June 3, 2014

Modeling and Analysis of Digital Communications Systems Using

SIMULINK

Answers to Chapters

Chapter 1 Problems
Prob 1-1 Modify the Simulink model in Figure 1-12 to produce two sinusoidal waves with the
following parameters:
frequency =1 rad/sec for both waves
amplitude =1 volt for both waves
phase =0 for one wave and π/2 for the second wave
sample time=0.01 seconds
a. Show the Simulink Model and include an information block
b. Display each wave on a separate trace in the scope and label all axes.
Hint: Find the demux block in the Simulink library

Ans:
a

Figure 1-1
b.

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Figure 1-2

Prob 1-2 Let ( ) () ( ) ( )

a. Develop a Simulink model for x(t) with an included information block. Assume a 10
sec simulation time
b. Display x(t) in a scope over the range 0 to 2 π with labels
c. Modify the Simulink model obtained in part a by overlaying a square wave that is +1
between 0 and π and -1 from π to 2π and repeats thereafter
d. Display the overlay result in a scope over the range 0 to 2 π with labels
Note that x(t) represents the first three terms of the Fourier series of the square wave.

Ans.

a.

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Figure 1-3

b.

Figure 1-4

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c.

Figure 1-5
d.

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Figure 1-6

Prob 1-3 Amplitude Modulation (AM) with a tone modulator having a unity modulation index is
expressed as ( ) ( ( )) ( )
a. Develop a Simulink model for x(t) with an included information block. Use a 10
second simulation time and Goto and From routing blocks from Signal Routing to
simplify the model.
b. Display the x(t) and cos(t) on a scope with labeled axes
c. From the Simulink library, add an AM modulation block to the simulation and form the
difference between x(t) and the output of the AM library block
d. Display x(t), cos(t), the AM library output and the difference on a scope with four
traces. Insert x axis title on bottom trace only, don’t label y-axis but ad a title to each
plot

Ans.

a.

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Figure 1-7

b.

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Figure 1-8

c.

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Figure 1-9

d.

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Figure 1-10

Prob 1-4 Develop a Simulink model with a sine wave input that feeds both a DSB AM block and
a quantizer followed by a DSB AM block. Assume a 2 second simulation and sine wave block
parameters as follows:
Sine wave amplitude=2, Frequency=20π rad/sec, Sample time=0.001 sec.
For the DSB AM block assume the parameters are:
input signal offset=1, carrier frequency=100, initial phase =0
a. Show the model with an included information block
b. Assume the quantization interval =0.5 and display the following signals in a scope
with 4 traces:
sine wave output, DSB AM output, quantizer/DSB AM output, difference between
the DSB AM output, and quantizer/DSB AM output
Provide titles for each trace and label only the x-axis
c. Repeat part a with a quantization interval =0.05

Ans.

a.

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Figure 1-11

b.

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Figure 1-12

c.

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Figure 1-13

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Chapter 2 Problems

Prob 2-1 Find the average power of a sinusoid with the following parameters:
frequency =1 rad/sec
amplitude =0.5 volts
sample time=0.01 seconds
a. Show the Simulink Model using the running Variance block and include an
information block. Assume a 100 second simulation time.
b. Display the output in the scope and label all axes
c. Show the results in a Display block and compare to the theoretical value.

Ans.
a.

Figure 2-1
b.

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Figure 2-2

c If ( ) ( ), then the average power is . For A=0.5 the average power is 1/8

Prob 2-2 In the Simulink model in Figure 2-1 enter the vector [1 4] for amplitude and
[2*pi 20*pi] for frequency. Use a 0.001 second sample time and a simulation time of 2 seconds.
a. Display the results in the scope
b. Show the Simulink model with the simulated average powers and compare the result
to the theoretical powers.
c. Develop a model that allows each sinusoid to be displayed separately and label all
axes in the scope output

Ans:

a. The two sinusoids have frequencies 1 and 10 Hz as seen in Figure 2-3

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Figure 2-3

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Figure 2-4

b. The power of green sinusoid is displayed as =0.5 and the power of the blue sinusoid
is =8 watts

c. Figure 2-5 separates the two signals by use of the demux block in the Simulink model
and Figure 2-6 displays the results

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Figure 2-5

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Figure 2-6

Prob 2-3 Develop a sample-based Simulink model for a sine block connected to a scope by:
1) Selecting the sine block from the Simulink section of the Simulink library
2) Selecting the sine block from the DSP sources in the Simulink library

Assume the phase is zero, the sample time is 0.05 seconds and the frequency is 1 Hz.
a. Compute the power for both signals
b. Plot the scope output and compare the results
Ans:

The sine block parameters are seen in Figure 2-7

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Figure 2-7

The DSP sine block parameters are shown in Figure 2-8

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Figure 2-8

The Simulink model is shown in Figure 2-9

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Figure 2-9
a. The power observed from the running variance computation is 0.5 watts in both
cases
b. The time plots in Figure 2-10 display the same result for both sine blocks. Note that
the DSP block can generate complex signals

Figure 2-10 (Top figure: Simulink sine; bottom figure: DSP sine)

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The top figure is from the sine block in the Simulink section of the library and the bottom figure
is from the sine block in the DSP library. The results are the same in both cases

Prob 2-4 Find the average power in the square of a sine wave. Assume the following parameters:
frequency =2π rad/sec
amplitude =1 volt
sample time=0.01 seconds
a. Show the Simulink Model with an information block. For a 10 second
simulation time compute the power of the squared sine wave using the
running Variance and running RMS blocks and show the results in Display
blocks
b. Display the output in the scope and label all axes
c. Repeat Part a. using 100 second simulation
d. Compare the results in Parts a. and c. with theoretical values
Ans;

a.

Figure 2-11

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b.

a. Figure 2-12
c.

Figure 2-13
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d. Represent the output of the sine squared block as ( ) ( ) The theoretical

average power is obtained from computing the average of () ( ). Using the
identity ( ) ( ( )), it is seen that
() ( ) ( ) with an average power =3/8 or 0.375.
Note that the square output of the running RMS block for the 100 second simulation time
is 0.375 and due to the longer simulation time is closer to the theoretical value than the
value obtained from the 10 second simulation. The running Variance block removes the
DC component. With the DC component removed, the peak is 0.5 and the average power
is then , a number that is the 0.125 simulated value.

Prob 2-5 In the Simulink model in Figure 2-1 insert an AWGN block at the output of the sine
block and change the sample time to 0.01 seconds. Modify the scope to display the sine output
and the output of the AWGN block
a. Display the revised Simulink model. Plot the results assuming the SNR=0 dB in the
AWGN block and report the signal power from the output of the AWGN block
b. Change the run time to 100 seconds and report the results of the signal power from the
output of the AWGN block and explain the difference from Part a. above
c. Change the SNR in the AWGN block to be 10 dB. Explain the resulting change in the
power from the output of the AWGN block
Ans.
a. Figure 2-14 displays the revised Simulink model with the AWGN block and Figure 2-15
plots the scope output

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Figure 2-14

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Figure 2-15

The average power is 0.9177 and should be one since the signal power=0.5 and the noise power
is the same as the signal power.

b. Increasing the run time to 100 seconds allows a better estimate of the power to be
determined. In this case the power is 1.002 and is roughly the same as the power that is
expected with 0 dB SNR
c. Changing the SNR to 10 dB produces an estimated power that is 0.5508. The power of
the signal is 0.5; with SNR=10 dB the noise power is 0.5/10 =0.05. The sum of the
signal and noise powers is then 0.55

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Prob 2-6 The autocorrelation of ( ) ( ) is known to be ( ) ( ).

Assume A=1 and =100 Hz. Using the Simulink blocks |FFT|2 ,IFFT and the Sine Wave block
and associated parameters from Figure 2-10, develop a Simulink model to determine the
autocorrelation and compare the result with the theoretical expression

Ans:

Figure 2-16 displays the Simulink model

Figure 2-16

The parameters in the Sine Wave block are as shown in Figure 2-17

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Figure 2-17

The imaginary part associated with the sine3 scope is seen to be very small as seen in
Figure 2-18

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Figure 2-18

The real part associated with sine scope1 is shown in Figure 2-19 once it is edited to modify the
x-axis scale. The simulated results are in good agreement with the theoretical expression. Note
that in this simulation the buffer overlap was set to zero. A nonzero overlap distorts the
simulated result.

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Figure 2-19

Problem 2-7 Modify the Simulink model in Figure 2-10 as follows:

a. Insert a 256 buffer overlap while retaining the 2048 FFT length. Compute the spectrum
magnitude
b. With no buffer overlap reduce the FFT length to 256. Compute the spectrum magnitude
and the power spectrum magnitude using the spectrum analyzer

Ans

a. See Figure 2-20

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Figure 2-20

Note that a bias is introduced in this spectrum where the peak is about the same as the case with
no buffer overlap but the frequencies are displaced from +/-100 Hz

b. See Figure 2-21 and Figure 2-22

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Figure 2-21

In this figure the sidelobes are higher than those in Figure 2-11

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Figure 2-22

This figure has higher sidelobes than Figure 2-12 with a peak that is closer to the -6 dBW
theoretical value.

Prob 2-8 Develop a Simulink model to determine the power spectrum of a vector of 4 sinusoids
with all having a unity amplitude and orthogonal frequencies 100,200,300 and 400. Use the DSP
sine wave block as a source and compute the spectrum using an average of 10.

Ans

The Simulink model is shown in Figure 2-23

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Figure 2-23

The spectrum is shown in Figure 2-24

Figure 2-24

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Chapter 3 Problems

Prob 3.1 Reduce the symbol time to 0.1 seconds in the Figure 3-18 Simulink model using
Eb/No=3 dB with a simulation time =100,000 seconds.

a. Does the BER remain the same as the case with 1 second symbol duration?
b. Why does it take longer to execute with 0.1 second symbols?

Ans: a. The BER with Eb/No=3 dB is about the same

b. The simulation time is much longer since 10 times more symbols are sent

Prob 3.2 Using the symbol time as 0.1 seconds in the Figure 3-18 Simulink model increase
Eb/No=10 dB with a simulation time =100,000 seconds. Does the BER remain the same as the
case with 1 second symbol duration using Eb/No=10 dB?

Ans: a. No for Eb/No=10 dB, the symbols with a 1 second duration , there are 100,000 symbols
sent and few errors are produced; many more symbols must be sent to estimate the BER for
Eb/No=10 dB. With a 0.1 second symbol duration 1,000,000 symbols are sent thus providing a
better estimate of the BER.

Prob 3.3 Using the symbol time as 0.1 seconds in the Figure 3-18 Simulink model with
Eb/No=10 dB, select frame based simulation with 10 samples per symbol

a. Is the BER the same as the case with sample-based simulation?

b. Does the simulation take the same time to complete?
Ans: a. The BER is the same in both cases
b.The frame based simulation executes much faster

Prob 3.4 Figure 3-37 presents a simulation where the channel introduces a fixed phase offset .In
this simulation the phase offset is set to 30 degrees and the BER is sent to the work space for a
range of values between 0 and 10 dB. The BER results are plotted in Figure where the bertool is
used to compute the theoretical and simulated BER cases. The results show the degradation from
a fixed channel phase offset compared to the case where no offset exists.

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Figure 3-37 Channel Introduces Fixed Phase Offset

Figure 3-38 BPSK BER Performance with Fixed Phase Offset

Repeat this simulation where the 30 degree phase offset is introduced in the demodulator and the
channel phase offset is set to zero. Do you get the same results?

Ans: The results are the same if the same offset is used. In the channel phase offset the angle is
entered in degrees. In the BPSK demodulator the phase offset is entered in radians. If the
conversion from degrees to radians in the BPSK demodulator is not made, the results will be
very different. See the input values for the BPSK demodulator shown below.

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Prob 3.5 In Figure 3-38 a sine wave is added to filtered Gaussian noise with the following
parameters:

 Gauss noise block: zero mean, var=0.25, sample time Ts=0.01 sec, frame based with
1000 samples/frame
 Low pass filter block: Filter specs:FIR, minimum, single rate; freq specs: normalized 0
to1,fpass=0.45,fstop=0.55; magnitude specs:dB units,Astop=1,Apass=60,equiripple
 Sine wave block: amplitude=0, frequency=10 Hz, phase=0, sample time Ts=0.01 sec,
frame based with 1000 samples/frame

a. Execute the simulation using 1000 sec and observe the spectrum analyzer output:

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Figure 3-38 Filtered Sine plus Gaussian Noise Simulink Model

Spectrum Analyzer Output

Observe that the spectrum analyzer output extends from -50 to +50 Hz and explain what
sets these limits? What are the frequency limits for the lowpass filter?

b. Add a running variance block at the output of the Gaussian noise block, the output of
the sine wave block, the output of the lowpass filter and the output of the adder.
What power levels are obtained?
c. Make the following changes in the lowpass filter: fpass=0.2,fstop=0.3. What power
levels are obtained and explain what the differences are due to compared to part a
above.

Ans: Part a. The limits are determined by –fs/2 to fs/2 where fs=1/Ts=100 Hz. The fpass=0.45
and fstop=0.55 set these limits and are approximately +/-25 Hz.

Part b. The output powers are; sine wave power=0.5 watts, Gaussian noise power=0.25 watts
,lowpass filter output power=0.12 watts as a result of the filter response and the output of the
adder=0.62 watts and (0.5+0.12)

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Part c. With the modified lowpass filter parameters

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The output powers are; sine wave power=0.5 watts, Gaussian noise power=0.25 watts ,lowpass
filter output power=0.055 watts as a result of the filter response and the output of the adder=0.56
watts and (0.5+0.055). The lowpass filter response has reduced the bandwidth by about one-half
resulting in a lowpass filter power output that is about one-half the value seen in Part b.

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Chapter 4 Problems

Prob 4-1 Modify the parameters in the Simulink model shown in Figure 4-1 to reproduce the
curves in Figure 4-6.

Ans In the simulation model if the model has M in the source block, modulator block and
demodulator block, then the value of M must be entered in the Matlab command window. Also if
k is the label in the gain block, then k =log2 (M) must be entered in the Matlab command
window. Otherwise specific values of M and k must be entered each time in the blocks in the
model; for example, enter M=8 in the source block, modulator block and demodulator block and
k=3 in the gain block. To run the bertool select the mode in the AWGN block as Es/No(dB) and
enter EbNo+10*log10(k)

Prob 4-2 Using Simulink show that M=2 and M=4 produce about the same BER

Ans In the attached model run the model for b =2,4,6 and record the simulated error rate for
both M=2 and M=4; as shown in the table below.

BER results shown for b =6

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b BER, M=2 BER, M=4

2 0.03723 0.03675
4 0.01153 0.01212
6 0.00209 0.002235

Prob 4-3 Using the QAM Simulink model, determine the simulated BER for M=256 and
compare the result to the theoretical performance

Ans
BER QAM 256 Average Power
0
Blue solid line theoretical;Red dashed line simulated
10

-1
10

-2
10
BER

-3
10

-4
10

-5
10
0 5 10 15 20 25
E /N (dB)
b 0

Prob 4-4 For M=16 compute the simulated QAM BER for b in the range from 10 to 15 dB
assuming both peak and average power. What is the theoretical peak power degradation? What is
the approximate degradation obtained in the simulation?

Ans. Calculate degradation in b due to peak power with M=16 and amplitude =1.

∑( )

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= [ ( ) ( ) (√ ) ]= or 2.55 dB

1/3
√ /3

QAM BER M=16

Black markers simulated with average power
-1
Red markers simulated with peak power
10

-2
10

-3 2.55 dB approximately
10
BER

-4
10

-5
10

-6
10
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
E /N (dB)
b 0

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Prob 4-5 In the Figure 4-16 model change the method in the Saleh block to cubic polynomial
with the third order intercept point=30 dBm, AM/PM conversion=0 degrees per dB, lower input
power =10 dBm and upper input power =inf. Assume b =15 dB and the simulation
time=100,000 seconds.

a. What is the simulated BER in this case?

b. What is the scatter plot at the nonlinearity output?
c. Change the third order intercept point=35 dBm and determine the simulated BER and
the scatter plot at the nonlinearity output.

Ans: a. From the simulation the BER is 0.127 for the cubic polynomial and 0.014

b. The scatter plots are input of cubic polynomial (left) output of cubic polynomial (right)

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c.BER is now 0.079

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Chapter 5 Problems

Prob 5-1 Replace auto in the spectrum scope with RBW= 5 Hz and compare the spectrum with
Figure 5-3
Ans; The peaks of the FSK tones now show better resolution with RBW=5 Hz (4.99 Hz shown
in Figure)
0

-10

-20
dBW

-30

-40

-50

RBW: 4.99 Hz, NFFT: 334

Span: 1 kHz, CF: 0 Hz
-60
-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
Frequency (Hz)

Prob 5-2 The power out of the modulator is 1 watt. A sine wave has a power of 0.5 watts.
Explain why the power is 1 watt.
Ans: The FSK modulator output is complex where the real and imaginary parts are sinusoids and
each have 0.5 watts so that the magnitude of the complex output is 1 watt. See the Figure that
computes the power in the real and imaginary parts of the BFSK modulator output.

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Prob 5-3 Why does the real part not indicate a change in frequency from one symbol to the next
whereas the imaginary does show the change in frequency?

Ans: The FSK modulator output is expressed as

() ( ) (( )

When the symbols change from +200 Hz to -200 Hz the real part is unaffected due to the cosine
term whereas the imaginary part changes sign due to the sine term

Prob 5-4 Modify the Simulink model in Figure 5-10 and reproduce the plot for M=32.

Ans: Change M-ary number sin random intger block ,FSK modulator and FSK demodulator to
32. In the AWGN block select Es/No mode and insert EbNo+10*log10(5). Change the gain
block to 16/31. Use bertool with steps of 2 dB to obtain result in Figure 13.

Prob 5-5 Using the model in Fig 5-16, obtain a BER plot in the range b =0 to 10 dB for MSK
and compare the simulated result to the theoretical MSK BER.
Ans:

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Prob 5-6 In the Simulink model in Figure 5-15 let BT =10, change the GMSK scale to 25 and
compute the power spectrum. How does this result compare to the MSK power spectrum.

Ans

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10

-10

-20

-30
dBW

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

RBW: 1 mHz, NFFT: 6001, Span: 4 Hz, CF: 0 Hz

-90
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency (Hz)

GMSK reverts to MSK as BT approaches infinity.

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Chapter 6 Problems

Prob 6-1 In the Figure 6-16 Simulink model verify that the output of the math function block 1/u
is correct.
Ans Input of math function block has magnitude=0.7275 with an angle = -2.36 radians. Forming
the reciprocal results in a magnitude=1/0.7275=1.3745 with an angle = +2.36 radians. The real
part is then 1.3745 cos(2.36x180/pi)= -0.9757 and an imaginary part
=1.3745sin(2.36x180/pi)=0.9682

Prob 6-2 Retaining ̅̅̅ =10 dB, and the Jakes model with Doppler shift=0.01 Hz,
modify the Figure 6-16 Simulink model to use 0.1 Hz as the maximum diffuse Doppler shift
with the average second path gain X=-100 dB.
a. What is the resulting BER?
b. Repeat this computation for X=- 3dB and determine the BER.

Ans. a. BER=0.008 ; b. BER=0.082

Prob 6-3 Figure 6-16 shows that at the end of the 10,000 second simulation the magnitude of the
main multipath component is 0.7275 and the second component is 1.143. Using a modified
simulation based on the same Rician and AWGN parameter selections, show that over the 10,000
second simulation time, the main component magnitude is on average greater than the second
component magnitude. What is the magnitude of these components after 10,000 seconds in your
simulation

Ans: The blocks labeled mean are running averages in this model.

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The magnitude of the main component is 0.7275 and the second component magnitude is 0.5317

Prob 6-4 Continuing with the simulation developed in Prob 6-3 change the model to use the
second path for AGC . What is the resulting BER and explain the change?

Ans: BER=0.4415. Two issues resulted in a poor BER for this model. First the second path is
weaker than the first path; second the model is not synchronized in time to use the second path.

Prob 6-5 Prove that the null exhibited in Figure 6-13 occurs at 0.25 Hz from the peak.

Ans: The channel impulse response is ( ) () ( ) where a=1/2, D=2 seconds and
s(t) is the BPSK output. The transfer function is then ( ) ( )( ) where S(f) is
the Fourier transform of s(t). The normalized magnitude response is given by

| ( )|
| ( )|
( ) ; the null occurs at f=1/4 Hz

Prob 6-6 Using the Simulink model provided below Compute the spectrum with the parameters
RBW=0.05 Hz, trace options=100 average and frequency options=linear, 50% overlap and
rectangular window

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a. Find the frequency location of the null and explain its location
b. What is the magnitude of the normalized spectrum from Prob 6-5 at zero frequency and
explain?
c. Increase the delay to 4 seconds and determine the location of the null
Ans : The spectrum of the BPSK / channel output is shown next
-8

-9

-10

-11

-12
dBW

-13

-14

-15

-16

-17

-18 RBW: 50 mHz, NFFT: 20, Span: 1 Hz, CF: 0 Hz

-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Frequency (mHz)

a. The channel frequency response is the same as that in Prob 6-5 and the null occurs at
0.25 Hz.
b. The spectrum of the BPSK output is shown next

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-12

-12.2

-12.4

-12.6

-12.8
dBW

-13

-13.2

-13.4

-13.6

-13.8

-14
RBW: 50 mHz, NFFT: 20, Span: 1 Hz, CF: 0 Hz

-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Frequency (mHz)

At zero frequency the BPSK magnitude -12.1 dBW and the spectrum of the
BPSK/.channel output -8.9 dBW. The difference is 3.2 dB. From Prob 6-5 the magnitude
of the normalized response is 2.25 or 3.5 dB.

c. The location of the null is 0.125 Hz and is found by changing the delay to 4 seconds.

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Chapter 7 Problems

Prob 7-1 Change the BFSK tone spacing to 500 Hz and obtain the simulated BER performance
for BFSK in Rayleigh fading assuming noncoherent detection over the range 0 to 25 dB in 2 dB
steps.

a. List your model parameters.

b. How does this result compare to theoretical performance?

Ans

a. A summary of the model parameters is

Model Parameters for BFSK in Rayleigh Fading

 Binary orthogonal signals, 1 bit/symbol

 Frame-based with 1 sample/frame
 Symbol period=0.2 sec
 1000 samples/symbol
 FSK tones=+/-250 Hz with 500 Hz separation
 Simulation time=1500 sec
 Bernoulli binary seed=61
 Jakes model with Doppler shift=0.5 Hz
 Input signal power =1 watt

b. Performance shown below agrees with theory; the BER does not depend on the selected
frequency

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0
BFSK in Rayleigh fading 500Hz tone spacing
10

theoretical
-1
10
BER

simulated

-2
10

-3
10
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ave SNR (dB)

Prob 7-2 Using the model in Figure 7-1 with the model parameters used for Figure7-4, obtain the
simulated and theoretical BER performance for BFSK in Rayleigh fading assuming noncoherent
detection with a symbol time of 2 seconds. Explain the result

Ans The BER result given below shows a serious degradation in BER for the simulated case.
The problem is that the Doppler shift must be less than 1/10Ts. For this simulation with 2 second
symbol time 1/10 Ts=1/20. However the simulation was executed with a Doppler shift = 0.5Hz
which is much larger than the minimum 0.05 Hz rendering the results invalid.

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0
BFSK in Rayleigh fading symbol time=2 sec, Doppler shift=0.5 Hz
10

simulated

-1
10
theoretical
BER

-2
10

-3
10
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ave SNR (dB)

Prob 7-3 Execute the model below for binary CPFSK in AWGN

A summary of the model parameters is provided as follows

Model Parameters for CPFSK in AWGN

 1 bit/symbol,1 sample/symbol
 Sample-based
 Symbol period= 1 sec
 Modulation index =0.75
 Simulation time=1500 sec
 Random integer seed=37
 Input signal power =1 watt
 Traceback depth =16

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a. What is the BER for =6 dB?

b. For a range of values =0,2,4,6,8,10 dB obtain the simulated BER and compare it with
the theoretical BER.
c. Replace the AWGN channel with a Rayleigh channel having no multipath and a
maximum Doppler shift =0.1 Hz. For ̅̅̅ in 2 dB steps between 0 and 20 and h=0.75
compare the theoretical and simulated BER. Repeat the simulated result for h=0.7

Ans

a. BER=0.0245
b. The theoretical BER corresponds to coherent BFSK, i.e.

(√ )

0 Binary CPFSK in AWGN

10

theoretical coherent BFSK

-1
10

-2
10

h=0.75
BER

-3
10

-4
10

-5
10

-6
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Eb/N0 (dB)

c. The theoretical BER for binary coherently demodulated FSK in Rayleigh fading
(T Rappaport Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice,. Prentice Hall
1966,p286) is

[ √ ]
̅̅̅

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 June 3, 2014

BER=0.05551 for ̅̅̅= 10 dB

0
Binary CPFSK in Rayleigh Fading
10

h=0.7
h=0.75
-1
10
BER

-2
10

Theoretical coherent BFSK

-3
10
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ave SNR (dB)

Prob 7-4 For K=3 and ̅̅̅=10 dB compute the theoretical BER for BFSK in Rician fading with
noncoherent detection. And discuss how it compares to the simulated BER

Ans
̅̅̅̅
( ) ( )
̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅

This result compares favorably to the simulated result of 0.037 obtained with 100 errors

Prob 7-5 Compute the simulated and theoretical BER performance for BFSK in Rician fading for
K=1,3 and 10 with no multipath and a maximum diffuse Doppler shift=0.5 Hz. Assume ̅̅̅ has 2
dB steps ; for K=1 let maximum value of ̅̅̅ =30, for K=3 maximum value of ̅̅̅ =26 and for
K=10 maximum value of ̅̅̅ =16.

Ans.

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0
BFSK in Rician fading (solid =theoretical,markers=simulated)
10

-1
theoretical Rayleigh fading
10

K=1
-2
10
BER

-3
10

K=10 K=3
-4
10

-5
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Ave SNR (dB)

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Chapter 8 Problems

Prob 8-1 a. Find the theoretical BER for the parameters used in Figurer 8-1

b. Using the high SNR approximation find the theoretical BER for the parameters used
in Figurer 8-4 and compare to the simulated result
c. Compute the theoretical result in item b above for ̅̅̅=20 dB using the high SNR
assumption

Ans.a. For high SNR ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ̅̅̅̅)

With ̅̅̅=18 dB
̅̅̅ ̅̅̅

( )

b.For high SNR ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

̅̅̅

The simulated result is 2 x10-5 ; the difference results from the approximation where
the SNR is not high enough. In this case the more accurate formula in Appendix A is
needed

c. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
̅̅̅

Prob 8-2 Using the relationships in Appendix B

a. Find the BER for ̅̅̅ =10 dB and L=1

b. Find the BER for ̅̅̅ =10 dB and L=2

Ans a. =0.018 for ̅̅̅ =10 dB and L=1

b. =0.0083 for ̅̅̅ =10 dB and L=2

Prob 8-3 Modify the Simulink model in Figure 8-7 to simulate BER results using
maximum Doppler shift values =0.1 Hz and 0.001 Hz for the same range in ̅̅̅ as Figure 8-8 ;
include the theoretical results for diversity 4 and the maximum Doppler shift =0.01 Hz
Ans:

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0
16QAM Rayleigh Fading 2x2 Alamouti STBC
10

-1 Doppler=0.1Hz
10

-2 Theoretical
10

Doppler=0.001Hz Doppler=0.01Hz
BER

-3
10

-4
10

-5
10

-6
10
0 5 10 15 20 25
E /N (dB)
b 0

Prob 8-4 Modify the Simulink model in Figure 8-7 to use 2 transmit antennas and 1 receive
antenna with the following model parameters:

Model Parameters for 16QAM in Rayleigh Fading with STBC

 Sample time = symbol time=1 sec

 Frame-based, 2 samples/frame
 Simulation time=stop with 100 errors
 Random integer seed=22
 Jakes model with Doppler shift=0.01Hz Input signal power
=2 watts
 Alamouti code 2 trans,1 rcv antennas (diversity=2)

a. Display the Simulink model and the channel model

b. Find the BER and compare the result to theoretical performance for an average
SNR=0 to 21 dB

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c. Repeat part b. with Doppler shift = 0.001 Hz and find the BER

Ans

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0
Rayleigh Fading Alamouti Code 2 trans & 1 rcv antenna
10

-1 Theoretical Rayleigh fading 16 QAM

10

-2 simulated 16 QAM Doppler =0.01 Hz

10
BER

-3 simulated 16 QAM Doppler =0.001 Hz

10

-4
10

-5
10
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ave SNR(dB)

Chapter 9 Problems

Prob 9-1 a.Find the simulated BER for a BCH(15,11) code with BPSK in AWGN for 6 dB.
b Compare the simulated and theoretical result with uncoded BPSK in AWGN
c. What is the minimum distance of the code?
d. What is the theoretical upper bound?
Ans

a. For 6 dB simulated BCH(15,11) BPSK BER =1.18 x10-3 (simulation time =1,000,000 sec);
b. Simulated BPSK BER(uncoded)= 2.37 x10-3 ; theoretical BER, (√ )= 2.4 x10-3
c. n=24 -1 => m=4; n-k< 4t => t=1 and dmin =3
d. ∑ ( )( ) ( ) with (√ ).

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(√ =7.8 x10-3 and with n=15,t=1 1.22 x10-3

Prob 9-2 a. Select the binary linear encoder and decoder from the Communications System
Toolbox and construct a Simulink model for the Hamming(7,4) code with BPSK. Use the
Hamming code generator matrix [Beye(4)] with B=[110;011;111;101].Use the same model
parameters as those in the Figure 9-6 Simulink model. Find the BER for =7 dB and compare
the result to the value obtained in the Figure 9-6 Simulink model.
Ans

>> B=[1 1 0;0 1 1;1 1 1;1 0 1]

B=

1 1 0
0 1 1
1 1 1
1 0 1

The 4x7 generator matrix for the encoder is

>> G=[B eye(4)]

G=

1 1 0 1 0 0 0

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0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1
The simulated BER for =7 dB is 6.4x10-4 and is identical to the simulated BER obtained in the
Figure 9-6 Simulink model

Prob 9-3 Sklar1 has provided an approximate BER for a Golay(24,12) given by

∑ ( ) ( )

Compare the BER with the above formula with the BER presented in Section 9.1 for =6 dB

Ans.
Both the above formula and the upper bound from Section 9.1 give BER=6.09x10 -4

Prob 9-4 Develop a Simulink model for RS(63,57) with 64QAM in AWGN

a. Compare the simulated performance of the RS(63,57) 64 QAM case with uncoded 64
QAM with =14 dB
b. For this code what is the minimum distance and number of correctable errors?
c. Estimate the theoretical BER

Ans
a. BER=3.9x10-4 with =14 dB

1
B Sklar Digital Communications, second ed, Prentice Hall, 2001, p 370

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b. dmin =7, t=3

c. Approximate theoretical BER=3x10-4 with =14 dB

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Chapter 10 Problems

Prob 10-1 This problem estimates BER results with and without interleaving. Develop a
Simulink model with Rayleigh fading for BCH(31,16) BPSK with a maximum Doppler=0.1 Hz

a. Identify the model parameters and display the Simulink model

b. Simulate the BER with no interleaving using steps of 1 dB between 0-21 dB
c. Simulate the BER with a 31x31 interleaver using steps of 1 dB between 0-17 dB
d. Compare the results with theoretical uncoded BPSK
Ans

a. The model parameters are listed as follows:

Model Parameters for BCH(31,16) BPSK in Rayleigh Fading

with Interleaving

• BPSK antipodal signals =+1 and -1 (M=2)

• Symbol period =16/31 sec
• Sample time=1 sec
• Frame-based with 16 samples/frame
• Interleaver 31x31
• Simulation time=stop with 200 errors
• Random integer seed=22
• Input signal power = 1 watt
• Es/No=Eb/No+10log(16/31)
• Maximum Doppler shift=0.1 Hz Jakes
• Computation delay= Receive delay =512 sec
• Interleaver (31x31)

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b-d..

0
Rayleigh Fading (0.1 Hz) BPSK
10

-1
10

-2
Theoretical uncoded BPSK
10
BER

-3
10

Simulated BCH(31,16) Simulated

with Interleaver 31x31 BCH(31,16)
-4 no interleaver
10

-5
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
E /N ave (dB)
b 0

Prob 10-2 Develop and display a Simulink model with Rayleigh fading for Hamming(7,4) BPSK
with an general block interleaver [7:-1:1].'
a. Simulate the BER every dB between 0-22 dB with maximum Doppler shifts =0.01 Hz
and 0.1 Hz and compare the BER with theoretical uncoded BPSK
b. Identify the model parameters in a. above
c. Simulate the BER every dB between 0-12 dB with Hamming(7,4) coding and BPSK
assuming a maximum Doppler shifts =0.1 Hz and Alamouti 2x2 STBC; compare with
theoretical uncoded BPSK for diversity=4.
d. Identify the model parameters in c. above

Ans

a. Simulink Model for Hamming(7,4) BPSK in Rayleigh Fading; BER Performance of

BPSK in Rayleigh Fading with a Hamming(7,4) Block Code

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0
Hamming (7,4) BPSK Interleaver [7:-1:1].' Rayleigh Fading
10

-1
10

0.01 Hz
BER

-2
10

0.1 Hz

-3
10

Theoretical uncoded BPSK

-4
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
E /N ave(dB)
b 0

b. Model parameters are listed as follows

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 June 3, 2014

Model Parameters for Hamming(7,4) BPSK in Rayleigh Fading

• BPSK antipodal signals =+1 and -1 (M=2)

• Symbol period =4/7 sec
• Sample time=1 sec
• Frame-based with 4 samples/frame
• Simulation time=stop with 100 errors
• Input signal power = 1 watt
• Es/No=Eb/No+10log(4/7)
• Maximum Doppler shift=0.01 Hz & 0.1 Hz
• Interleaver [7:-1:1].'
• Computation delay= Receive delay =0

c. Simulink Model for Hamming(7,4) BPSK in Rayleigh Fading with Alamouti 2x2; BER
Performance of BPSK in Rayleigh Fading with Hamming(7,4) code and STBC 2x2

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 June 3, 2014

0
BPSK Rayleigh Fading
10

Hamming(7,4 BPSK
Rayleigh fading (0.1 Hz)
-1
10 Interleaver [7:-1:1].'
Alamouti 2x2
BER

-2
10

Theoretical uncoded BPSK

Diversity=4
-3
10

-4
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

E /N ave(dB)
b 0

d. Model parameters are listed as follows

Model Parameters for Hamming(7,4) BPSK in Rayleigh Fading

• BPSK antipodal signals =+1 and -1 (M=2)

• Symbol period =4/7 sec
• Sample time=1 sec
• Frame-based with 4 samples/frame
• Simulation time=stop with 100 errors
• STBC 2x2 Alamouti
• Es/No=Eb/No+10log(4/7)
72
• Maximum Doppler shift=0.1 Hz
• Computation delay= Receive delay= 12
 June 3, 2014

Chapter 11 Problems

Problem 11.1
In the Simulink model in Figure 11.4 for the convolutional code with K=7 and soft decisions
change the traceback depth from 48 to 32 and 10 and determine BER for Eb/No in the range
from 0 to 4 dB with 100 errors for all three cases.

Ans

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Problem 11.2 Find the simulated BER for the convolutional code K=9 with feedback taps [561
753] for Eb/No in the range from 0 to 5 dB. Assume AWGN with coherent BPSK, the traceback
depth =56 and hard decisions. List the Simulink model parameters and determine the upper
bound from the bertool.

Ans

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Simulink model parameters are listed as follows

Model Parameters for rate ½ ,K=9 convolutional code BPSK in AWGN

• BPSK antipodal signals =+1 and -1 (M=2)

• Feedback taps [561 753]
• Symbol period =0.5 sec
• Frame-based with 100 samples/frame
• Sample time=1 sec
• Simulation time=stop with 100 errors
• Bernoulli binary probability of zero=0.5
• Input signal power = 1 watt
• Computation delay= Receive delay=traceback depth=48
• Es/No=Eb/No-10log(2)
• AWGN with b =5 dB, hard decisions =>
• simulated BER for rate ½ convolutional code/BPSK=1.2x10 -4
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Problem 11.3 Using the Simulink model in Figure 11-9 for soft decisions and the associated
Simulink model parameters obtain the BER in Rayleigh fading with a stop criterion of both 100
and 200 errors for Eb/No values between 0 and 12 dB in 1 dB steps. List the Simulink model
parameters.

Ans

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 June 3, 2014

Simulink model parameters are listed as follows

Model Parameters for rate ½ ,K=7 convolutional code BPSK in Rayleigh Fading & AWGN
(3 bit soft decisions)
• BPSK antipodal signals =+1 and -1 (M=2)
• Feedback taps [171 133 ]
• Symbol period =0.5 sec
• Frame-based with 98 samples/frame
• Bernoulli binary probability of zero=0.5
• Input signal power = 1 watt
• Delay for error rate computation = computation delay= 48 sec
• Jakes with Maximum Doppler shift =0.1 Hz
• Interleaver 14x14
• Receive delay=0
• Traceback depth=48
• Es/No=Eb/No-10log(2)
• [-3:3]*1.9 quantizer boundary points with output unit8
• Stop with 100 errors
• Stop with 200 errors

Problem 11.4 Using the Simulink model in Figure 11-9 for soft decisions and the associated
Simulink model parameters obtain the BER in Rayleigh fading with a stop criterion of 200
errors for Eb/No values between 0 and 12 dB in 1 dB steps with both 0.1 and 0.01 maximum
Doppler shift. List the Simulink model parameters.

Ans

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 June 3, 2014

Simulink model parameters are listed as follows

Model Parameters for rate ½ ,K=7 convolutional code BPSK in Rayleigh Fading & AWGN
(3 bit soft decisions)
• BPSK antipodal signals =+1 and -1 (M=2)
• Feedback taps [171 133 ]
• Symbol period =0.5 sec
• Frame-based with 98 samples/frame
• Simulation time=stop with 200 errors
• Bernoulli binary probability of zero=0.5
• Input signal power = 1 watt
• Delay for error rate computation = computation delay= 48 sec
• Jakes
• Interleaver 14x14
• Receive delay=0
• Traceback depth=48
• Es/No=Eb/No-10log(2)
• [-3:3]*1.9 quantizer boundary points with output unit8
• Maximum Doppler shift =0.1 Hz
• Maximum Doppler shift =0.01 Hz

Problem 11.5 Modify the Simulink models in Figures 11-8 and 11-9 to incorporate 28x28
interleaving. Obtain the BER for hard and soft decisions in Rayleigh fading and compare the
results with 14x14 interleaving. Display the Simulink models for hard and soft decisions. List the
Simulink model parameters.

Ans

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The Simulink model parameters for the hard decision Simulink model are listed as follows
Model Parameters for rate ½ ,K=7 convolutional code BPSK in Rayleigh Fading & AWGN
(hard decisions)
• BPSK antipodal signals =+1 and -1 (M=2)
• Feedback taps [171 133 ]
• Symbol period =0.5 sec
• Frame-based with 392 samples/frame
• Simulation time=stop with 200 errors
• Bernoulli binary probability of zero=0.5
• Input signal power = 1 watt
• Delay for error rate computation = computation delay= 48 sec
• Jakes with Maximum Doppler shift =0.1 Hz
• Interleaver 28x28
• Receive delay=0
• Traceback depth=48
• Es/No=Eb/No+10log(1/2)

The Simulink model parameters for soft decisions are listed as follows
Model Parameters for rate ½ ,K=7 convolutional code BPSK in Rayleigh Fading & AWGN
(3 bit soft decisions)
• BPSK antipodal signals =+1 and -1 (M=2)
• Feedback taps [171 133 ]
• Symbol period =0.5 sec
• Frame-based with 392 samples/frame
• Simulation time=stop with 200 errors
• Bernoulli binary probability of zero=0.5
• Input signal power = 1 watt
• BPSK soft demod noise variance= 1/(10^((EbNo-10*log10(2))/10))
• Delay for error rate computation = computation delay= 48 sec
• Jakes with Maximum Doppler shift =0.1 Hz
• Interleaver 28x28
• Receive delay=0
• Traceback depth=48
• Es/No=Eb/No-10log(2)
• [-3:3]*1.9 quantizer boundary points with output unit8

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Problem 11.6 Using the Simulink model in Figure11-9 for soft decisions and the associated
Simulink model parameters obtain the BER with a stop criterion of 200 errors for Eb/No values
between 0 and 10 dB in 1 dB steps where the Rayleigh fading channel is replaced with a Rician
channel using the Rician parameters listed below. Show the model and plot the BER for both the
Rayleigh and Rice cases.

Ans

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 June 3, 2014

Problem 11-7 Replace the Simulink models in Figures 11-12 and 11-13 with Alamouti STBC
2x1. Compute the BER for this case and compare the results with STBC 2x2. List the Simulink
model parameters and display the hard and soft decision models including the STBC 2x1 model

Ans

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 June 3, 2014

Simulink model parameters are listed as follows

Model Parameters for rate ½ ,K=7 convolutional code BPSK in Rayleigh Fading & AWGN and
Alamouti STBC 2x1
• BPSK antipodal signals =+1 and -1 (M=2)
• Feedback taps [171 133 ]
• Symbol period =0.5 sec
• Frame-based with 98 samples/frame
• Simulation time=stop with 200 errors
• Bernoulli binary probability of zero=0.5
• Input signal power = 2 watt
• Delay for error rate computation = computation delay= 48 sec
• Jakes with Maximum Doppler shift =0.1 Hz
• Interleaver 14x14
• Receive delay=0
• Traceback depth=48
• EbNo- 10*log10(2)+10*log10(1/2)
• BPSK soft demod noise variance=1/(10^((EbNo+10*log10(1/2))/10))
• [-3:3]*1.9 quantizer boundary points with output unit8
• 3 bit soft decisions

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Chapter 12 Problems

Problem 12-1 Change the scale factor in the Simulink model from 0.01 to a) 0.1 and b) 0.001.
Plot the error magnitude and the real part of the center tap coefficient as a function of time and
compare the results to the case with the 0.01 scale factor

Ans

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 June 3, 2014

Faster convergence with 0.1 scale factor compared to 0.1 scale factor and slower
convergence with 0.001 scale factor compared to 0.1 scale factor

Faster convergence with 0.1 scale factor compared to 0.1 scale factor and slower
convergence with 0.001 scale factor compared to 0.1 scale factor. Accuracy of
coefficient value is reduced with faster scale factor.

Problem 12-2 Modify the Simulink model in Figures 12-4 - 12-6 to use a two tap
adaptive LMS equalizer with p=0 for synchronization and coefficients c o and c1

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a. Display the Simulink model as in Figure 12-4a with Eb/No =10 dB

b. Identify the normal equations in matrix form for this case
c. Compute the ideal equalizer coefficients
d. Display the magnitude of the error and the real part of the two equalizer
coefficients versus time for a simulation of 10,000 sec
e. Using bertool plot the BER with and without the equalizer along with the
theoretical result with no multipath

Ans

Using ( ) , the moments are now computed as follows:

{ } { [ ( ) ]}

{ }

In matrix form with p=0 the above expressions become

[ ][ ] [ ]

Letting a=0.5 the coefficients can be computed, i.e.,

[ ] [ ]

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Magnitude of the error

Real part of c1

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Real part of c0

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Problem 12-3 Modify the Simulink model in Figure 12-24 to implement a channel with
multipath gains (1 0.5). Using the bertool obtain the BER for the linear LMS and decision
feedback equalizers and compare the results to the channel with no multipath

Ans

Problem 12.4 Construct a Simulink model to compare the performance of the RLS decision
feedback equalizer from the Simulink library with the linear RLS equalizer assuming BPSK
modulation over a two path multipath channel with multipath gains=[0 -3] dB and delay
vector=[0 1] sec.

Assume that the RLS decision feedback equalizer has 8 feed forward and 8 feedback taps with a
0.9 forgetting factor. Assume that the linear RLS equalizer has 8 taps with 0.8 forgetting factor .
Use 10 samples/frame, 1 second symbol time,1 sample/sec

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 June 3, 2014

a. Execute the Simulink model for 10,000 sec with Eb/No=15 dB and display the model
b. List the Simulink model parameters
c. Plot the source output, the RLS linear equalized BPSK demodulator output and the RLS decision
feedback equalized BPSK demodulator output to demonstrate that proper synchronization has
been achieved
d. Plot the theoretical BPSK BER with no multipath, the BER from the BPSK demodulator output
with linear RLS equalization and the BER from the BPSK demodulator output with decision
feedback RLS equalization. Assume 2 dB steps and use a range of Eb/No values between 0 and
24 dB.

Ans

Eb/No=15 dB

The Simulink model parameters for this example are listed as follows:

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 June 3, 2014

Model Parameters for Linear RLS and Decision Feedback RLS Equalizers
Rayleigh fading Two path channel ;delay vector=[0 1] sec; multipath gains=[0 -3] dB

BPSK antipodal signals =+1 and -1 (M=2)

 Symbol period =sample time=1 sec
• Frame-based with 10 samples/frame
• Simulation time=10,000 sec
• Input signal power = 1 watt
• Rayleigh channel maximum Doppler shift=0.001 Hz
• Signal constellation for both equalizers=(-1 1)
• 8 tap RLS equalizer:
• RLS decision feedback equalizer (8 forward and 8 feedback taps)
• For both equalizers synchronize received signal to tap 4 (reference tap)
• Number of sample/symbol =1
• Linear RLS forgetting factor=0.8
• Linear RLS inverse correlation matrix=0.1*eye(8)
• RLS decision feedback equalizer forgetting factor=0.9
• RLS decision feedback equalizer inverse correlation matrix=0.1*eye(16)
• Initial weights for both equalizers =0
• Receive delay=0; computation delay =0
• Ideal equalizer training
• Eb/No=15 dB

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Stop with 200 errors

97