Chemistry: Form Ls8.

1A Name ______________________________

SOLUTIONS Date _________________ Period _____

Solutions: An Introduction
Aim
• To explain why substances dissolve

Notes
Definition: Solution = homogeneous mixture p Pressure
n Nature of mixtures o solids and liquids - no effect
q consists of two or more kinds of matter o gases: Henry’s Law - mass of a dissolved gas
q each substance in a mixture retains its own properties in a liquid is directly proportional to the
p sugar and water - sweet and wet pressure of the gas
p brine (salt water) - salty liquid q Rate of solution
q the composition is variable (not constant) Affect on Gaseous
q can be separated by physical means Factor Affect on Solid Solute
Solute
n Distinguishing solutions from mechanical mixtures
q properties of solutions reducing particle size by
p homogeneous mixtures – composed of two or more Particle Size crushing increases the rate not applicable
substances and have variable composition BUT the by increasing surface area
particles are distributed evenly throughout each
other SO the composition is uniform increases the rate by decreases the rate by
m the solution appears to be one substance exposing fresh solvent to increasing kinetic
Stirring
solute and increasing energy, thereby reducing
p consist of a solute dissolved in a solvent kinetic energy solubility
q solute - substance that IS dissolved by another
q solvent as the amount of dissolved as the amount of
p substance that dissolves another Amount of solute increases, the rate dissolved solute
p continuous phase - salt dissolved in water appears dissolved solute decreases increases, the rate
to be a liquid decreases
Solubility - ability to dissolve in water
n Factors that affect solubility as the temperature as the temperature
Temperature increases, the rate increases, the rate
q Degree of solubility (how much dissolves)
increases decreases
p nature of solute and solvent
o in order for a solvent to dissolve a solute, it
must exert forces of attraction on the solute n Saturation (see Table G)
m polar solvents such as water dissolve polar q Saturated solution - solution that cannot dissolve any
and ionic solutes because they exert more solute at a given temperature
mutual attractions that cause their particles p added solute will NOT dissolve
to intermingle q Unsaturated solution - solution that can dissolve more
m nonpolar solvents such as benzene do solute at a given temperature
NOT dissolve polar and ionic substances p added solute will dissolve
because they exert no forces of attraction o Supersaturated solution - solution that holds
that would cause the particles to separate more solute than it can dissolve at a given
so they can intermingle temperature
i oil and water do NOT mix p produced by dissolving solute at a high temperature
m nonpolar substances such as fat dissolve in and allowing it to cool slowly
nonpolar solvents such as benzene because o addition of solute causes precipitation of the
the forces of attraction are too weak to excess
prevent the particles from freely n Concentration - the amount of solute compared to solvent
intermingling p Qualitative descriptions
o like dissolves like (See Table F - Table of o concentrated - large amount of solute compared
Solubilities in Water) to the amount of solvent
p Temperature (See Table G - Solubility Curves) m example - concentrated orange juice
o solubility of solid solutes generally increases as o dilute - small amount of solute compared to the
temperature increases amount of solvent
o solubility of gaseous solutes generally m example - weak coffee
decreases as temperature increases
Chemistry: Form N8.1A Solutions: An Introduction
SOLUTIONS Page 2

Answer the questions below by circling the number of the correct response

1. A reason why many salts dissociate in water is that water 12. A saturated solution of which salt would be the most concentrated
1. consists of polar molecules, 2. contains ionic bonds, 3. has a at 30oC? (see solubility chart) 1. NaCl, 2. NaClO3, 3. KCl,
linear structure, 4. does not ionize 4. KClO3

2. Ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas are very soluble in water, 13. Which saturated solution would be most dilute at 0oC?
which answer best explains the reason for this? 1. water is a good 1. KI 3. NaClO3
solvent for gases. 2. NH3, HCl, and H2O molecules are polar. 3. 2. NaNO3 4. KClO3
NH3, and HCl molecules are very compact. 4. NH3, HCl, and H2O
molecules are electrically symmetrical. 14. Which compound is most soluble in water?(see solubility chart)
1. silver acetate 3. lead nitrate
3. The attraction of water molecules to ions of a solute is 2. silver chloride 4. silver sulfate
1. hydration, 2. dispersion, 3. ionization, 4. crystallization

4. When an ionic solid dissolves in water, which of the following 15. As the temperature increases from 30oC to 40oC, the solubility of
occurs? 1. ionization of molecules 2. hydration of molecules potassium nitrate in 100 g of water increases by approximately (see
3. dissociation of ions 4. formation of ionic bonds with water solubility chart)
1. 5 grams 3. 15 grams
5. A reason why many ionic salts dissociate in water is that water 2. 10 grams 4. 20 grams
1. consists of polar molecules 3. contains ionic bonds
2. has a linear structure 4. does not ionize 16. Which compound is least soluble in 100 grams of water at
10oC?(see solubility chart)
6. A solution which contains less solute than should normally dissolve 1. KNO3 3. NaCl
is 1. concentrated, 2. unsaturated, 3. saturated, 2. KI 4. KClO3
4. supersaturated
17. A small crystal of the slightly soluble salt calcium sulfate dissolves
7. To a solution of NH4Cl, a crystal of NH4Cl is added. The crystal in a solution of calcium sulfate. The original solution must have
falls to the bottom and more solid comes out of the solution. This been 1. dilute and saturated, 2. concentrated and saturated,
indicates the original solution was 1. unsaturated, 3. dilute and unsaturated, 4. concentrated and unsaturated
2. supersaturated, 3. saturated, 4. concentrated
18. As the temperature increases and the pressure remains constant,
the solubility of a gas in a solution 1. decreases, 2. remains the
8. A solution in which no more solute can still be added and dissolve is same, 3. increases, 4. varies directly
1. supersaturated 3. unsaturated
2. saturated 4. concentrated 19. As the pressure on a gas increases, temperature remaining
constant its solubility in water 1. decreases, 2. remains the same,
9. To a solution of NaCl, a crystal of NaCl is added and the crystal 3. increases, 4. varies inversely
dissolves. The solution must have been 1. supersaturated,
2. saturated, 3. concentrated, 4. unsaturated 20. Which silver compound is most soluble in water? (see solubility
chart) 1. AgCl, 2. AgI, 3. Ag2SO4, 4. AgNO3
10. A solution which contains a maximum amount of solute that can be
dissolved under the existing conditions is 1. saturated, 21. How many grams of KCl are required to saturate 1000 grams of
2. unsaturated, 3. dilute, 4. supersaturated H2O at 80oC?(see solubility chart) 1. 390, 2. 500, 2. 800, 4. 1000

11. Crystals of NaCl, when added to a solution of this salt that is in

equilibrium with excess sodium chloride, will 1. dissolve in the
solution, 2. cause additional sodium chloride crystals to separate
from the solution, 3. form a supersaturated solution, 4. cause no
change in the concentration of the solution

© Evan P. Silberstein, 2003