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Slides Lec 3 Load Factor Cost

* Power station capacity = 100 MW * It operates at 100 MW for 2 hours per day = 200 MWh * It operates at 50 MW for 6 hours per day = 300 MWh * Total energy generated per day = 200 + 300 = 500 MWh * It operates for 365 - 45 = 320 days per year * Total annual energy generated = 500 x 320 = 160000 MWh * Annual energy that can be generated at full capacity = 100 MW x 24 hours x 365 days = 876000 MWh * Annual load factor = (Annual energy generated/Annual energy at full capacity) = (160000/876000) = 0.1825 = 18.25% Therefore,

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74 views24 pages

Slides Lec 3 Load Factor Cost

* Power station capacity = 100 MW * It operates at 100 MW for 2 hours per day = 200 MWh * It operates at 50 MW for 6 hours per day = 300 MWh * Total energy generated per day = 200 + 300 = 500 MWh * It operates for 365 - 45 = 320 days per year * Total annual energy generated = 500 x 320 = 160000 MWh * Annual energy that can be generated at full capacity = 100 MW x 24 hours x 365 days = 876000 MWh * Annual load factor = (Annual energy generated/Annual energy at full capacity) = (160000/876000) = 0.1825 = 18.25% Therefore,

Uploaded by

Ahmed Javed
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Important factors and their impact on optimal

system operation
Electric Energy Systems: A Perspective
The per capita consumption of elect. energy – reliable
indicator of a country’s state of development
For example; 5600 (UK), 13000 (USA), 17000 (
Sweden), 450 (Pakistan)
Curtailment of Energy Consumption

Ways & means to reduce this.


Developed countries : need to reduce
Developing world : need to raise
Using experience of 1st world.
Obsolete technology to be discarded.
Curtailment of Energy Consumption

Intensification of efforts to develop alternative sources of


energy like solar, tidal etc.
Fusion Energy: Futuristic inexhaustible sources of
energy
Solar to meet rising energy needs.
Recycling of Nuclear Wastes; FAST Breeder Reactor
Technology
Curtailment of Energy Consumption

• Electricity cannot be stored


(bulk) like gas, water,
economically.
• Balance b/w load and
generation is important
• Load variations is
complicated
Load Factor, Diversity Factor
Typical daily load curve : peak load, time
load factor =
Avg. load energy consumption
peak load plant capacity meeting load

Diversity factor =
Load Factor, Diversity Factor

Ways to achieve high diversity factor:


1. Incentives to users for using elect. in light load
periods (night).
2. Day light saving
3. Staggering the office timings
4. Different time zones
5. Two-part tariff (pf , power quality)
Optimal System Operation
Important factors which impact the per unit cost of generation
of electricity are as follows:

Factors to determine cost of generation are:

Cost of land; cost of equipment and its depreciation; cost


incurred on fuel; maintenance cost
Load: a device which takes electrical energy from power
system is known as load on system

Types of load: Domestic load, commercial load, industrial


load, traction load, residential load
Optimal System Operation
Connected load: Total electrical load connected with the plant is called its
connected load

Max demand (MS): the biggest demand of load during a given period is
called MD

Base load: unvarying/constant load which is present all the time on station
is called base load

Peak load: Max load of demand on a station at a particular instant is


known as peak load

Average load: The average load occurring on power station in a given period
(day/month/year) is know as average load

Variable load: which varies due to changing/uncertain demand of


consumers

Effects of variable load: Need of additional generators; increase in


generation cost
Optimal System Operation
Important factors which impact the per unit cost of
generation of electricity are as follows:

Demand factor = Max . demand


Connected load
Load factor = average load
max. demand
Diversity factor =
sum of max . demand the consumers
Max. demand of the station
Plant Capacity Factor
Tariffs

Cost of Electric Power:


= a + b kW + c kWh

fixed max units


charge demand

• Should influence the load curve & p.f


• Should consider load pf
• If low penalty kW kVA
• consumer install pf cor. devices
Optimal System Operation
Plant capacity factor = Average demand
plant capacity
Plant user factor = plant output in kWh
plant capacity x hours of use

Effect of above factors on the cost of power generation:

 Demand factor (DF) is usually less than one; as max. demand <
connected load

 Capital cost depends on M.D, the fixed changes (tariff) will be


reduced, i.e. per unit cost generation will be less at low values of
demand factor

 Thus, D.F is very important for determining the capacity of plant


Optimal System Operation
Load Factor:

Daily load factor = Total kWh during 24 hrs


peak load in kW x 24 hr.
Monthly load factor = Total kWh during month
(Pease load in kw) (hrs. in a month)
Yearly load factor = Total kWh in year
Pease load in kW x 8760 hrs

Generally, Load Factor < 1

 The average load is smaller than the max . demand


 LF is very important for determining per unit cost of
generation.
 Higher the L.F means max. demand is lesser
 As if max demand is less, it will lead to lesser per unit
generation cost
Optimal System Operation

Diversity factor: it can be defined for load, substations, feeders


and generating stations

 A power stations supplies various load types and consumers


where MD does not occur at the same time for the consumers

 M.D < sum of the max . Demand of the consume


 D.F > 1 Higher value of diversity factor is good for the system
operation
 D.F=1 is considered a poor diversity
 Higher value of diversity factor has the effect of reducing max
demand, i.e. a plant of lesser capacity will be required
 Thus, capital cost will be lesser with reduced cost of generation
Optimal System Operation

Plant capacity factor = average demand * T


plant capacity *T
 Annual kWh output
plant capacity x 8760

 P.C.F  reserve capacity of the plant


 Reserve capacity= plant capacity – max demand
 Sometime reserve capacity (RC) is important for meeting the
increased load demand in near future
Optimal System Operation

 The capacity factor indicates the extent of the use of


generating stations.

 If plant capacity factor= 1  the plant operates in its full


capacity

 Capacity factor = peak load * L.F


plant capacity
Load Forecasting
Load Forecasting:
Planning , power plants , gestation period 4 – 8
years.
energy & load forecasting plays a crucial role
Long range , middle, short-term, very short term.
Load Forecasting
• Sophisticated probabilistic methods
• Simple extrapolation technique is quite adequate
for long range
• Weather domestic
• Forecast constituent total Multi-factors
involved process experience + analytical ability
Load Forecasting
Short term : hr-by-hr predictions for the day
Minor error will require use of peaking unit
inefficient , costly
error excessive generation in hot reserve
Accuracy 1% desirable
A temp. diff. of can vary total load by 1%
need of reliable weather forecasting
Random factors : unexpected storms , strikes
a good TV program
Load Forecasting

UC
Regression analysis short term LF ED
demand increases exponentially
Total Gen (Installed) cap. > 100,000 MW
2020 200,000 MW
Numerical Problems
The maximum demand on a power station is 100 MW. If the
annual load factor is 40% , calculate the total energy
generated in a year.
Numerical Problems
 A generating station has a connected load of 43MW and a maximum
demand of 20 MW; the units generated being 61·5 × 10^6 per annum.
Calculate (i) the demand factor and (ii) load factor.
Numerical Problems
A 100 MW power station delivers 100 MW for 2 hours, 50 MW for 6 hours and is shut down
for the rest of each day. It is also shut down for maintenance for 45 days each year.
Calculate its annual load factor.

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