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Power
System
IRh- P1- volume 1

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Index

Topic Math range Page range

Power Station 1-24 4-11

Power Factor Improvement 25-28 13-16

Industrial Billing 29-32 18-19

Supply system 33-39 21-30

Ferranti effect 40-41 32-33

Per unit system 42-45 35-38

Zero sequence network 46-47 39-42

Symmetrical component of Fault 48-58 44-50

Fault (Symmetrical & Unsymmetrical) 59-120 52-85

YBUS, ZBUS 121-129 87-95

Fault with BUS matrix 130-134 97-100

Protection & Circuit Breaker 134-147 102-110

Transmission Line 148-164 112-119

Sag 164-171 121-123

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𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Load Factor =
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Plant capacity Factor =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
Demand Factor =
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
Diversity Factor =
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
Utilization Factor =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

Unit Generated/year = Unit consumed/year = Average Load * time

Reserve Capacity = Plant capacity – Max demand

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1.

Ans: 3504*10^6 KWh

2.

Ans: 46.5%, 35.1%

3.

Ans: 20.8%

4.

Ans: 5 MW, 500 MWh/day

5.

Ans: 1.12, 20.5%

6.

Ans: 3750 KW

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7.

Ans: 10 MW; ( 2.25, 2.444 , 12.5 ) MW

8.

Ans: (4.33, 2.057, 7) KW; 10.3 KW

9.

Ans: 70 MW, 12*10^5 KWh, 50 MW, 71.4%

10.

Ans: 1.286, 4.6 MWh, 54.8%

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11.

Ans: (800, 1000, 1200) W; (45.8%, 16.7%, 13.8%); 1.25; 29.1%

12.

Ans: 25 MW, 48%, 105.12*10^6 KWh, 60%, 80%

13.

Ans : 20 MW, 105.12*10^6 KWh, 24 MW

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14. (EGCB-2017)
The daily base load in a system is 3500 MW. The load changes to 4000 MW at 6
PM only and persists till 11 PM. Find the load Factor?

Ans : 90.104%

15. (PGCB-2018)
Determine the load Factor and peak demand of a power station in which the annual
load duration curve varies linearly between 12 GW to 4 GW. If the total transmission
loss is 3% and for frequently regulation reserve margin of 20% is to be mentioned, then
what should be the total generation capacity of the system?
Ans: 66.667%, 12; 15.46 GW

16. (NWPGCL-2018)
A Power Station has 3 MW reserve capacity, 60% load factor and 50% plant capacity
Factor. Find Maximum demand of the station.
Ans: 15 MW

17.
( a) (EGCB-2012)
A commercial group has 12 consumer each with a connected load of 12 KW and
demand Factor of 80%. The group has a group diversity factor of 1.2 and peak diversity
factor of 1.1.
Find the demand of consumer group at the time of system peak.
Ans: 87.2727 kW

(b)
A new load is to be added in a power station. There are two loads each of 5-MW and 10-
MW. The demand factors are 50% & 70% respectively. The group diversity factors are
1.1 & 1.4 respectively. The peak diversity factors are 0.45 & 0.30 respectively. Consider
4% transmission loss. Find the transformer rating for supply the load.
Ans: 22.625 MW
Hints: P = Max Demand + 0.04P

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18. (a) (PDB-2011,2015)

A new residential area is to be added to the lines of public utility. There are 1000
apartments each having a connection of 4 KW; also services of 250 KW. The demand
Factor , group diversity Factor and peak diversity Factor of these two types of Load are
45% & 75%; 3.5 & 1.5; 1.4 & 1.1 respectively. Find system peak demand.
Ans: 480.983 KW

(b) (DESCO)-2019)
A residential complex with 400 apartments, each of 10 KW load is built. The complex
also has a common amenities of 40 KW load.

The demand factor, group diversity factor and peak diversity factor of the apartment
load are 0.4, 4, & 1.2 respectively.

The demand factor, group diversity factor and peak diversity factor of the common
amenities load are 0.8, 1.3 & 1.1 respectively.

Find the rating of the transformer if the power factor is 0.8.

The transformer is cooled through Oil Forced Air Natural (OFAN) cooling and allow
150% emergency loading.
Ans: 666.958 KVA

(c)
Find the annual load factor if the average daily load factor is 0.825.
the ratio of average daily peak load to monthly peak load is 0.87 and
The ratio of average monthly peak load to annual peak load is 0.78
Ans: 0.559845

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(d)
A feeder supplies 3 distribution transformers which feed the following loads:

Transformer 1 Motor load 300 kW, demand factor 0.6

Commercial load 100 kW, demand factor 0.5
Transformer 2 Residential load 500 kW, demand factor 0.4
Transformer 3 Residential load 400 kW, demand factor 0.5

The diversity factor of the loads on the three transformers may be taken as 2.3, 2.5, 2.0.
The diversity factor between transformers is 1.4.

Find
( i) peak load on each transformer
(ii) peak load on feeder
Ans: 100, 80, 100; 200

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19.

Ans: 76.5%, 1,89,21,600 tk

20.

Ans: 2.6, 625 kg

21.

Ans: 2.044*10^6 KWh

22.

Ans: 28,770 KW, 252*10^6 KWh

23.

Ans: 775 KWh

24.

Ans: 81.620 KW

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1
P= Vm Im CosΦ = Vrms Irms CosΦ
2

Qc = P ( tanΦ1 - tanΦ2 )

𝑄𝐶
C=
ω 𝑉2

Qc/phase = P/phase ( tanΦ1 - tanΦ2 )

C/phase = Qc / ω VP2

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25.

Ans: 91 uF

26. (i)

Ans: 0.663 KVAR

(ii)

Ans: 310 uF

27. (i)

Ans: 46.42 uF

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(ii) (Important)

Ans: 530 uF, 30 A

(iii)

Ans: 47 uF

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(iv) (important)

Assume 60-Hz supply

Ans: 3.58 uF, 20.83 angle -36.87

28.

Ans:

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Industrial Bill
= Unit consumed (kWh) * tk + Max kVA demand * tk
(constant)

Bill before power factor improvement

= Unit consumed (kWh) * tk + (Max kVA demand)1 * tk
(constant)

Bill after power factor improvement

= Unit consumed (kWh) * tk + (Max kVA demand)2 * tk + %D. Qc * tk
(constant)

Saving
= Bill before power factor improvement
– Bill after power factor improvement

= (Max kVA demand)1 * tk

– (Max kVA demand)2 * tk – %d. Qc * tk

Most economical power factor =

%𝑑∗ 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅 𝑡𝑘 2
√1 − ( )
𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑡𝑘

Max Saving = (Max kVA demand)1 * tk - (Max kVA demand)2 * tk

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29.

Ans: 9,836 tk
30.

Ans: 4,530 tk

31. (i)

Ans: 0.986 Lagging

(ii)

Ans: 834 tk

32. (i)
Calculate the annual bill of a consumer whose maximum demand is 100 KW, power
factor=0.8 and Load Fatcor = 60%. The tariff is 75 BDT per kVA of maximum demand
plus 0.15 BDT per kWh consumed.
Ans: 88,215 tk
(ii)
Calculate the annual bill of a consumer whose maximum demand is 200 kW at 40% load
Factor. If the tariff is 100 BDT per kW of maximum demand plus 0.10 BDT per kWh.
Ans: 90,080 tk

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Isolator, Lightning Arrester

CT, PT

Transformer, Circuit breaker

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33. (a) (BWDB-2018)

Ans: 75%
(b)

34.

Ans: 100%

35. (Important)

36.
(Important)

Ans: 50%

Hints:

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37.

Ans: 400 kW
Hints:

38.

Ans: 14.72 m3 , 11.04 m3

Hints:

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39. (Important)

Ans: 4400 v
Hints:

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Stevenson, P-208

𝑉1 𝑉2
P= 𝑍
𝑆𝑖𝑛δ

𝑉2
Q= 𝑍
(𝑉1 𝐶𝑜𝑠δ − 𝑉2 )

Ferranti Effect:
The effect for which Voltage at the receiving end of a transmission line is more than the
sending end voltage, is known as Ferranti Effect.

Ferranti Effect occurs due to charging current of transmission line.

For long transmission line, the capacitance is not concentrated at the receiving end alone; it is
distributed uniformly along the whole length of the transmission line.

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40. (GTCL-2018)

Ans: 13700.45 MW, -1838.22 MVAR

41.
(a) (PGCB-2019)

A transmission line has 4 ohm inductive reactance. To improve the real power
flow by 10%; how much & what type reactance should be added in series?
Ans: -j0.3636 ohm

(b) (PGCB-2021)

A transmission line has phase difference 15 degree. If the real power flow is
increased by 10%, what will be the phase angle?
Ans: 16.54 degree

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42.

Ans :

43. (a)

Ans :

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(b) (CPGCL-2018)

A 200-MVA, 345Y / 20.5 (Del) kV rated transformer, which is connected at the receiving
end of a transmission line, feeds an induction motor rated at 180 MVA, 0.8 pf lagging,
22.5 kV. If the base in the transmission line is 100 MVA, 345 kV, determine the per–
unit impedance of the Load?
Ans: 0.5354+0.4015i
2 2
Hints: ZL= Vp /SP*; Zpu= ZL (100/20.5 )

44.

Ans:
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45.

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Ans:

46.

Draw zero sequence component of previous math (P-301)

Ans:

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47. Draw Zero sequence network :

(a)

P-161, 296, 302

(b)

P-317

(c)

P-300

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(phase value)

(phase value)

R = R1+R2+R0
Y = Y1+Y2+Y0
B = B1+B2+B0

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48.

Ans: 4 A

49.

IB1 = 14.84 ∠163.12

IY2 = 5.8 ∠11.2 Find IR, IY, IB = ?
IR0 = 3.28 ∠23.96
Ans: 13.374∠26.6, 17∠-44.85, 18.1 ∠146.338

50. (a)

Ans : 223.6∠-26.56, 213∠-99.89, 338.57∠66.2;

(b)

Ans: 1∠60; 3∠ -120, 0 (phase value)

51. (a)

Ans: 8.2∠42.22, 4∠-30, 8.2∠-102.22

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(b)

Ans: 300, 300 ∠-120, 0;

52. (a)

Ans: 14.84 ∠43.025, 5.77 ∠ -108, 3.28∠ 23.96;

14.84 ∠-76.975, 5.77 ∠11.21, 3.28 ∠ 23.96;
14.84 ∠163.025, 5.77 ∠131.35, 3.28 ∠23.96;
(b)

Ans:
, , ;

(c) **

Ans: 193.2∠-135, 86.94∠-84.896, 42.265 ∠-120

53.

Ans: 90, 0, 0; 90∠-120, 0, 0; 90∠120, 0, 0;

30, 30, 30; 30∠-120, 30∠120, 30; 30 ∠120, 30 ∠-120, 30;

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54. (a)

Ans: 5.78∠ -30, 5.78 ∠30, 0; 5.78 ∠-150, 5.78∠150, 0; 5.78 ∠ 90, 5.78∠-90, 0;

(b)

Ans: 11.54∠ -30, 11.54∠30, 0; 11.54 ∠-150, 11.54∠150, 0; 11.54∠ 90, 11.54 ∠-90, 0;

55. (a)
Three resolution of a set of three-phase unbalanced voltage into symmetrical
components gave the following results:

Va0=30∠-30 v, Va1=450 v, Va2=225∠40 v

Ia0=10∠190 A Ia1=6∠20 A Ia2=5∠50 A

Determine the total complex power=?

Ans: 10615.7∠ -15.2

(b)
The positive and negative components of “a” phase voltage of a Y-connected resistive
load are
0.9867∠43.6 p.u. and 0.2346∠250.3 p.u. respectively.

The corresponding currents are

0.9867∠43.6 p.u. and 0.2346∠250.3 p.u. respectively.

The neutral of the load is not connected to the ground. Calculate the power consumed
by the load if the system base is 100-MVA.
Ans: 308.58 MW

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(c)
For a three-phase system, the voltage of phase to neutral had the following sequence
components during phase to phase fault condition.

Va1= 0.584 p.u., Va1= 0.584 p.u., Va1= 0 p.u.,

calculate phase voltages and line voltages?

Ans: 1.168 1.752
-0.584 0
-0.584 -1.752

56. ***

Solve:

Ans: 60 ∠-90,
40∠ 90,
20∠ 90

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57. ***

Ans:

136.879 ∠139.933 480.754 ∠70.56 12.993 ∠70.651

451.105 ∠54.603 333.338 ∠ 163.741 9.009 ∠163.741
0 569.611 ∠-73.685 15.395 ∠-73.686

58.

Ans:

763.76 ∠-10.89 440.96∠-40.89 440.97∠-19.106

288.675 ∠30 166.67 ∠ 60 600.927 ∠-166.1
0 0 333.324∠ 60

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𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
Ipu = Vpu =
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

Irated = Ipu * Ibase Vrated = Vpu * Vbase

* Actually Z0 = Z0 + 3( Zn + ZF ) only while calculating current

P-305 (Gupta)

√3
𝐸/𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒
ILG = 𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + 𝑍0 + 3(𝑍𝑛 + 𝑍𝐹 )

𝐸/𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒
ILL =
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + 𝑍𝐹

√3 (𝐸/𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒) 𝑍2
ILLG = 𝑍1 𝑍2 + 𝑍2 𝑍0 + 𝑍0 𝑍1

𝐸/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
ILLL =
𝑍1 + 𝑍𝐹

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Line-ground Fault Line-Line Fault Double Line to Ground Fault

𝐼𝐿𝐺 Healthy phase ‘a’ Healthy phase ‘a’

Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia0 =
3
1 1
=
1 Ia1 = I a1 =
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + 𝑍𝐹 𝑍1 + ( 𝑍2 // 𝑍0 )
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + 𝑍0 + 3(𝑍𝑛 + 𝑍𝐹 )

Ia1 = -Ia2 I a2 = – CDR of Ia1

Ia0 = 0 I a0 = – CDR of Ia1

Va1 = 1 – Ia1 Z1 Va1 = Va2 = 1 – Ia1 Z1 Va1 = 1 – Ia1 Z1

Va2 = 0 – Ia2 Z2 Va0 = 0 Va2 = 0 – Ia2 Z2

Va0 = 0 – Ia0 Z0 Va0 = 0 – Ia0 Z0

Va = Va1 + Va2 + Va0

Vb = Vb1 + Vb2 + Vb0 (𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)

Vc = Vc1 + Vc2 + Vc0

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59.

Ans: 2538 A, 4235 v

60.

Ans: 6188∠-90 A

61. (Nagrat Ex-11.2)

Two 11-kV, 20-MVA, Y-connected generators operate in parallel. The positive, negative
and zero sequence reactance of each being 0.18, 0.15 , 0.10 pu. The star point of one
generator is isolated and that of other is earthed through 2 ohm resistor. A single-line
to ground fault occur at the terminals of one of the generators. Find
(i) Fault current
(ii) Current in the grounding resistor
(iii) Voltage across grounding resistor
Ans: 3067.8∠-14.96 A, 6134.06 v

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62. (PDB-2018)
A 20 MVA, 6.6 KV solidly grounded Y connected generator has a

positive sequence impedance of j1.5 ohm,

negative sequence impedance of j1 ohm and
zero sequence impedance of j0.5 ohm.

If a single phase to ground fault occurs on phase ‘a’ through impedance of j2 ohm, what
will be the fault current?

Hints: It doesn’t matter on which ‘phase’ fault has occur, (Hadi Saddat, P-431) ; but it matters on which ‘BUS’ fault has occur

Ans: 1270.17∠-90 v

63. ** (Rao P-468)

A system is given below:

Both synchronous machines are rated 1250-KVA, 4160-V with reactance X1=X2=10%.
Each transformer is rated 1250-KVA, 600/4160 V with leakage reactance 5%.
Reactance of transmission line X1=X2=15%, X0=50% on base value of 1250-KVA, 4.16-
KV

Determine fault current when fault occur at point “P” for Single line to ground fault

Ans: 14678.4 A

64.
A 3-phase 37.5-MVA, 33-KV alternator having X1=0.18 p.u., X2=0.12 p.u., X0= 0.10 p.u.
based on its rating is connected to a 33-KV overhead transmission line having the
following reactance: X1=6.6 ohm, X2=6.3 ohm, X0=12.6 ohm per conductor. A single line
to ground fault occur at the remote end of the transmission line. The alternator star
point is solidly earthed. Calculate the fault current
Ans: 1540 A

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Summary:
An alternator (star point is solidly earthed) is connected to a transmission line.
Calculate the fault current when a single line to ground fault occur at the remote end of
the transmission line.

G: 37.5-MVA, 33-KV; X1=0.18 p.u., X2=0.12 p.u., X0= 0.10 p.u.

Line: 33-KV; X1=6.6 ohm, X2=6.3 ohm, X0=12.6 ohm

65.

Ans: 9447.5 A
66.
A solidly earthed Y-connected generator is connected to a delta connected motor.

Generator & motor having reactance X1= 0.2 p.u., X2= 0.2 p.u., X0= 0.1 p.u.

G & M: 1500-KVA, 11-KV

Calculate fault current when fault at motor terminal

(i) Single line to ground fault

(ii) Line to Line fault
Ans: 787.3 A; 681.82 A
67.

Ans: -16.03 p.u.

68.

Ans: - j6998.2 A

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69.
Three alternators operating in parallel have identical constants:
X1=21%, X2=12%, X0=10%
Neutral of only 1 is grounded solidly; others have un-grounded neutral. Calculate

(i) Short-circuit current for line to ground fault

(ii) Short-circuit current for 3-phase fault
Ans: 14.2857 p.u.,

70. *** (Gupta Ex-10.21)

Three 3-phase alternators rated 10-MVA, 6.6-kV are connected to a common bus-bar.
Each alternator has positive sequence reactance 0f 0.15 pu. The negative & zero
sequence reactance are 75% & 30% of positive sequence network.

A single line to ground fault occurs on the bus-bar. Find fault current when

(a) One alternator neutral is solidly grounded & neutral of other two are isolated
(b) One alternator neutral is grounded through 0.3 ohm resistance & neutral of other
two are isolated
Ans: 19806.2 A, 10691.968∠-32.67 A

71.

Ans: 3.1754, 1.056, 0.305

72.

Ans: 1.284

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73. **
A generator is connected to a transmission line through a transformer.

G: 75-MVA, 11.8-KV
X1= 17.5%, X2= 13.5%

T: 75-MVA, 11.8/66-KV (delta-Y)

X=10%
Star point is earthed through 58 ohm resistance

A fault occur at the secondary side of transformer. Determine the fault current when

(i) 3-phase fault

(ii) line to line fault
(iii) Single line to ground fault
(iv) Double line to ground fault

Ans: 2385.7 A; 2228.2 A; 643.77 ∠-11.5 A; 301.865∠175.67 A

Hints:

74. **** (Gupta Ex-10.22)

A 3-phase generator is connected to a star/delta transformer via a line

Generator: X1 = 0.1 X2 = 0.1 X3 = 0.05 pu

Transformer: X = 0.05 pu

Line: X1 = 0.4 X2 = 0.4 X3 = 0.8 pu

Neutral of G is grounded, Neutral of Transformer is grounded

Find fault current & voltage at fault point when fault at mid-point of line when
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(a) Single line to ground fault with Neutral of G is grounded

Ans: -j3.636; 0, 0.958∠-115.29, 0.958∠115.29

(b) Single line to ground fault with neutral of G is isolated

Ans: -j2.856; 0, 0.1.078∠-126.59, 0.1.078∠-126.59

(c) Line to line fault, find fault current (Exc-10.20) Ans: 2.8867

(d) Double line to ground fault , find fault current (Exc-10.24) Ans: j0.4

75. *
Find short-circuit current in a single-phase system shown below. The reactance between
the transformer and the fault point F is 2 ohm. The voltage at F is 6.6 KV

G: 2 MVA, 10%
T: 1.2 MVA, 7%

Ans: 982.289 A

76. *
A 3-phase, 6000-KVA, 11-KV alternator has 10% direct axis sub-transient reactance. It is
connected to a 6000-KVA, 11/66-KV transformer having 9% leakage reactance. A
sym-metrical delta connected fault of impedance 12+j3 ohm occurs between the lines
near the H.V. terminals of the transformer when the system is on no-load. Calculate the
current supplied by alternator.

Hints: convert (delta-wye) (12+j3)/3

Ans: 1645.34 A

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77.
Two generators rated 11 KV, 3000 KVA, having 20% reactance are inter-connected by a
100 km long transmission line. The reactance of line is 0.10 ohm per km. the
transformers near the generators are rated 6000 KVA, 11/66 KV and have 5% reactance.
A 3-phase fault occurs at a distance of 20 km from one end of the line when the system
is on no-load but at rated voltage. Calculate

(i) Fault MVA

(ii) Fault current supplied by each generator
Ans: 26.2 MVA; 695.45 A, 683.35 A

78. (Gupta Exc-10.23)

A 3-phase generator having positive, negative & zero sequence reactances of 0.3, 0.2 &
0.05 pu with an earthed neutral. It feeds a 3-phase line through a transformer T1 . The
transformer has x1 =x2 =x0 =0.12 pu and is connected star-star with both neutral
earthed.

For the line x1 =x2 =0.15 pu and x0=0.35 pu.

The other end of line is connected to a transformer T2 having x1 =x2 =x0 =0.1 pu.
Another generator B feeds T2. The sequence reactances of generator B are 0.25, 0.15 &
0.03 pu. The transformer T2 is connected star-star with both neutral earthed.

A line to line fault occurs on secondary side of T1. Find fault current
Ans: 4.224 (4.2655) pu

79.

Ans: 1012 A

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80.
Two generators are connected to their unit transformer in the given figure

G1 : 20 MVA, 11 KV, 0.2 pu

T1: 20 MVA, 11/110 KV, 0.08 pu
G2: 30 MVA, 11 KV, 0.2 pu
T2: 30 MVA, 11/110 KV, 0.1 pu

Reactance of transmission lines 0.516 pu (based on 110 KV, 30

MVA)

A 3-phase short-circuit occurs at the receiving end 110 KV bus bar.

Calculate the current supplied by the generators.

Ans: 1515.2 A, 2121.278 A

81.
A generator have the following sequence reactance:
X1= 60%, X2=25%, X0=15%

Calculate the value of resistance to be connected to neutral such that the current for
single line to ground fault does not exceed the rated current
Ans: 0.9428 p.u.

82. (Gupta Ex 10.24)

A 3-phase generator rated 15-MVA, 13.2-kV has a solidly grounded neutral &

X1= 40%, X2=30%, X0=5%

Find the value of
(a) Reactance
(b) Resistance

To be connected in neutral circuit so that fault current for a single line to ground fault
(of zero fault impedance) does not exceed rated line current

Ans: 8.712 ohm, 11.24 ohm

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83.

when
(i)

(ii)

Ans: 1.8 ohm; 0.825 ohm

84.

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Ans: 4.395; 4.669; 3.807; 4.979

85. *** (Gupta Ex 10.10) P-294

A 30 MVA, 11 kV generator has Z1 = Z2 = j0.2 pu, Z0 = j0.05 pu

Assume that generator neutral is solidly grounded and the generator is operating at no
load and rated voltage at the occurrence of Line to ground fault.

Calculate
(a) Fault current Ans: 10496.3 A;
(b) Line to neutral voltage at fault point (Post fault)
Ans: 0, 0.882∠-100.89 (5.6k) , 0.882∠100.89 (5.6k)

(c) Line to line voltage at fault point

Ans: 0.882∠79.11 (5.6k) , 1.7322∠-90 (11k) ; 0.882∠100.9 (5.6k)

86. (Gupta Ex 10.14, Exc 10.11)

A 30 MVA, 11 kV generator has Z1 = Z2 = j0.2 pu, Z0 = j0.05 pu

Assume that generator neutral is solidly grounded and the generator is operating at no
load and rated voltage at the occurrence of Line to Line fault.

Calculate
(a) Fault current Ans: 6818.18 A
(b) Line currents Ans: 0, -6818 A, 6818 A
(c) Line to neutral voltage at fault point (Post fault)
Ans: 1(6.35k), -0.5(-3.1754k), -0.5(-3.1754k)

(d) Line to line voltage at fault point (Post fault)

Ans: 1.5(9.526k), 0, -1.5(-9.526k)

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87. (Gupta Ex 10.15)

A 30 MVA, 11 kV generator has Z1 = Z2 = j0.2 pu, Z0 = j0.05 pu

Assume that generator neutral is solidly grounded and the generator is operating at no
load and rated voltage at the occurrence of Double Line to Ground fault.

Calculate
(a) Fault current Ans: j15745.91643 A

(b) Line currents Ans: 0, 10414.94∠130.9, 10414.94∠49.1

(c) Line to line voltage at fault point (Post fault)

Ans: 0.5 (3.1754k), 0, -0.5 (-3.1754k)

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88. *** (Gupta Exc-10.26)

A single line to earth fault occur on a feeder.

The sequence impedances up to the fault point are :

0.3 + j0.6, 0.3 + j0.55, 1 + j0.78 pu

The Fault resistance is 0.66 pu.

Find
(a) Fault current
(b) Voltage of healthy phases at fault point
Ans: 0.7376∠-28.33; -0.68479 - j0.8236, -0.6660468 + j0.8983

89. ** (Gupta Exc-10.22)

A 3-phase , 10-MVA, 6600 v alternator with earthed neutral has

Z1 = 0.5 + j4.7 Ω, Z2 = 0.2 + j0.6 Ω, Z0 = j0.48 Ω

It supplies a 3-phase 3-wire cable having

Z1 = 0.36 + j0.25 Ω, Z2 = 0.36 + j0.25 Ω, Z0 = 2.9 + j0.95 Ω

If Single line to ground fault occur at the far end of cable,

find
(a) Fault current
(b) Voltage of healthy phases at fault point
Ans: 1357.29∠-59.14 A; 2651.42∠-165.386 v, 3251.2∠110.4 v

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90. (Nagrat Ex-11.4 )

Two 11-kV, 20-MVA, Y-connected generators operate in parallel. The positive, negative
and zero sequence reactance of each being 0.18, 0.15 , 0.10 pu. The star point of one
generator is isolated and that of other is solidly earthed.

If line-to-line fault on terminals of the generators, Find

(a) Fault current
(b) voltage of healthy phase

Ans: -j10.497 pu, -j11019.284 A, ; 0.909090 pu, 5.7735 kv

91. * (Gupta Exc-10.9, P-336)

An alternator has the following sequence impedances:

Z1= j1 Ω, Z2=0.1+j0.2 Ω, Z0=j1 Ω

Line to neutral voltage at the generator terminal is 1000 v.

A fault between yellow & blue phase occurs.

Find
(a) Fault current
(b) voltage of healthy phase
Ans: 1428.40∠-55.236 A, 371.39∠-21.8 v

92. (Nagrat Ex-11.5 )

Two 11-kV, 20-MVA, Y-connected generators operate in parallel . The positive , negative
and zero sequence reactance of each being 0.18, 0.15 , 0.10 pu. The star point of one
generator is isolated and that of other is solidly earthed.

If double line-to-ground fault on terminals of the generators, Find

(a) Fault current Ans: j9.6774 pu, j10158.66 A
(b) voltage of healthy phase Ans: 0.96774 pu, 6.14598737 v

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93.

Ans: 4330 A

94.

Ans:

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95.

Ans: 16.44 MVA, 50 MVA (P-402)

96.

Ans: 875 A

97. (Figure is important, may not be given)

A generating station has four identical three-phase alternators A,B,C,D each having
20,000 KVA, 11 KV and 20% reactance. They are connected to a bus-bar which has a bus-
bar reactor of 25% reactance on basis of 20,000 KVA base, inserted between B & C.
A 66 KV feeder is taken off from the bus-bar through a 10,000 KVA transformer having
5% reactance. A short-circuit occur across all phases at the high voltage terminal of the
transformer.
Calculate the fault current

Ans: 984.2 A

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98. (Gupta Exc-10.25)

A 20-MVA, 11-kV generator having 15% reactance and a 10-MVA generator having 10%
reactance connected to a common bus-bar.

The bus-bar feeds a 30-MVA, 11/33-kV transformer with 5% reactance. A 33-kV feeder
takes off from transformer and has an impedance of (3 + j15) Ω.

If a 3-phase fault occur at the far end of feeder, calculate fault MVA & fault current?

Ans: 50.207 MVA, 878.42 A

99. (a)

Ans: 173.31 MVA (P-407)

(b)

Ans: 194.5, 66.04

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100. (a)
A 33-KV bus-bar of a station are in two sections “A” & “B” separated by a reactor.

“A” is fed from four 10-MVA generators each having 0.20 per unit reactance
and “B” is fed from the grid through a 50-MVA transformer of 0.10 per unit reactance.

The circuit breakers each having rupturing capacity of 500-MVA.

Find the reactance of the reactor to prevent the circuit breaker being overloaded when
a symmetrical short-circuit occur on an outgoing feeder connected to it.
Ans: 1.452 ohm

(b)

Ans: 1.452 ohm

(c)

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(d) *
A generating station has two alternators “A” & ”B” of 3-MVA and 4.5-MVA and per unit
reactance 0.07 & 0.08.

The circuit breakers are rated at 150-MVA.

It is intended to extend the system by a supply from the grid through a transformer of
7.5-MVA with 0.075 per unit reactance.

The two bus-bar sections working on 3.3-KV are connected by a reactor.

Find the reactance of the reactor to protect the switchgear if a short-circuit occur on an
outgoing feeder connected to the alternator bus-bar.
Ans: 0.105 ohm

(e) *
Two three-phase generators are connected to a bus-bar. A three-phase short-circuit
occurs on the bus-bar.
Find the reactance of a reactor to be connected in series with generator 1 to limit the
short-circuit KVA of bus-bar to 10000.

G1: 1000 KVA, 3.3 KV, 10%

G2: 1500 KVA, 3.3 KV, 20%
Ans: 0.75 pu, 3.267 ohm

101.

Ans: 87.02

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Hints:

102. (Gupta Exc 10.17)

A power station contains three generators of rating 10-MVA, 20-MVA, 20- MVA
Their reactance are 10%, 15%, 15%. They have separate bus-bar A,B,C.

Bus bars A & B are connected through a 5% reactor on 10-MVA base. Bus bars B & C are
connected through a 4% reactor on 8-MVA base.

The bus bar voltage is 11-kV.

Find Fault MVA & fault current for a 3-phase fault at bus A

Assume 100-MVA base

Ans: 203.225 MVA, 10666.589 A

103. (Ashfuq Hussain, P-424, Ex 16.5)

Three 20-MVA generators, each having 0.15 per unit reactance, are connected through
three reactors to a common bus-bar of 11-KV.
Each feeder connected to the generator side of a reactor has 200-MVA circuit breaker.
Determine the minimum value of reactor reactance.
Ans: 0.15 p.u.= 0.9075 ohm

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104.
(a)

(b)

Ans: 75; 125

(c) (Gupta Exc 10.15)

A large generating station has its bus bars divided into 4 sections.

Each section is connected to a tie-bar through a reactor having 0.1 pu reactance.

Each section is connected to a generator capacity of 25-MVA having 0.2 pu
reactance.

Find fault MVA when a fault occurs on the bus bars of one section.
Ans: 250 MVA
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105. *

Ans: 40

Hints:

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𝐼𝑠𝑐 100
=
𝐼 %𝑍

𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑠𝑐 100
=
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝐵 %𝑍

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106. ** (Gupta Ex-10.19) P-308

A generating station A has a short capacity of 1000-MVA. Another station B has a
short circuit capacity of 650-MVA. They are operating at 11-kV.
Find the short circuit MVA when fault at BUS “A” if they are interconnected by a cable of
0.5 ohm reactance per phase.
Ans: 1176.47
107. *
Two incoming lines with fault levels at their terminals equal to 75-MVA and 150_MVA,
terminate on a common bus in a sub-station. A 1-MVA step-down transformer having 5
percent reactance is connected to this bus. No other lines need to be considered.

(i) Calculate fault level on L.T. side of the transformer.

(ii) Calculate fault level on L.T. side of the transformer if a 1-MVA capacitor bank was
installed on L.V. side
Ans: 18.37 ; 17.37

108.
(i) **** (Gupta Ex 10.28)

A 33-kV bus bar has a 3-phase fault level of 1000-MVA.

2 1
The negative and zero sequence source reactance are & 3 of positive sequence
3
reactance. The zero sequence source resistance is 60 Ω.

A 30-MVA, 33/132-kV solidly grounded Δ/Y transformer having a reactance of j0.1 pu

is fed from 33-kV bus.

Find fault current & fault MVA when fault at high side of transformer

(a) 3-phase fault Ans: 1009.34 A, 230.77 MVA

(b) Line to ground fault Ans: 1124.7083 A, 255.2 MVA

(c) Line to Line fault Ans: 909.091 A, 207.84 MVA

(d) Double line to ground fault Ans: 1163.43 A, 266 MVA

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(ii) BIFPCL-2019)

A synchronous generator is connected to a synchronous motor by a line with impedance

of jo.1 pu. The sub-transient reactance of both generator and motor is j0.2 pu.
If a bolted three phase to ground fault occur at the motor terminal.
Determine the fault MVA.
Assume the voltage at motor terminal is 0.9 pu and system base is 100-MVA

Ans: 675 MVA

Hints: 0.9 pu (phase value), Isc= 0.9/Zpu, MVAsc= (V * Isc) *100

109.
Two buses having fault level of 50-MVA & 100-MVA respectively are inter-connected by
a line of negligible impedance. Calculate fault level at any point on the line
Ans: 150

110.

Ans: 2070; 1831

111.
(a)

Ans: 1.22 ohm

(b)

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112. (a) **** (PGCB-2018)

(b)

Ans: 0.08, 0.075, 0.459, 0.075, Load: 3.612 + 2.24i

Hints: G : 11 kV, Load : 11 kV, Transformer : 11/132 kV

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113. *
Two alternators “A & B” are connected in parallel.

A: 50-MVA, 11-KV, 25% reactance

B: 25-MVA, 11-KV, 25% reactance

These alternators are connected to a delta-star transformer of rating 75-MVA, 11/66-KV

(delta-star) of 10% reactance.

A three-phase fault occurs on HT side of the transformer. Find

Sub-transient current in each generator and in HT side of the transformer=???

The system is on no-load before fault with voltage on HT side equal to 66-KV.

Ans: 7498.1 A, 3749.03 A; 1875 A (H.V.)

Hints: I1(line) =…………….. Isc .k .Root3

114. *** (stevenson, Ex 10.1, P-253)

Two alternators are connected in parallel to the low-voltage side of a three-phase Delta-
Wye transformer.

Generator 1 : 50,000-KVA, 13.8-KV, 25% reactance.

Generator 2 : 25,000-KVA, 13.8-KV, 25% reactance
Transformer : 75,000-KVA, 13.8/69-KV, 10% reactance

Before the fault occur, the voltage on HT side of transformer is 66-KV. The transformer
is un-loaded and there is no circulating current between the generators..

Find Sub-transient current in each generator=????

when a three-phase short-circuit occur on the HT side of transformer.

Ans: 5716.85 A, 2858.43 A

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115. ** (Gupta Exc-10.2) P-335

A 3-phase, 6-MVA, 6.6-kV generator has a reactance of 0.1 pu.

It is connected through a 6-MVA, 6.6/33-kV, 0.09 pu reactance transformer to a

transmission line having a resistance of 0.09 Ω/km and a reactance of 0.36 Ω/km.

A 3-phase dead short-circuit occurs at a distance of 10 km from the transformer.

The generator voltage at the time of fault is 7.2 kV.

Find fault current in the generator.

Ans: 2727.95∠-88.646 A

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116. *** (Gupta Exc 10.12) P-337

A 20-MVA, 11-kV, 3-phase alternator having a transient reactance of 0.2 pu feeds a

20-MVA, 11-kV, 3-phase synchronous motor having a transient reactance of 0.5 pu
through a short line. The line has a reactance of 0.3025 Ω.

A 3-phase fault occurs at the motor terminals when the motor is taking an input of 15-
MW at unity power factor. The line voltage across motor terminals at the time of fault is
10.45-kV.

Find the total current supplied by generator & motor to the fault.

Ans: 828.732 – j3988.965 A, -828.732 – j1994.48 A

117. * (Gupta Ex10.33) P-331

A synchronous generator and synchronous motor each rated 25-MVA, 11-kV having
15% sub-transient reactance are connected through transformers. Transformers are
rated at 25-MVA, 66-kV.

The motor is drawing 15-MW at 0.8 power factor leading and at a terminal voltage of
10.6-kV when a symmetrical fault occur at motor terminals.

Assume line impedance of (0+j10) Ω and transformer reactance equal to j0.10 pu

Calculate
(a) Total Fault current Ans: -j11533.364 A

(b) Fault current supplied by Generator & Motor

Ans: -j3103.704 A, -j8429.66 A

(c) Post fault Generator & Motor current

Ans: 2621.5∠-71.8 A, 9079.25∠-5.2 A

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118. * (Gupta Ex 10.5, P-274)

An 11-kV, 100-MVA alternator having a sub-transient reactance of 25% is supplying 50-

MVA motor having a sub-transient reactance of 20% through a transmission line of 5%
reactance on 100-MVA base. The motor is drawing 40-MW at 0.8 p.f. Leading with a
terminal voltage of 10.95-kV when a 3-phase fault occur at the generator terminals.
Calculate
(a) Total Fault current Ans: 32024.36228∠-88.82598751 A

(b) Fault current supplied by Generator & Motor

Ans: 20587.09008∠-88.82598751 A, 11437.27224∠-88.82598751 A

(c) Post fault Generator & Motor current

Ans: 19168.79089∠-82.41311116 A, 13150.96408∠-98.19556996 A

119. * Stevenson Ex-10.2 P-256

A synchronous generator and motor are rated 30-MVA, 13.2-kV and both have sub-
transient reactance of 20%. The line connecting them has a reactance of 10% on the
base of machine rating.

The motor is drawing 20-MW at 0.8 pf leading and a terminal voltage of 12.8-kV when a
symmetrical three-phase fault occurs at the motor terminals.

Find the sub-transient current in the Generator, Motor & Fault.

Ans: 3677.11484∠-77.79863127 A, 7096.144948∠-97.30357931 A ; -j1603.31073 A

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120. (Gupta Ex 10.18, P-306)

An 100-MVA, 11-kV alternator is supplying an 50-MVA, 11-kV motor through a short

transmission line. Both have solidly grounded neutral

Alternator: X1 = 0.2 pu, X2 = 0.2 pu, X0 =0.05 pu

Motor: X1 = 0.2 pu, X2 = 0.2 pu, X0 =0.05 pu

Transmission line: (100-MVA base) X1 = 0.05 pu, X2 = 0.05 pu, X0 = 0.15 pu

The motor is drawing 40-MW at 0.8 pf leading with a terminal voltage of 10.95-kV when
a single line to ground fault occurs at the generator terminals of phase “a”.

Calculate the total current in the phase “a” of generator & motor under fault condition.

( one of the most difficult math )

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𝒀𝟏𝟏 𝑌12 𝑌13

YBUS = [ 𝑌21 𝒀𝟐𝟐 𝒀𝟐𝟑 ]
𝑌31 𝑌32 𝑌33

Y11 = y12 + y13 + y10 = –Y12 – Y13 + y10 = ∑ 𝑦𝑖𝑗 = ∑ − 𝑌𝑖𝑗

Y22 = y21 + y23 + y20 = –Y21 – Y23 + y20

Y33 = y31 + y32 + y30 = –Y31 – Y32 + y30

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121. Determine YBUS Matrix= [Y]= ?

(a)

Ans:

(b)

Ans:

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(c) * (P -380)

Ans:

122. **

0.7 – j3 -0.2 + j1 -0.5 + j2 Y14

Y21 Y22 -0.3 + j2 -0.5 + j3
Y31 Y32 Y33 -1 + j4
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44

Find the missing terms =?

Ans: Y22 = 1-j6, Y33 = 1.8-j8, Y44 = 1.5 -j7

123. (Gupta Ex-9.17, P-251)

Consider a 3-bus system. The series impedance and shunt admittance of each line are
0.026 + j0.11 pu and j0.04 respectively. Find YBUS=?

4.07 − 𝑗17.18 −2.035 + 𝑗8.6097 −2.035 + 𝑗8.6097

Ans: [ −2.035 + 𝑗8.6097 4.07 − 𝑗17.18 −2.035 + 𝑗8.6097 ]
−2.035 + 𝑗8.6097 −2.035 + 𝑗8.6097 4.07 − 𝑗17.18

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124. *** (Gupta Ex 9.4, P-220)

BUS code Line impedance (pu) Charging Admittance (pu)

1-2 0.2 + j0.8 j0.02

2-3 0.3 + j0.9 j0.03
2-4 0.25 + j1 j0.04
3-4 0.2 + j0.8 j0.02
1-3 0.1 + j0.4 j0.01

YBUS =?
Ans:
0.882 − 𝑗3.499 − 0.294 + 𝑗1.176 − 0.588 + 2.352 0
−0.294 + j1.176 0.862 – j3.026 −0.333 + j1 −0.235 + j0.94
−0.588 + j2.352 −0.333 + j1 1.215 – j4.468 −0.294 + j1.176
0 −0.235 + j0.94 −0.294 + j1.176 0.529 − j2.056

125.
PDB-2018

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Ans:

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126.

Ans:

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127.

Determine Ybus=?

Ans:

128. (NWPGCL-2018)
Consider a two bus power system where these buses are connected through two
parallel transmission lines. The per unit impedance of each line is j0.2.
Determine YBUS
Ans: -10 10
10 -10

129.

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Solve :

Ans:

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130. **

Ans: -j2.75 p.u.; -j3.21 p.u.; -j3.125 p.u.

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131.

Ans: -j5; -j6; -j4.33; j7.5

132. (Hadi Saadat Exc-9.3) P-393

Ans: 0.12i, -5i; 0.4, 0.8, 0.7; j3, j2

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133. (Hadi Saadat Exc-9.4) P-393

Determine
(a) Impedance to the fault point Ans:

(b) Fault Current Ans: -j2.5

(c) BUS voltages & line currents during fault

Ans: 0.925, 0.925, 0.475
-j1.5, -j1, 0

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134. (Hadi Saadat Ex-9.1) P-354

Ans:

(a) -2i
0.76, 0.68, 0.32
-1.1i, -0.9i, -0.1i

(b)
-2.5i
0.8, 0.4, 0.6
-0.5i, -0.5i, -0.5i

(c) -3.125i
0.5, 0.75, 0.625
-0.3125i, -0.3125i, -0.3125i

(Hints: before converting to admittance diagram, series connections in impedance form must
be added)

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Making current = 2.55 * breaking current

Max recovery voltage = √2 (E/phase)

Peak re-striking voltage = 2 √2 (E/phase)

1
Time, t = = π √𝐿𝐶
2𝑓𝑛

Rate of Rise of re-striking voltage, (RRRV)

Peak re−striking voltage 2 √2 (E/phase)
= =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 π √𝐿𝐶

𝐿
Chopping voltage, e = I √𝐶

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135.

Ans: 17.96 KV, 12628 Hz, 453 MV/sec

136.

Ans: 2 GV/sec, 10 KHz

137.

Ans: 1500 A, 1000 MVA, 17496 A, 44614 A, 17496 A for 3 sec, 33 KV

138.

Ans: 866 KV

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139.

Ans: 2.171 ohm

140. (BIFPCL-2019)

A 13.8 kV alternator has a ground relay pick-up current of 1A, a neutral resistance of 30
ohm and a neutral CT rated 200/5. Determine the percent of alternator unprotected
winding.
Ans: 15.06%

141.

Ans: 19.69%

142.

Ans: 3.27 ohm

143.

Ans: 23.6%; 2.54 ohm

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144.
(a)

Ans: 12 :5√3

(b)

Ans: 10.5 : 5

(c)

Ans: 60 : 5/√3

(d)

145. **** (GTCL-2018)

Ans: 0.4374 A, 0.568 A

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146. **
A three phase delta-wye connected 30-MVA, 33/11-kV transformer is protected by a
differential relay. The CT current ratio on primary side is 500:5 and that on secondary
side is 2000:5.
Calculate the relay current setting for fault drawing up to 200% of rated current?

Ans: 2* 1.57 = 3.14 A

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Hints: Relation exists between line current of main supply (transformer) & phase current of CT.

Here first find line currents of Transformer, then phase currents of CT’s and then Line
currents of CT’s

Reversely first find phase currents of CT’s, then line currents of Transformer

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147. Differential Protection

1. for alternator:

2. For 1-phase transformer :

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3. for 3-phase transformer:

Assuming Delta-Delta transformer bank

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4. For 3-phase transformer:

Assuming Delta-Y transformer bank

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148.

Ans: 33709 v, 37.29 degree , 98.44%

149.

Ans: 13.6 km

150.

Ans: 72320.53 V, 15.3%

151.

Ans: 23938 v, 8.825%, 93.94%

152.

Ans: 6516.64 v, 2.6%, 99.38%

153.

Ans: 31.93 kv, 81.36 A, 97.15%

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154.

Ans: 37.18 km

155.

Ans: 111490 KW, 0.88 Lagging

156. (Gupta Ex-3.7)

A short 3-phase transmission line connected to 33-kV generating station at the

sending end is to supply a load of 10-MW at 0.8 power factor lagging at 30-kV at the
receiving end. If the minimum transmission is to be 96%. Determine per phase values of
line resistance and reactance.
Ans: 2.4 ohm, 8.8 ohm

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(Page-256)

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157.

Ans: 240 A, 79583 v, 20.58%, 30.46 degree

158.

Ans: 0.992 angle 0.18, 55.5 angle 69, 0.000315 angle 90, 0.992 angle 0.18;
143 kv, 9.25%

159.

Ans: 30%, 128.2 angle 93.1

160.

Find
(a) Sending end power
(b) Efficiency
(c) regulation
Ans: 48.6 MW, 82.3% , 40.5%

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161. ** (Gupta Ex-3.6) P-58

A 3-phase load of 1-MW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging is supplied by a 30-kV line
of resistance 25 ohm and inductive reactance 12 ohm per phase. The voltage across the
load is 10 kV. A 30/10 kV transformer step downs the voltage at the receiving end. The
equivalent resistance and reactance of the transformer as referred to 10-kV side are 0.8
ohm and 2.5 ohm respectively. Find sending end voltage and regulation.
Ans: 31.94 kV, 6.45%

162. **

Ans: 35625.91 v, 94.7%

Hints: Vs=? So convert everything w.r.t. primary
or use regulation formula

163. *** (Gupta Ex-3.4) P-57

A 15-km long 3-phase overhead line delivers 5-MW at 11-kV at a power factor of
0.8 lagging. Line loss is 12% of the power delivered. Line inductance is 1.1 mH/km/phase.

Calculate
(a) Sending end voltage and regulation
Ans:
(b) Power factor of Load to make regulation zero
Ans:

(c) The value of capacitor to be connected at the receiving end to reduce

regulation to zero
Ans:

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164. Phasor Diagram

1.

2.

3.

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4. (Important)

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165.

Ans: 13.7 m

166.

Ans: 3.48 m, 2.77 m

167.

Ans: 9.5 m

168.

Ans: 3

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169.

Ans: S1= 7 m, 23 m, Smid= 7.68

170.

Ans : S2= 45.24 m

171.

Ans: 55 m

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