CIVL3612/9612 Fluid Mechanics

Instructor: Kapil Chauhan

eng.[email protected]
School of Civil Engineering
The University of Sydney

Semester 1, 2021

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CIVL3612/9612 Fluid Mechanics Tutorial 7

Tutorial 07: Turbulent Flow in Pipes

Tutorial problems 3

7.1 Minor losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

7.2 Determine head loss and pressure drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7.3 [11] Determine equivalent roughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7.4 [10] Determine entrance loss coecient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7.5 [12] Determine ow rate in a pipe - Type II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7.6 [13] Determine pipe diameter - Type III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

In-class examples 12

7.7 Limiting conditions for diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

7.8 Laminar pipe ow - Determine viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.9 [07] Minor losses across a component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.10 [08] Major losses in a non-circular duct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.11 [09] Pipe ow from a reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.12 [05] Flow from a constant head tank: Type II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.13 [06] Flow in an Irrigation System: Type III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.14 [20] Detect leakage in a turbulent pipe ow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

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CIVL3612/9612 Fluid Mechanics Tutorial 7

Tutorial problems

7.1 Minor losses

Water ows at a rate of 0.040 m3 /s in a 0.12 m diameter pipe that contains a sudden con-
traction to a 0.06 diameter pipe. Determine the pressure drop across the contraction section.
How much of this pressure dierence is due to losses and how much is due to kinetic energy
changes?

Solution:

ˆ D1 = 0.12 m
ˆ D2 = 0.06 m
m3
ˆ Q = 0.040
s
ˆ KL = ?
Apply Bernoulli equation between location (1) before sudden change in diameter and location
(2) that is after the sudden change. The losses are only due minor loss
p1 V12 p2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z + ( hL ) ;
2g 2g 2 minor

V2
where, (hL ) = KL 2 .
2g
minor

Q Q
z1 = z2 and V1 = = 3:54 m/s, V2 = = 14:1 m/s.
A1 A2
A
 D2
 2
Thus with 2 = , we get KL = 0:4 from the given chart for loss coecient.
A1 D1
1 h i
) p1 p2 =  KL V22 + V22
2
V 1
2
 132 kPa
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CIVL3612/9612 Fluid Mechanics Tutorial 7

Pressure drop due to minor losses  39 kPa

Pressure drop due to change in kinetic energy  93 kPa

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CIVL3612/9612 Fluid Mechanics Tutorial 7

7.2 Determine head loss and pressure drop

Oil, with  = 900 kg/m3 and  = 0:000 01 m2 =s, ows at 0:2 m3 /s through 500 m of 200 mm
diameter cast iron pipe. Determine (a) the head loss and (b) the pressure drop if the pipe
slopes down at 10 in the ow direction.

Solution: This is a Type-I problem.

Assumptions :
 Only major losses are present

 Other standard assumptions apply

Known:

 Q = 0:2 m /s 3

 D = 0:2 m
 L = 500 m
 V1 = V2 = V
 h =h
pump =0
turbine

 z1 z2 = L sin(10).
Step 1 : First compute the velocity from the known ow rate:
4Q
V = = 6:37 m/s
D2
Step 2 : The Reynolds number is
VD
Re = = 127324

Step 3 : For a cast iron pipe, " = 0:26 mm. Then
"
= 0:0013
D
"
Since Re = 166, using the Colebrook-II equation, f  0:0227.
D
Step 4 : The head loss is
L V2
hL = f = 117:4 m
D 2g
Step 5 : From the Bernoulli equation for the inclined pipe,
∆p ∆p
hL = + z1 z2 = + L sin(10 )
g g
or
∆p = g [hL L sin(10 )] = 269534 N=m2 :

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7.3 [11] Determine equivalent roughness

Work Moody's problem backward to nd the equivalent wall roughness " if everything else is
known: Q = 120 m3 =hr, D = 150 mm, L = 64 m, hL = 1.5 m. Fluid is water.

Solution: This is again a Type I problem. This is not as bad as having the diameter unknown,
because " appears in only one parameter, "=D. We can immediately calculate V , Re , and
the friction factor.

4Q
Re = = 282942
D
Rearranging the head loss equation for the friction factor gives
hL
f = = 0:0197
(L=D)(V 2 =2g )

With f and Re known, we look on the Moody chart or solve the Colebrook-II equation for
the roughness ratio:
!
p  2:0 log10
1 "=D 2:p 51
+
f 3:7 Re f

After a bit of manipulation, we calculate "=D  0.00078, or "  0:12 mm.

Note: How do we know that we need to use Colebrook-II equation which is only applicable
for 10 < Re
"=D < 1000?
For a given Re and f , one can examine the Moody chart where it will undoubtedly indicate
whether the ow is smooth, transitionally rough or fully rough. However the accuracy of
reading from Moody chart is low.
If using the equation to determine "=D then check the roughness Reynolds number, which
for this problem is 220.

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7.4 [10] Determine entrance loss coecient

A study reports the measurements made to determine entrance loses for ow from a reservoir
to a pipe with various degrees of entrance rounding. A drawn-copper pipe 3:0 m long, with
38:0 mm internal diameter was used for the tests. The pipe discharged water to atmosphere.
For a square-edged entrance, a discharge of 60 m3 =hr was measured when the reservoir level
was 28:2 m above the pipe centreline. From these data, evaluate the loss coecient for a
square-edged entrance.

Solution: Consider two reference points, (1) on the free surface of the reservoir and (2) at
the pipe discharge.
Known:
 p1 = p2 = p atm

60
 Q= m /s
3

3600
 D = 0:038 m
 L = 3.0 m
 V1 = 0, V2 = V
 1 = 2 = 1
 h =h
pump =0
turbine

 Fluid is water,  = 1000 kg/m and  = 0:001 kg/m
s

3

 z2 = 0, and z1 = 28.2 m
Step 1 : Simplify the energy equation.
p1 V12 p V2
 + 1 + z1 + 
h  = 2 + 2 2 + 
z2 + 
h  + hL
g 2g g 2g
pump turbine total

L V2 V2
Also, hL total = hL major + hL minor = f + KL .
D 2g entrance
2g
2gz1 L
KL = f 1
entrance
V 2 D
Step 2 : The average velocity is
Q 4Q
V2 = = = 14:7 m/s
A D2
Step 3 : Assume  = 1  10 6 m2 =s. Then,
VD
Re = = 558438

Step 4 : For drawn tubing, " = 0:0015 mm and thus Re
"=D = 22, so f = 0:0135 using
Colebrook-II equation.
Step 5 : Substituting into the equation for the loss coecient, we obtain
KL entrance = 0:5:

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7.5 [12] Determine ow rate in a pipe - Type II

Water at 20  C ows from a tank through a 50-cm diameter steel pipe. Determine the
discharge of water. The depth of water in the tank, h = 20 m and length of pipe, L = 100
m. Minor losses are neglected.

h
z
L

Solution: This is a Type II problem that needs to be solved iteratively.

Known:

 D = 0:5 m
 L = 100 m
 z1 = h = 20 m and z2 = 0
 p1 = p2 = p atm

 For steel pipe, " = 0:045 mm

 Minor losses are neglected
4Q
 V1 = 0 and V2 = V = =?
D2
 Q =?
Step 1 : Apply energy equation between point (1) at the free surface in the tank and point
(2) at the discharge.
p1 V12 p2 V22
 + 1 + z1 + 
h =  + 2 + z2 + 
h  + hL
g 2g g 2g

 pump turbine total

L V2 2
hL =f
D 2g
total

Where, f = f (Re; "=D) and V2 = V .

V2 L V2
z1 = +f
2g D 2g

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" # 1 " # 1

2gz1 392:4
2 2

V = = = 2 (f ; ) (1)
L 1 + 200f
1+f
D
Step 2 : Since, f is function of Reynolds number and thus dependent on V , the above relation
for V needs to be solved iteratively. Assume a friction factor from the fully rough
ow region. Alternatively, choose fold = 1=49.
Step 3 : Calculate a rst approximation to V0 using f old = 0:0204.

Vold = 2 (fold ; ) = 8:79 m/s

Step 4 : Calculate Reynolds number using V . old

V D
Re =
old
= 4393725
old

Step 5 : Calculate a new friction factor using Reold . f new

For Reold = 4393725 and "=D = 9E 05, we get fnew = 0:0122 from the Colebrook-II
equation.
Step 6 : Using f , get the next approximation to velocity, V
new new

Vnew = 2 (fnew ; ) = 10:669 m/s

Step 7 : Since V is dierent than Vold by more than 5%, another iteration is required. The
new

next iteration gives converged V = 10:71 m/s.

Step 8 : Iterative solution using Excel

Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3

Friction factor, f old 0.0204 0.0122 0.0121
V 8.79 10.69 10.71
∆V % - 17.8% 0.2%
Re 4393725 5343006 5354491
Re
"=D 395.4 480.9 481.9
fnew-i, Haaland 0.0122 0.0121 0.0121
fnew-ii, Colebrook-II 0.0122 0.0122 0.0122
fnew-iii, Colebrook-II 0.0122 0.0122 0.0122
Friction factor, f new 0.0122 0.0121 0.0121

Step 9 : Thus the volume ow rate is

  0:52
Q = V A = 10:71  = 2:1 m3 =s
4

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7.6 [13] Determine pipe diameter - Type III

Oil, with  = 950 kg/m3 and  = 0:000 02 m2 =s, ows at Q = 0:342 m3 /s through a pipe
100 m long with a head loss of 8 m. The surface roughness is " = 0:06 mm. Find the pipe
diameter.

Solution: This is a Type-III problem and needs to be solved iteratively.

Known:

 Q = 0:342 m /s
3

 L = 100 m
 " = 0:06 mm for drawn tubing (Aluminium)
  = 950 kg/m ,  = 0:00002 m2 =s
3

 hL = 8 m
 D =?
Step 1 : First write the diameter in terms of the friction factor using the Darcy-Weisbach
equation:
L V2
hL = f
D 2g

 8f LQ2 1=5
) D= = 3 (f ; ) (1)
2 ghL
The friction factor, f depends on D (through Re and "=D) and `' represents other
parameters that do not depend on D in the problem. Since D is not known, f cannot
be calculated directly. Hence an iterative approach is needed
Step 2 : Also write the Reynolds number and roughness ratio in terms of the diameter:

4Q 21 772
Re = =
D D
" 6  10 5
m
=
D D
1
Step 3 : As a rst guess for friction factor, consider f old = .
49
Step 4 : Using fold in the equation (1), calculate a rst approximation of diameter, D old =
0:301 m.
4Q
Step 5 : Calculate Reynolds number, Re = = 72365.
old
D old

"
Step 6 : Calculate relative roughness, = 2:0E 04
D old

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Step 7 : Determine a new friction factor fnew = f (Reold ; "=Dold ) = 0:0201 using Colebrook-II
equation.
Step 8 : Calculate the next approximation for diameter, D new = 0:300 m using f new in the
equation (1).
Step 9 : Since D1 is within D by less 1%, we have converged D = 0:3 m.
old

Step 10 : Iterative solution using Excel.

Iteration 1 Iteration 2
Friction factor, f
old 0.0204 0.0201
D 0.301 0.300
∆D % - -0.3%
Re 72365 72572
"=D 2.0E-04 2.0E-04
Re
"=D 14.4 14.5
f1 i, Haaland 0.0198 0.0198
f1 ii, Colebrook-II 0.0201 0.0201
f1 iii, Colebrook-II 0.0201 0.0201
Friction factor, f
new 0.0201 0.0201

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