Journal of Physics: Conference Series

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Energy and exergy analysis economic of continuous vibrating fluidized

bed drying on celery drying
To cite this article: S U Handayani et al 2020 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1524 012030

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ISNPINSA 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1524 (2020) 012030 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1524/1/012030

Energy and exergy analysis economic of continuous vibrating

fluidized bed drying on celery drying

S U Handayani1, I S Atmanto2, F T Putri3, S Fujiwara4

1,2,3
Industrial Technology Department, Vocational School, Diponegoro University
4
Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Akashi, Japan

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. This paper present the experimental work of celery drying using continuous vibrating
fluidized bed drying. Fresh celery leaves dried at 50oC, 60oC and 70oC in continuous vibrating
fluidized bed dryer with a dimension of 2350 mm x 300 mm. Energy and exergy analysis was
conducted to determine the performance of the system, among others, energy utilization, energy
efficiency, and efficiency of the exergy so it can be known potential energy savings can be
obtained. From the calculation results can be concluded that the increase in drying temperature
will increase energy utilization and energy utilization ratio and decrease the efficiency of the
exergy. Average energy utilization ratio at 50oC is 0.0768, at 60oC is 0.1199 and at 70oC is
0.1682. Exergy efficiencies decrease with increasing temperature. Average exergy efficiencies
are 0.19, 0,16 and 0.17 for 50o, 60o and 70oC drying temperature respectively. The main factor
that causes thermodynamic inefficiency is the exergy that leaves the system, exergy destruction
and loss of exergy to the surrounding air.

1. Introduction
Indonesia as a tropical country and large population has great potential to develop agriculture and food-
based industries. One of the important processes in the agricultural and food industries is the drying
process, therefore the development of drying technology is very important.
The vibrating fluidized bed (VFB) of solid particles is a modification of the conventional (bubbling)
fluidized bed (BFB) where vibration energy is used to transfer the bed of particles from packed to
fluidized state. VFB has reported has many advantages like shorter residence time, the intensity of
mixing and heat and mass transfer properties are controllable in VFB by changing amplitude and/or
frequency of vibration, and better processing for sticky and moist particle [1]. Research on vibrating
fluidized dryer has been carried out on cassava starch [2], solid containing multicomponent moisture
[3], barley grain [4], binary nanoparticle mixture [5], carrot cube [6], etc.
The drying process requires a large amount of energy. Planning an effective and efficient drying
process will reduce overall production costs. Optimum energy consumption and energy consumption
management method are very important because of the high prices of energy, environmental concerns,
increasing world population and decreasing fossil fuel resources [7].
Thermodynamic analysis consisting of energy and exergy analysis is an important analysis in the
design, evaluation, and optimization of thermal systems [8]. Exergy is defined as the maximum amount
of work produced by heat and vapor in an equilibrium state. Energy is the maximum amount without
calculating friction so it can be called the absolute amount of energy. Energy analysis aims to estimate
the ratio of energy use and the amount of energy produced. Exergy is the maximum work obtained as a

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ISNPINSA 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1524 (2020) 012030 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1524/1/012030

system interaction with respect to heat transfer that occurs with the environment. Exergy analysis aims
to determine energy loss during the drying process using the principle of mass and energy conservation
and the second law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics assumes that energy cannot
return with the formation of entropy. Exergy analysis is a useful tool, which has been widely used in the
design and performance analysis of energy-related systems especially drying equipment [6].
There are several studies on exergy in the drying process that has been published. Using a simple
exergy balance, obtained that only around 30% exergy is utilized for drying of paddy using industrial
fluidized bed and the remaining large amount of exergy is wasted. Add sufficient insulation on the dryer
body and recycling the exhaust air can increased exergy, which is needed to be studied further for
investigating the economic feasibility [9]. Energy efficiency and exergy will increase if the drying air
flow rate is lowered because less heat is required to heat smaller drying air. Decreasing the inlet air
humidity ratio also increases the energy and exergy analysis, because the air is able to attract more
moisture from the drying product [10]. Energy utilization and energy utilization ratio increased with an
increase in drying air temperature and BD while decreased with an increase in cubes size [6].

2. Material and method

2.1. Material and equipment

The material used in this study is fresh celery which has been cut into pieces about 0.5 cm. The
equipment used is a vibrating fluidized bed dryer with dimension 2350 x 300 mm as shown in figure 1
[11].

Figure 1. Vibrating fluidized bed dryer [11]

Vibrating fluidized bed dryer has an automatic control system to regulate temperature and an
inverter to regulate the air flow rate. The unit is equipped with a thermometer and hygrometer that is
mounted on the side of the entry, exit and along the bed.

2.2. Method
The schematic of the drying process with input and output term is shown in figure 2.

Figure 2. The schematic of drying process

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ISNPINSA 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1524 (2020) 012030 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1524/1/012030

2.3. Energy analysis

The dryer is considered a volume control, and the mass equilibrium equation applies as follows:
Product :
Product : (𝑚̇𝑝 ) = (𝑚̇𝑝 ) = 𝑚̇𝑝 (1)
2 4

Air : (𝑚̇𝑎 )1 = (𝑚̇𝑎 )3 = 𝑚̇𝑎 (2)

Water : 𝜔1 𝑚̇𝑎 + (𝑚̇𝑤 )2 = 𝜔3 𝑚̇𝑎 (𝑚̇𝑤 )4 (3)

The energy balance equation, considering the energy input is equal with energy output, can be written
as follow :
𝑚̇𝑎 ℎ1 + 𝑚̇𝑝 (ℎ𝑝 ) + (𝑚̇𝑤 )2 (ℎ𝑤 )2 = 𝑚̇𝑎 ℎ3 + 𝑚̇𝑝 (ℎ𝑝 ) + (𝑚̇𝑤 )4 (ℎ𝑤 )4 + 𝑄̇𝑙 (4)
2 4

ℎ1 = (ℎ𝑎 )1 + 𝜔1 (ℎ𝑣 )1 ≈ (ℎ𝑎 )1 + 𝜔1 (ℎ𝑔 )1 (5)

ℎ3 = (ℎ𝑎 )3 + 𝜔3 (ℎ𝑔 ) (6)
3

The enthalpy of drying air :

ℎ𝑎 = 𝑐𝑝𝑎 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) + 𝜔ℎ𝑓𝑔 (7)
ℎ𝑎 = (1.004 + 1.88𝜔)(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) + 𝜔ℎ𝑓𝑔 (8)
The heat transfer rate due to evaporation of the dryer :
𝑄̇𝑒𝑣 = 𝑚̇𝑣 ℎ𝑓𝑔 (9)

For steady flow process and heat loss to surrounding was neglected, the energy utilization (EU) :
EU =𝑄̇𝑒𝑣 (10)

2.4. Exergy analysis

Energy analysis cannot provide information about the irreversibility aspects of the thermodynamic
process so that it needs exergy analysis based on the second law of thermodynamics [12].
Mathematical calculations on exergy equilibrium can be calculated using equation [13].
𝑇 (11)
𝐸𝑋 = 𝐶𝑝 [(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) − 𝑇∞ 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑇∞

The equation is used to calculate exergy in and out at the temperature in and out. The exergy at the
inlet and outlet point then can be defined as follow :
𝑇𝑎𝑖 (12)
𝐸𝑋𝑖 = 𝐶𝑝 [(𝑇𝑎𝑖 − 𝑇∞) − 𝑇∞ 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑇∞

𝑇𝑎𝑖 (13)
𝐸𝑋𝑖 = 1.0029 + 5.4𝑥10−5 𝑇𝑎𝑖 × [(𝑇𝑎𝑖 − 𝑇∞ ) − 𝑇∞ 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑇∞

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ISNPINSA 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1524 (2020) 012030 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1524/1/012030

𝑇𝑎𝑜 (14)
𝐸𝑋𝑜 = 𝐶𝑝 [(𝑇𝑎𝑜 − 𝑇∞ ) − 𝑇∞ 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑇∞

𝑇𝑎𝑜 (15)
𝐸𝑋𝑜 = 1.0029 + 5.4𝑥10−5 𝑇𝑎𝑖 × [(𝑇𝑎𝑜 − 𝑇∞ ) − 𝑇∞𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑇∞

The exergy loss in the process is calculated using this equation :

𝐸𝑋𝑖 − 𝐸𝑋𝑙 (16)
𝜂𝐸𝑋 =
𝐸𝑋𝑖

Exergy efficiency can be defined as the exergy ratio used in the drying process to the drying air
supplied to the system 14.
ℎ1 = (ℎ𝑎 )1 + 𝜔1 (ℎ𝑣 )1 ≈ (ℎ𝑎 )1 + 𝜔1 (ℎ𝑔 )1 (17)

3. Result and discussion

3.1. Exergy utilization

Energy utilization is calculated using equation 10. Energy utilization in the Vibro continuous fluidized
bed dryer is shown in figure 3. Energy utilization varied from 0.25 kJ/s to 0.02 kJ/s for 50 oC, 0.58 kJ/s
to 0.02 kJ/s for 60oC, and 0.67 kJ/s to 0.01 kJ/s for 70 oC drying temperature. Energy utilization will
decrease with increasing drying time. High energy utilization at the beginning of drying due to the high
water content of celery, but will quickly drop due to a decrease in water content during the drying
process. This result is similar to the research using a fluidized bed dryer on carrot cube [6], pistachio
[15], eggplant [8] and moist particle [16].
Average energy utilization in 50oC, 60oC and 70oC is 0.1184 kJ/s, 0.1716 kJ/s, and 0.21 kJ/s. From
the figure 4, it also can be seen that energy utilization will increase with increasing temperature because
drying in celery is dominated by surface drying, so the higher the temperature, the higher the heat and
mass transfer occurs, thus increasing energy use in reducing the water content of the product. The same
results have been obtained in research about cassava starch [12,13].

Figure 3. Average energy utilization with drying time at different temperature

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ISNPINSA 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1524 (2020) 012030 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1524/1/012030

Figure 4. Average energy utilization with air temperature

3.2. Energy utilization ratio

The energy utilization ratio varies with temperature and drying time. The maximum energy utilization
ratio is 0.5 which is reached at 50oC drying temperature and the minimum is 0.0044 at 70 oC. Figure 5
shows the effect of drying time on the energy utilization ratio. The longer the drying time, the ratio of
energy utilization will be smaller. This happens because of high energy utilization at the beginning of
drying because of the high water content in celery, but it will quickly drop due to a decrease in water
content during the drying process. This result is in accordance with the research that has been done
previously on carrot 6, eggplant 8, coroba slices 14, corn and unshelled pistachios 15, moist particle17,
zedoary slices [18].

Figure 5. Energy utilization ratio with drying time at different temperature

Figure 6. Energy utilization ratio with temperature

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ISNPINSA 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1524 (2020) 012030 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1524/1/012030

The energy utilization ratio will increase with increasing temperature. Average energy utilization
ratio at 50oC is 0.0768, at 60oC is 0.1199 and at 70oC is 0.1682. Energy utilization and energy utilization
ratio increase by increasing the drying air temperature due to the fact that the high drying air temperature
causes a higher decrease in moisture content.

3.3. Exergy loss

The maximum exergy loss is 0.91 kJ/kg at 50oC and the minimum exergy loss is 0.741 at 50 oC. Fig. 7
shows the relation between exergy loss and drying time, exergy loss increased with drying time. The
longer the drying time, the water content in celery leaves decreases and more energy is wasted along
with drying air. As the drying temperature increase, exergy loss will also increase, exergy loss at 50 oC,
60oC and 70oC are 0.82, 0.84 and 0.87 respectively (fig. 8). This fact shows that the energy wasted in
the outlet is still large. Reducing the energy loss along with the drying air out of the system can be done
by recirculating the drying air into the drying system.

Figure 7. Exergy loss with drying time at different temperature

Figure 8. Average exergy loss at different temperature

3.4. Exergy efficiency

Exergy efficiency was calculated by comparing between exergy loss and exergy input. Maximum exergy
efficiency is 0.29 for 50oC and minimum exergy efficiency is 0.09 for 50 oC drying temperature. The
figure shows that exergy efficiency decrease with increasing drying time. The low water content in
celery leaves causes the less amount of energy used and the amount of energy wasted along with the
drying air coming out. This causes more energy loss and smaller exergy efficiency. The main factor that
causes thermodynamic inefficiency is the exergy that leaves the system, exergy destruction and loss of
exergy to the surrounding air. This can be reduced by recycling the outlet air, reducing exergy
destruction in the drying chamber and reducing heat transfer across the system boundary [16].

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ISNPINSA 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1524 (2020) 012030 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1524/1/012030

From figure 10, it can be seen that exergetic efficiencies decrease with increasing temperature.
Average exergy efficiencies are 0.19, 0,16 and 0.17 for 50 o, 60o and 70oC drying temperature
respectively. This result is in line with research at the olive mill wastewater using an indirect type of
natural convection solar dryer[19].

Figure 9. Exergy efficiency with drying time at different temperature

Figure 10. Exergy efficiency at different temperature

4. Conclusion
The energy utilization ratio will increase with increasing temperature. Average energy utilization ratio
at 50oC is 0.0768, at 60oC is 0.1199 and at 70oC is 0.1682. Maximum exergy efficiency is 0.29 for 50 oC
and minimum exergy efficiency is 0.09 for 50oC drying temperature. Exergy efficiencies decrease with
increasing temperature. Average exergy efficiencies are 0.19, 0,16 and 0.17 for 50o, 60o and 70oC drying
temperature respectively. The main factor that causes thermodynamic inefficiency is the exergy that
leaves the system, exergy destruction and loss of exergy to the surrounding air.

Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Vocational School,
Diponegoro University, Indonesia.

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1524 (2020) 012030 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1524/1/012030

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