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ww
8. Which type of reproduction is effective w Asexual or Sexual ww
w and why? (PTA-2019-2020)
1. Sexual reproduction is more effective than an asexual reproduction. In a sexual
entet
reproduction the offspring tet have the chances ofniehaving
il ni.enwill ne genes of both thene
parents
ne
whereas is an asexual l
aa a reproduction. .
s s
. . dwill
2. The offspring genetically be identical .w.
w w ww w to only one of the wwparent.
3. Sexual reproduction is better mode of reproduction as it produces variations which are
necessary
t for evolution and there are better chances for t survival. Whereas in asexual mode
.n reproduction n . nt t
of no variation.
lala. i

10. Whywisw the offspring formed w ww

bywasexual reproduction referred as a clone ?
1. The offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clone because the
offspring
ete morphologicallyneand
t t genetically similar toneeach
ne other and parent.l
il ne
2. In asexual reproduction,
a
asas a the mixing of genet
as sc material does not occur,
a a adsaa as the offspring
is produced p p p.
wwbyw mitotic or amitotic cel
ww division hence they are w
called
w .w clone.

11. Give reasons for the following:

a)
.n Some organisms like e
ail honey
ni.n bees are called parthenogenetic
ail.an n animals.
1. Some animals a
papalike
d honey bees are called ad parthenogenetic animals.
a ad
wp papd
2. The organisms
w w w produced without
w wfertilization of the egg are
w w called parthenogenetic w
organisms. The male honey bees are forms from unfertilized eggs.
b)teAt male honey bee has 16t chromosomes
t where as et itst female has 32 chromosomes. etet
. a il develop
If is because of Haploid
s a a which is a sex determination
s asa system in which males s as a from
ad
.wp.ap and are haploid andwfemales
unfertilizedweggs p
w ap develop from fertil
w . a
zed
. p eggs and diploid.
13. How is juvenile phase different from reproductive phase?
Juvenile phase Reproductive phase
te vegetative phase isnthe
nThis period of The e e
l .
en ani organisms reproducel and
n ilanientheir
growth offspring’s reach maturity s
apdada period.
between w birth of the individual
the up to On the basis ofwtime, breeders animals
w w w w w w w wware
w
reproductive maturity. of two types.
i)Seasonalt breeders (Frogs, Lizards, t t Most
birds)
a i
ii)Continuous breeders a
wp.ap (Honey
bees, poultry, rabbit)

ent tWhat is the difference

14. te
ebetween ete
syngamy andi nfertilization?
s aian n la n
Syngamy
ada asas
Fertilization
. pdad
1.Syngamy
ww wis a type of sexual
reproduction in which the fusion of 1. Fertilization is the fusion of male and
two
t t haploid gametes takes place
t to female and female haploid gametes to
produce a diploid zygote.
l a i
l .ai i
form
a l ni. ta diploid zygote.
a
t
as

2. Different
w kinds of syngamy are w 2. The fertilization
w is of two types
prevalent in animals such as autogamy depending on the place where
nin nietet gametes
tetwhich the male and female t t
fertilization t
takes place, the nexternal
iente
a i
l ai nene a
are produced by saas same cell or same
dadthe adsaas
fertilization and the internal
organisms.
ww fertilization.
3
S.DURGA
t LECTURER IN ZOOLOGY
t ARUMBARTHAPURAM PUDUCHERRY([email protected])
t t t
e e
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introducedwinto
w. the lymphocytes using w.wa pretrovirus.
5. The genetically engineered lymphocytes are subsequently returned to the patient.
Since these cells are not immortal, the patient requires periodic infusion of such
.ent
genetically ete
engineered lymphocytes.
a an n
6. The disease could s
daada be cured permanently ss s
ad difathe gene for ADA isolated
daads from bone
s
marrow cells
w are introduced into the
.
cells of the early embryonic
w stages.
w w w w

t What are DNA vaccines?

20.
1. A DNA vaccine consists l
sasal of a gene encodingsaanaantigenic sa al onto a
protein, inserted
plasmid, and a
w wthen incorporated into the
p wp cells in target animal.
p
2. DNA instructs the cells to make antigenic molecules which are displayed on its
surfaces.
3.
eneThe DNA vaccine cannot
i ni ncause the disease as iti contains only copies of ai few
s s s
iene
s l n n of its
genes. DNA vaccines
dad are relatively easy and
a aadinexpensive to design and
a dad produce.
a
21. Differentiate between somatic cell gene therapy and germline gene therapy.

t
ent What are stem cells? Explain
niente its role in the field nof
22. iemedicine.
e
adasa
1. Stem cells aredaundifferentiated dadsains most of the multi cellular
cells found daadsa animals.
These cells
.
ww maintain their undifferentiated
ww w state even after undergoing
ww numerous
mitotic divisions.
2 Most of the adult stem cells t are multipotent and can t act as a repair system of
t the
. t replenishing adult
body, i .
a .
tissues.
alal
3. The red bone aa
papmarrow is a rich sourcewpaof
p adult stem cells.
w w important and potential
4. The most w application of human stem cells is the generation w
of cells and tissues that could be used for cell based therapies. Human stem cells
could
ete be used to test new ni drug.
te

.
.w applications of biotechnology .
23. One of
ww the ww w is “gene therapy”
ww to treat a person bornwwwth
a hereditary disease.

e What
i) et does “gene therapy”
netet mean?
i i
1. The transfer of as
daadanormal gene into a person’s
adsas cells that carries one
dador
sasmore mutant
alleles.
2. Expression of normal gene in the person results in a functional gene product
whose
t action produces a normal phenotype.
t .ai clinical gene therapy
ii) Name the hereditary i.a
saaslal disease for whichsthe ala first saala was used.
The first clinical a
w wp gene therapy was given inwp1990 by French Anderson towa. four year
p p
93
S.DURGA
t LECTURER IN ZOOLOGY
t ARUMBARTHAPURAM PUDUCHERRY([email protected])
t t e
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