Lectures of Highway Engineering – Forth Stage Nov-2009

b. Chemical reactivity: (‫)اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬

Basic minerals + Acidic portion Æ Compound not soluble in water
(of aggregate) (of asphalt)
(‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ )اﻟﺮآﺎم‬ (‫ﻣﻮاد ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ )ﻓﻲ اﻹﺳﻔﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺮآﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ذاﺋﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬

c. Interfacial tension: (‫)اﻟﺸﺪ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎت‬

- Hydrophobic aggregate (water-hating) (‫)ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺄﻟﻮف ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬
- Hydrophilic aggregate (water-loving) (‫)ﻳﺄﻟﻒ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
.‫ أﻏﻠﺐ اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ )أﻟﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء( ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة ذﻟﻚ‬.‫واﻟﻤﻔﻀﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮف ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬

Aggregate combination (blending) & separation to meet Job Mix requirement:

‫أو ﻓﺼ ﻞ ﻟﺘ ﺪرﺟﺎت اﻟﺮآ ﺎم‬/‫ ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﺘ ﺎج إﻟ ﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ دﻣ ﺞ و‬،‫اﻟﺮآ ﺎم اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻜ ﻮن ﺿ ﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻ ﻔﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺪرج‬
:‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪرج ﻣﻘﺎرب ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻂ‬
1. Discarding the over size.
(‫)إﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻷآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم‬
2. Separating into two or more portions on selected proper sieve.
(‫)ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺮآﺎم إﻟﻰ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﻦ أو أآﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻞ‬
3. Recombining using proper percentage for recombination with specification
requirement (mid-specification limits).
(‫)إﻋﺎدة دﻣﺞ اﻷﺟﺰاء ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻼﺋﻢ وﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﺪرج( )ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺔ‬
4. Addition of fine materials (& Filler) if necessary.
(‫)إﺿﺎﻓﺔ رآﺎم ﻧﺎﻋﻢ )ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺎﻟﺌﺔ( ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬

04-3 Aggregate
‫‪Lectures of Highway Engineering – Forth Stage‬‬ ‫‪Nov-2009‬‬

‫‪Ex.:‬‬
‫‪Sieve size‬‬ ‫‪(% passing) Natural grading‬‬ ‫‪Specifications‬‬
‫"‪1‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫"‪3/4‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫"‪1/2‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪95 – 65‬‬
‫"‪3/8‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪60 – 40‬‬
‫‪No.4‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪40 – 24‬‬
‫‪No.10‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪30 – 20‬‬
‫‪No.40‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪20 – 10‬‬
‫‪No.80‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10 – 5‬‬
‫‪No.200‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5–3‬‬

‫‪Sol.:‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ اﻷﻗﺼ ﻰ )‪ :(Discard Oversize‬ﻧﻼﺣ ﻆ أن اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ اﻷﻗﺼ ﻰ ﻟﻠﺮآ ﺎم ﺿ ﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻ ﻔﺎت )"‪ (3/4‬ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻮم ﺑﻴﻦ )"‪ (1"-3/4‬أي ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ )"‪ (100%) (3/4‬وﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺪرج ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻧﺤﺪد ﺑﺪاﻳ ﺔ اﻟﺨﻠ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ أي ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧ ﻞ‪ ،‬وﻧﻼﺣ ﻆ أن ﻣﻨﻄﻘ ﺔ اﻟﺨﻠ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻ ﻔﺎت ه ﻲ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺨ ﻞ )"‪(3/8‬‬
‫وآﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺎر )‪ (67‬وه ﻲ ﻣﺘﺠ ﺎوزة ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻ ﻔﺔ )‪ ،(40-60‬ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﻓﺼ ﻞ اﻟﻤﻘ ﺎدﻳﺮ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺨ ﻞ )"‪ (3/8‬واﻟ ﺬي ﻓﻴ ﻪ اﻟﺨﻠ ﻞ إﻟ ﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻤﺰج ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﺑﻤﺤﺎوﻟﺔ وﺧﻄﺄ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﺘﺪرج‪.‬‬

‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬ ‫)‪(5‬‬ ‫)‪(6‬‬ ‫)‪(7‬‬ ‫)‪(8‬‬

‫‪Sieve‬‬ ‫)‪(% passing‬‬ ‫‪Specifications‬‬ ‫)‪Step (1‬‬ ‫)‪(A‬‬ ‫‪Percent‬‬ ‫)‪(B‬‬ ‫)‪(C‬‬
‫‪size‬‬ ‫‪Natural‬‬ ‫‪Portion passing‬‬ ‫)‪Step (2‬‬ ‫‪retained‬‬ ‫‪Portion‬‬ ‫‪50% A‬‬
‫‪grading‬‬ ‫"‪3/4‬‬ ‫‪Portion Passing‬‬ ‫)‪(5)-(4‬‬ ‫‪passing‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫"‪3/8‬‬ ‫"‪3/8‬‬ ‫‪50% B‬‬
‫"‪1‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0–0‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫"‪3/4‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪0–0‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫"‪1/2‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪95 – 65‬‬ ‫‪(100/90)*80=89‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪11 – 33‬‬ ‫‪67‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬
‫"‪3/8‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪60 – 40‬‬ ‫‪(100/90)*60=67‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪33 – 100‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪No.4‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪40 – 24‬‬ ‫‪(100/90)*40=45‬‬ ‫‪(100/67)*45=67‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬
‫‪No.10‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪30 – 20‬‬ ‫‪(100/90)*30=34‬‬ ‫‪(100/67)*34=51‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬
‫‪No.40‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪20 – 10‬‬ ‫‪(100/90)*20=22‬‬ ‫‪(100/67)*22=33‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪No.80‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10 – 5‬‬ ‫‪(100/90)*10=11‬‬ ‫‪(100/67)*11=16‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪No.200‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5–3‬‬ ‫‪(100/90)*5=6‬‬ ‫‪(100/67)*6=9‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬

‫ﻼ أي ان اﻟﺮآ ﺎم ﻻ ﻳﺤ ﻮﻳﻌﻠﻰ ﻣ ﻮاد ﻧﺎﻋﻤ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳ ﺔ وﻻ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﺼ ﺤﻴﺤﻪ ﺑﺈﻋ ﺎدة اﻟﺘﻮزﻳ ﻊ ﺑ ﻞ‬
‫إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴ ﺒﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺎﻟﺊ )‪ (1)= (4.5‬ﻣ ﺜ ً‬
‫ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ )‪.(filler‬‬
‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬ ‫)‪(5‬‬
‫‪Sieve size‬‬ ‫‪Specifications‬‬ ‫)‪(C‬‬ ‫)‪(D‬‬ ‫‪97% C + 3% D‬‬
‫‪Filler‬‬
‫"‪1‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫"‪3/4‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫"‪1/2‬‬ ‫‪95 – 65‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪83.5‬‬
‫"‪3/8‬‬ ‫‪60 – 40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪51.5‬‬
‫‪No.4‬‬ ‫‪40 – 24‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬
‫‪No.10‬‬ ‫‪30 – 20‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪22.25‬‬
‫‪No.40‬‬ ‫‪20 – 10‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪18.5‬‬
‫‪No.80‬‬ ‫‪10 – 5‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪10.75‬‬
‫‪No.200‬‬ ‫‪5–3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪04-4‬‬ ‫‪Aggregate‬‬
Lectures of Highway Engineering – Forth Stage Nov-2009

Ex.:
Sieve Stock (A) Stock (B) Stock (C) Specification
Passing Passing Passing
1" 100 100
1/2" 63 70 – 85
No.4 19 100 40 – 55
No.10 8 92 30 – 42
No.40 5 55 100 20 – 30
No.80 3 36 97 12 – 22
No.200 2 3 88 5 – 10

Sol.:
:‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﻞ‬
(No.200) ‫ وﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ ﻧﺒ ﺪأ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺨ ﻞ‬،‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎوﻟﺔ واﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﺑﻔﺮض ﻧﺴ ﺐ ﻣ ﺰج وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺼ ﻒ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻ ﻔﺔ‬
(No.200) ‫( ﻧﺴ ﺒﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺎر ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺨ ﻞ‬C) ‫ أي ﺑﻤ ﺎ أن ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻣ ﺔ‬،(Passing) ‫وﻧﻔﺮض ﻟﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻣ ﺔ ذا اﻟﻤﺤﺘ ﻮى اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻣ ﻦ‬
(A, B) ‫( ﻓﻴﺠﺐ إﻋﻄﺎءهﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ وإﻋﻄﺎء ﻧﺴﺐ أآﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻣﺘﻴﻦ‬5-10) ‫( واﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺔ‬88) ‫ﻳﺴﺎوي‬

Sieve Stock (A) Stock (B) Stock (C) Specification Mid Passing %
Passing Passing Passing Specification
1" 100 100 100 100
1/2" 63 70 – 85 77.5 76
No.4 19 100 40 – 55 47.5 47
No.10 8 92 30 – 42 36 38
No.40 5 55 100 20 – 30 25 25
No.80 3 36 97 12 – 22 17 18
No.200 2 3 88 5 – 10 7.5 7
‫ﻧﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺰج‬ 65% 30% 5%

04-5 Aggregate
Lectures of Highway Engineering – Forth Stage Nov-2009

05-Asphalt Paving Mixture:

:‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد آﻔﺎءة اﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ‬
Function:
- Smooth riding quality surface. (‫)ﻧﻌﻮﻣﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
- Safety. (‫)اﻷﻣﺎن‬
- Load carrying median. (‫)ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺮورﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬

Note:
• Batch plant: percentage depend on weight.
Continuous plant: percentage depend on volume.
• Hot mix: after heating aggregate & asphalt.
Cold mix: mixing at normal temperature (emulsified asphalt).
• Dense mix: % air voids ≤ 10%.
Open mix: % air voids > 10%.

Desirable properties:
1) Stability (‫)اﻟﺜﺒﺎت‬: resistance to permanent deformation.
(‫)ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻮﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﻲ‬
Affected by:
• Frictional resistance (‫)اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻻﺣﺘﻜ ﺎك‬: rough surface texture (of
aggregate), optimum asphalt content, & dense gradation with compaction.
(‫ ﺗﺪرج آﺜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺮص‬،‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻻﺳﻔﻠﺖ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ‬،‫)ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﺮآﺎم‬
• Cohesion (‫)اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳ ﻚ‬: reology of asphalt, adhesion with aggregate, & surface area
of aggregate (filler 3-8%).
(‫)آﻠﻤﺎ ﻧﺰداد ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺮآﺎم ﻳﺰداد اﻟﺘﻼﺻﻖ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ وﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺊ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺜﺒﺎت‬
• Inertia of pavement: speed of vehicles, concentration of load, & axle load.
(‫ واﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻮري‬،‫ ﺗﺮآﻴﺰ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل‬،‫)ﺳﺮع اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت‬

2) Durability (‫)اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻣ ﺔ‬: resistance to weathering (air, water, & oil) & abrasive action
of traffic.
‫( وﻣﻘﺎﻣ ﺔ‬Stripping ‫ اﻟﻤ ﺎء واﻟﻤ ﻮاد اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴ ﺔ ﺗﺴ ﺒﺐ ﻓﺼ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﻮاد‬،Oxidation ‫)ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳ ﺔ أواﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳ ﺔ )اﻟﻬ ﻮاء ﻳﺴ ﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﺄآﺴ ﺪ‬
(‫اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻻﺗﻼﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺮ‬
05-1 Asphalt Paving Mixture