHS 500x500x30x30 w/70MPA f'c concrete fill at Ground down to RHS
300x300x10x10 w/70MPA f'c concrete fill at top.
 Link Beas typically 800mm deep

Levels Core Wall A Core Wall B

0-10 400mm 400mm
11-20 300mm 300mm
21-30 300mm 300mm
30-45 300mm 300mm

Floor Framing Material Quantities

Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
Typical Floor 150 30 5 - 27 420
45 x Typical Floor 6750 30 225 - 1215 420
Vertical Material Quantities
Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
7.8 70 - - 11.7 350
Columns
353 70 - - 524 350
40 70 2.4 - - -
Lateral System
1782 70 120 - - -

18
 O Scenarios (Office Building)
The O scenarios collect all the case studies regarding the different technological solution adopted for the office
tower. The scenarios consist of a 44 office levels plus roof, totaling 45 levels above ground.

The ceiling height of the Lobby is 5 meters, while those of the following residential levels is equal to 3.5 meters,
excluding the thickness of the horizontal structural elements, which have to be identified according to the
adopted designs. As such, the overall height and lateral demands of the building may vary option to option.

19
 O1.1: Concrete

Structure description:

The structure is composed of a reinforced concrete core and concrete columns along the perimeter of the
building. The floor system comprised of conventional mild beam and slab. The request is to design the
scenarios adopting rectangular columns and a normal strength concrete:

Columns and walls: f’c=45 MPa

Slab system: f’c=35 MPa

Design Results:

Floor Framing Depth: 0.6m

Floor to Floor Height: 4.1m
Building Height: 186.0m

20
 Building Dynamics
1st Mode 7.0 s
2nd Mode 6.5 s
3rd Mode 5.3 s
X max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H / 980
Y max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /620

Building Foundation Reactions*

Load Case Base Reaction
Total Dead 0.801 GN
Total Live (Reduced) 0.083 GN
Wind Shear: 0.0112 GN X 0.0150 GN Y
Overturning: 1.234 GN-M ab. Y 1.663 GN-M ab. X
Notional Shear: 0.0159 GN X 0.0159 GN Y
Overturning: 2.180 GN-M ab. Y 2.206 GN-M ab. X
*Site specific geotechnical recommendations are not available at this time, but please provide estimated
building reactions so that foundation costs can be estimated considered in total building construction cost.

Note:
- Additional assumptions or criteria adopted per correspondence with CTBUH:
- 1st mode period limited to 7.0 s.
- Use of ACI 318-14 Table 6.6.3.1.1(a) for concrete stiffness is acceptable, with uncracked stiffness
assumed for walls. Exception: cracked stiffness values are assumed for all coupling beams.
- Assumed height of rough openings at the core are 2.2m for service doors (at stair, MEP, and
service locations) and 3.5m for elevator lobbies.

- The floor area inside of the core is not explicitly designed. Instead, the net floor area inside of the core
(excluding elevators) is assumed to have 1.5x the typical floor concrete, rebar and PT quantities. This
assumes a concrete stair is used. The following loading assumptions for the net floor area inside of the core
are used in the lateral analysis model and building foundation reactions: 1.5x typical floor self weight, 45
psf (2.2 kPa) superimposed dead load, and 100 psf (4.8 kPa) live load.

- In the material quantities tables, the volume of concrete where floor framing and vertical elements
intersect is assigned to floor framing and is excluded from vertical element quantities.

- Notional load in each direction includes +/-5% accidental eccentricity.

- Core walls are pinned along their base at 0.6m below Level 1 floor elevation. This assumes elevator pits
are embedded into a mat foundation with top of foundation 0.6m below Level 1 floor elevation.

- ADAPT PT/RC was used for the design of floor plate (Scenario O1.1 contains no PT). ETABS was used for
lateral design.

21
 Floor Framing Material Quantities
Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
Typical Floor 390 35 35.9 0 0 -
45 x Typical Floor 17400 35 1616 0 0 -
Vertical Material Quantities
Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
3060 45 464 0 0 -
Columns

7190 45 713 0 0 -
Lateral System

22
 O1.2: Concrete Advanced

Structure description:

The structure is composed of a reinforced concrete core and concrete columns along the perimeter of the
building. The floor system comprised of post tensioned (PT) wide shallow beam system with mild slab
between beams. The request is to design the scenarios adopting rectangular columns and a high strength
concrete:

Columns and walls: f’c=70 MPa

Slab system: f’c=50 MPa

Design Results:

Floor Framing Depth: 0.5m

Floor to Floor Height: 4.0m
Building Height: 181.5m

23
 Building Dynamics
1st Mode 6.6 s
2nd Mode 6.2 s
3rd Mode 5.4 s
X max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H / 870
Y max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /730

Building Foundation Reactions*

Load Case Base Reaction
Total Dead 0.726 GN
Total Live (Reduced) 0.083 GN
Wind Shear: 0.0108 GN X 0.0145 GN Y
Overturning: 1.178 GN-M ab. Y 1.546 GN-M ab. X
Notional Shear: 0.0145 GN X 0.0145 GN Y
Overturning: 1.950 GN-M ab. Y 1.917 GN-M ab. X
*Site specific geotechnical recommendations are not available at this time, but please provide estimated
building reactions so that foundation costs can be estimated considered in total building construction cost.

Note:
See Scenario O1.1 assumption. Additional assumptions for this scenario are as follows:

- For the all-concrete "advanced" option, the proposed wide and shallow PT beam and RC slab system was
modified to a wide module PT joist and one-way RC slab system, as this was found to be more efficient for
the provided column grid aspect ratio.

- PT is used only in girders and joists; slab contains mild reinforcing only.

- The 50mm average screed thickness per the design design brief is assumed to contribute 15mm towards
the required fire protection.

- At elevator lobbies, rough opening height of 3.4m is used instead of 3.5m.

Floor Framing Material Quantities

Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
Typical Floor 350 50 27.8 5.9 0 -
45 x Typical Floor 15560 50 1248 266 0 -
Vertical Material Quantities
Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
2060 70 319 0 0 -
Columns

6550 70 685 0 0 -
Lateral System

24
 O2.1: Steel

Structure description:

The structure is composed of a braced/steel plate core and steel columns along the perimeter of the
building. The floor system comprised of normal weight concrete on metal deck supported by rolled shape
steel beams. The request is to design the scenarios adopting rolled I shape columns and beams:

Columns and walls: Fy=350 MPa

Slab system: f’c=30 MPa

25
 Building Dynamics
1st Mode 6.97 s
2nd Mode 6.75 s
3rd Mode 6.58 s
X max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H / 646
Y max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /624

Building Foundation Reactions*

Load Case Base Reaction
Total Dead 0.521 GN
Total Live (Reduced) 0.079 GN
Wind Shear: 1.22E-2 GN X 1.63E-2 GN Y
Overturning: 1.27 GN-M ab. Y 1.70 GN-M ab. X
Notional Shear: 1.15E-2 GN X 1.1E-2 GN Y
Overturning: 1.14 GN-M ab. Y 1.14 GN-M ab. X
*Site specific geotechnical recommendations are not available at this time, but please provide estimated
building reactions so that foundation costs can be estimated considered in total building construction cost.

Note:

1. Design controlled by the first period which shall not exceed 7s as per design criteria of CTBUH.
2. All floor beams and girders are designed as composite beams, shear studs are not shown on the plan
drawing.
3. indicate moment connection members.
4. indicate bracing in the elevation.
5. indicate 3 1/2" NWC slab on 2"(18 GAGE) steel deck with 6x6-W2.9xW2.9 WWR.

Floor Framing Material Quantities

Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements
M3 Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
Typical Floor 222 30 0 0 85.7 350
45 x Typical Floor 9990 30 0 0 3857 350
Vertical Material Quantities
Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements
M3 Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
- - - - 2729 (exterior) 350
Columns
- - - - 2088 (interior) 350
- - - - 1742 350
Lateral System
- - - -
Note: 1. Exterior columns mean the perimeter columns; 2. Interior columns mean the core columns; 3. One
ORT was added in both X and Y direction, see drawings.

26
 O2.2: Steel Advanced

Structure description:

The structure is composed of a braced/steel plate core and steel columns along the perimeter of the
building. The floor system comprised of normal weight concrete on metal deck supported by built up
asymmetric I shape steel beams.

Columns and walls: Fy=450 MPa

Slab system: f’c=30 MPa

27
 Building Dynamics
1st Mode 6.96 s
2nd Mode 6.74 s
3rd Mode 6.58 s
X max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H / 646
Y max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /624

Building Foundation Reactions*

Load Case Base Reaction
Total Dead 0.520 GN
Total Live (Reduced) 0.079 GN
Wind Shear: 1.22E-2 GN X 1.63E-2 GN Y
Overturning: 1.27 GN-M ab. Y 1.70 GN-M ab. X
Notional Shear: 1.15E-2 GN X 1.15E-2 GN Y
Overturning: 1.14 GN-M ab. Y 1.14 GN-M ab. X
*Site specific geotechnical recommendations are not available at this time, but please provide estimated
building reactions so that foundation costs can be estimated considered in total building construction cost.

Note:

1. Design controlled by the first period which shall not exceed 7s as per design criteria of CTBUH.
2. All floor beams and girders are designed as composite beams, shear studs are not shown on the plan
drawing.
3. indicate moment connection members.
4. section “beam” is H409x120x178x8x13
4. indicate bracing in the elevation.
5. indicate 3 1/2" NWC slab on 2"(18 GAGE) steel deck with 6x6-W2.9xW2.9 WWR.

28
 Floor Framing Material Quantities
Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
Typical Floor 222 30 0 0 83.5 350
45 x Typical Floor 9990 30 0 0 3758 350
Vertical Material Quantities
Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
- - - - 2729 (exterior) 450
Columns
- - - - 2088 (interior) 450
- - - - 1742 450
Lateral System
- - - -
Note: 1. Exterior columns mean the perimeter columns; 2. Interior columns mean the core columns; 3. One
ORT was added in both X and Y direction, see drawings.

O3.1: Composite

Structure description:

The structure is composed of a conventional concrete core and steel columns along the perimeter of the
building. The floor system comprised of normal weight concrete on metal deck supported by rolled shape
steel beams. The request is to design the scenarios adopting rolled I shape columns and beams:

Concrete walls: f’c= 50 MPa

Columns: Fy=350 MPa
Slab system: f’c=30 MPa

29
30
 RC CORE WALLSUMMARY

Design Results:

Floor Framing Depth: 700mm (beam+slab)

Floor to Floor Height: 4.2m
Building Height: 191m

31
 Building Dynamics
1st Mode 6.93 s
2nd Mode 4.13 s
3rd Mode 2.59 s
X max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /2174
Y max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /518

Building Foundation Reactions*

Load Case Base Reaction
Total Dead 0.761 GN
Total Live (Reduced) 0.039 GN
Wind Shear: 0.012 GN X 0.016 GN Y
Overturning: 1.267 GN-M ab. Y 1.802 GN-M ab. X
Notional Shear: 0.015 GN X 0.015 GN Y
Overturning: 1.470 GN-M ab. Y 1.560 GN-M ab. X
*Site specific geotechnical recommendations are not available at this time, but please provide estimated
building reactions so that foundation costs can be estimated considered in total building construction cost.

Floor Framing Material Quantities

Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements
M3 Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
Typical Floor* 270 30 18 0 50 350
45 x Typical Floor 12150 30 810 0 2250 350
Vertical Material Quantities
Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements
M3 Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
- - - - 1700 350
Columns
- - - - - -
10300 50 1010 - - -
Lateral System**
- - - - - -
*does not include beam
**includes link beams

O3.2: Composite Advanced

32
Structure description:

The structure is composed of a concrete core and composite box shape columns along the perimeter of the
building. The floor system comprised normal weight concrete on metal deck supported by built up
asymmetric I shape steel beams.

Concrete walls/columns: f’c= 70 MPa

Columns: Fy=450 MPa
Slab system: f’c=30 MPa

33
RC CORE WALLSUMMARY

34
Design Results:

Floor Framing Depth: 700mm (beam+slab)

Floor to Floor Height: 4.2m
Building Height: 191m

Building Dynamics
1st Mode 6.85 s
2nd Mode 4.05 s
3rd Mode 2.60 s
X max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /2320
Y max inter-Story Drift (10 yr Wind) H /539

Building Foundation Reactions*

Load Case Base Reaction
Total Dead 0.754 GN
Total Live (Reduced) 0.039 GN
Wind Shear: 0.012 GN X 0.016 GN Y
Overturning: 1.267 GN-M ab. Y 1.802 GN-M ab. X
Notional Shear: 0.015 GN X 0.015 GN Y
Overturning: 1.465 GN-M ab. Y 1.555 GN-M ab. X
*Site specific geotechnical recommendations are not available at this time, but please provide estimated
building reactions so that foundation costs can be estimated considered in total building construction cost.

Note:

For O3.1, typical floor beam sections are AISC standard shapes. For O3.2, built-up sections are used to reduce
the steel quantities. For example, typical floor gravity beam becomes deeper and narrower welded section
from W18x35.

Floor Framing Material Quantities

Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
Typical Floor* 270 30 18 0 44 350
45 x Typical Floor 12150 30 810 0 1980 350
Vertical Material Quantities
Concrete Rebar PT Steel
Elements 3
M Grade (MPa) (Tonne) (Tonne) (Tonne) Grade (MPa)
1000 70 150 - 840 450
Columns
- - - - - -
9400 70 820 - - -
Lateral System**
- - - - - -
*does not include beam
**includes link beams

35