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Chapter 4 - Process Fluid Flow (Pumps)

The document discusses pumps and provides classifications of pumps. It describes centrifugal pumps as the most commonly used type for large fluid processing. Centrifugal pumps work by adding momentum to fluid using rotating blades, increasing pressure and velocity. The document outlines pump performance characteristics such as head, flow rate, efficiency and best efficiency point. It also discusses net positive suction head to prevent cavitation, and using multiple pumps in parallel or series.

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Nhlanhla Power
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189 views16 pages

Chapter 4 - Process Fluid Flow (Pumps)

The document discusses pumps and provides classifications of pumps. It describes centrifugal pumps as the most commonly used type for large fluid processing. Centrifugal pumps work by adding momentum to fluid using rotating blades, increasing pressure and velocity. The document outlines pump performance characteristics such as head, flow rate, efficiency and best efficiency point. It also discusses net positive suction head to prevent cavitation, and using multiple pumps in parallel or series.

Uploaded by

Nhlanhla Power
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4: Pumps

The Centrifugal Pump

Process Fluid Flow


(PFF260S)

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 1


4. Pumps
Classification of pumps

• Pumps are turbo-machines that add energy to the fluid.

Classification of Pumps

Dynamic: Positive Displacement:


• Add momentum to the fluid by • Force the fluid along by volume
means of moving blades and vanes changes.
• Rotary type (e.g. Centrifugal • Reciprocating type (e.g.
pump) Diaphragm pump, Piston pump)
• Special type (e.g. Ejecter) • Rotary type (e.g. Gear pump)
• Centrifugal pumps commonly used • Deliver any fluid regardless of
for their ability to process large its viscosity.
quantities of fluids.

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 2


4. Pumps
The Centrifugal Pump – Basic Elements

• As the impeller rotates, fluid is sucked in through the eye and flows
radially outwards.
• Energy is added to the fluid by the rotating blades.
• Both pressure and absolute velocity are increased as the fluid flows
from the eye to the periphery blades.

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4. Pumps
Pump Performance Characteristics

• The mechanical energy balance equation between points 1 and 2 in Fig.


4.1 may be written in terms of head by dividing through by 𝑔:

𝑣22 − 𝑣12 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑊𝑠 𝐹
+ 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 + = −
2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝑔 𝑔

𝑣22 −𝑣12 𝑃2 −𝑃1


𝐻= + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 + = ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝐿 [units, m]
2𝑔 𝜌𝑔

• Where H is the actual head rise gained by the fluid flowing through a
pump, ℎ𝑠 is the shaft work head (i.e. pump head supplied) and ℎ𝐿 is the
pump head losses.

Fig. 4.1
PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 4
4. Pumps
Pump Performance Characteristics

• Usually, the changes in elevation and velocity are small:


𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
𝐻= =
𝜌𝑔 𝛾
• The power gained by the fluid is given by:
𝑃𝑓 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻 = 𝛾𝑄𝐻
• The overall pump efficiency is given by:
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑃𝑓
η = 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑊
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡

• 𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 is the total power applied to the shaft of the pump. It is often referred
to as brake horsepower (bhp).

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4. Pumps
Pump Performance Characteristics

• Shutoff head: The head developed by


the pump at zero discharge (Q = 0).
• Normal flowrate: Discharge flowrate
at which maximum efficiency is
reached (i.e. Pump Capacity).
• Best Efficiency Point (BEP): The
point corresponding to the maximum
efficiency.

Fig. 4.2: Performance Curves of a Centrifugal Pump

• Performance curves are important for the selection of pumps for a


particular flow system.

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4. Pumps
Pump Performance Characteristics

• Pump performance curves are also presented as in Fig. 4.3:

Fig. 4.3
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4. Pumps
Pump Performance Characteristics
Example 4.1

The performance data for a centrifugal water pump are shown in Table
4.1 for water at 20°C (Lpm =liters per minute).
(a) For each row of data, calculate the pump efficiency (percent).
(b) Estimate the volume flow rate (Lpm) and net head (m) at the BEP of
the pump. The density of water at 20°C is 998 kg/m3.
Table 4.1

PFF260S: 2021 M Nkohla 8


4. Pumps
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

• NPSHR is the head required at the pump inlet to keep the liquid from
cavitation.
• Cavitation is the formation of vapour bubbles. It occurs when the liquid
pressure reduces to the vapour pressure of the liquid.
• The pump inlet or suction side is the low-pressure point where cavitation
will occur.
• The required NPSHR is defined as:

𝑝1 𝑣2 𝑝𝑣
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻𝑅 = 𝛾
+ 2𝑔1 − 𝛾
[Pv – Liquid vapour pressure]

• NPSHR is usually specified by the pump manufacturer.

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4. Pumps
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

• The available NSPH is defined as:


𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑝𝑣
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻𝐴 = − 𝑧1 − ℎ𝐿 −
𝛾 𝛾

• For proper pump operation: 𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻𝐴 ≥ 𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻

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4. Pumps
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
Example 4.2

Determine the maximum elevation that a centrifugal pump, with an


impeller diameter of 240 mm, can be placed above the water surface
without experiencing cavitation.
Q = 250 m3 /h, Patm = 101 kPa; Pv = 1 666 Pa. Assume hL = 0. The
pump manufacturer recommends an NPSH of 7.4 m.

Example 4.3

The 81.28 cm pump is to pump 90.85 m3/min of water at 1170 rev/min


from a reservoir whose surface is at 101.35 kPa absolute. If head loss
from the reservoir to pump inlet is 1.8 m, where should the pump inlet
be placed to avoid cavitation for the water at 15°C, Pv = 1.17 kPa
absolute. The required NPSH at the specified flow rate is 12.19 m.

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4. Pumps
Pumps in Parallel

• Pumps in parallel – used to provide additional flow capacity (Q).


• For two identical pumps the performance curve is obtained by adding
flowrates.

Fig. 4.4

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4. Pumps
Pumps in Series

• Pumps in series – used to provide


additional head (H).

• For two identical pumps the


resulting pump performance is
obtained by adding heads.

Fig. 4.5

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4. Pumps

Syllabus

 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and its Basic Concepts


 Properties of Fluids
 Pressure and Fluid Statics
• Mass, Momentum and Energy Conservation Equations
• Flow in Pipes
• Losses in Piping System
• Piping Network and Pump Selection

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References (PFF260S)

• Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., and Okiishi, T. H. 2006.


Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. 5th ed. Wiley: New York.
• White, F.M. 1998. Fluid Mechanics. 4th edition. McGraw-Hill: New
York.
• Geankoplis. C.J. 1993. Transport Processes and Unit Operations.
Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
• Fox, R.W., McDonald, A.T. & Pritchard, P.J. 2004. Introduction to
Fluid Mechanics. 6th edition. Wiley: New York.
• Holland, F.A. 1995. Fluid Flow for Chem. Engineers. 2nd edition.
Edward Arnold: London.
• Welty, J.R., Wicks, C. E., Wilson, R. E. 2001. Fundamentals of
Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer. 4th ed. John Wiley: New
York.

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References (PFF260S)

• Cengel, Y.A. & Cimbala, J.M. 2013. Fluid Mechanics:


fundamentals and applications. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Perry, R.H., Green, D.W. & Maloney, J.O. (eds). 1998. Perry’s
chemical engineer’s handbook. 7th ed. McGraw Hill: New York.
• Anderson, J.D. 1995. Computational fluid dynamics: the basics
with applications. New York: McGraw-Hill.

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