Tutorial 07 Solutions
Tutorial 07 Solutions
Semester 1, 2021
1
CIVL3612/9612 Fluid Mechanics Tutorial 7
Tutorial problems 3
In-class examples 12
Tutorial problems
Solution:
D1 = 0.12 m
D2 = 0.06 m
m3
Q = 0.040
s
KL = ?
Apply Bernoulli equation between location (1) before sudden change in diameter and location
(2) that is after the sudden change. The losses are only due minor loss
p1 V12 p2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z + ( hL ) ;
2g
2g 2 minor
V2
where, (hL ) = KL 2 .
2g
minor
Q Q
z1 = z2 and V1 = = 3:54 m/s, V2 = = 14:1 m/s.
A1 A2
A
D2
2
Thus with 2 = , we get KL = 0:4 from the given chart for loss coecient.
A1 D1
1 h i
) p1 p2 = KL V22 + V22
2
V 1
2
132 kPa
The University of Sydney 3
CIVL3612/9612 Fluid Mechanics Tutorial 7
Known:
Q = 0:2 m /s 3
D = 0:2 m
L = 500 m
V1 = V2 = V
h =h
pump =0
turbine
z1 z2 = L sin(10).
Step 1 : First compute the velocity from the known ow rate:
4Q
V = = 6:37 m/s
D2
Step 2 : The Reynolds number is
VD
Re = = 127324
Step 3 : For a cast iron pipe, " = 0:26 mm. Then
"
= 0:0013
D
"
Since Re = 166, using the Colebrook-II equation, f 0:0227.
D
Step 4 : The head loss is
L V2
hL = f = 117:4 m
D 2g
Step 5 : From the Bernoulli equation for the inclined pipe,
∆p ∆p
hL = + z1 z2 = + L sin(10 )
g g
or
∆p = g [hL L sin(10 )] = 269534 N=m2 :
Solution: This is again a Type I problem. This is not as bad as having the diameter unknown,
because " appears in only one parameter, "=D. We can immediately calculate V , Re , and
the friction factor.
4Q
Re = = 282942
D
Rearranging the head loss equation for the friction factor gives
hL
f = = 0:0197
(L=D)(V 2 =2g )
With f and Re known, we look on the Moody chart or solve the Colebrook-II equation for
the roughness ratio:
!
p 2:0 log10
1 "=D 2:p 51
+
f 3:7 Re f
Solution: Consider two reference points, (1) on the free surface of the reservoir and (2) at
the pipe discharge.
Known:
p1 = p2 = p atm
60
Q= m /s
3
3600
D = 0:038 m
L = 3.0 m
V1 = 0, V2 = V
1 = 2 = 1
h =h
pump =0
turbine
z2 = 0, and z1 = 28.2 m
Step 1 : Simplify the energy equation.
p1 V12 p V2
+ 1 + z1 +
h = 2 + 2 2 +
z2 +
h + hL
g 2g g 2g
pump turbine total
L V2 V2
Also, hL total = hL major + hL minor = f + KL .
D 2g entrance
2g
2gz1 L
KL = f 1
entrance
V 2 D
Step 2 : The average velocity is
Q 4Q
V2 = = = 14:7 m/s
A D2
Step 3 : Assume = 1 10 6 m2 =s. Then,
VD
Re = = 558438
Step 4 : For drawn tubing, " = 0:0015 mm and thus Re "=D = 22, so f = 0:0135 using
Colebrook-II equation.
Step 5 : Substituting into the equation for the loss coecient, we obtain
KL entrance = 0:5:
h
z
L
D = 0:5 m
L = 100 m
z1 = h = 20 m and z2 = 0
p1 = p2 = p atm
L V2 2
hL =f
D 2g
total
" # 1 " # 1
2gz1 392:4
2 2
V = = = 2 (f ; ) (1)
L 1 + 200f
1+f
D
Step 2 : Since, f is function of Reynolds number and thus dependent on V , the above relation
for V needs to be solved iteratively. Assume a friction factor from the fully rough
ow region. Alternatively, choose fold = 1=49.
Step 3 : Calculate a rst approximation to V0 using f old = 0:0204.
V D
Re =
old
= 4393725
old
Step 5 : Calculate a new friction factor using Reold . f new
For Reold = 4393725 and "=D = 9E 05, we get fnew = 0:0122 from the Colebrook-II
equation.
Step 6 : Using f , get the next approximation to velocity, V
new new
Step 7 : Since V is dierent than Vold by more than 5%, another iteration is required. The
new
0:52
Q = V A = 10:71 = 2:1 m3 =s
4
Q = 0:342 m /s
3
L = 100 m
" = 0:06 mm for drawn tubing (Aluminium)
= 950 kg/m , = 0:00002 m2 =s
3
hL = 8 m
D =?
Step 1 : First write the diameter in terms of the friction factor using the Darcy-Weisbach
equation:
L V2
hL = f
D 2g
8f LQ2 1=5
) D= = 3 (f ; ) (1)
2 ghL
The friction factor, f depends on D (through Re and "=D) and `' represents other
parameters that do not depend on D in the problem. Since D is not known, f cannot
be calculated directly. Hence an iterative approach is needed
Step 2 : Also write the Reynolds number and roughness ratio in terms of the diameter:
4Q 21 772
Re = =
D D
" 6 10 5
m
=
D D
1
Step 3 : As a rst guess for friction factor, consider f old = .
49
Step 4 : Using fold in the equation (1), calculate a rst approximation of diameter, D old =
0:301 m.
4Q
Step 5 : Calculate Reynolds number, Re = = 72365.
old
D old
"
Step 6 : Calculate relative roughness, = 2:0E 04
D old
Step 7 : Determine a new friction factor fnew = f (Reold ; "=Dold ) = 0:0201 using Colebrook-II
equation.
Step 8 : Calculate the next approximation for diameter, D new = 0:300 m using f new in the
equation (1).
Step 9 : Since D1 is within D by less 1%, we have converged D = 0:3 m.
old
Iteration 1 Iteration 2
Friction factor, f
old 0.0204 0.0201
D 0.301 0.300
∆D % - -0.3%
Re 72365 72572
"=D 2.0E-04 2.0E-04
Re "=D 14.4 14.5
f1 i, Haaland 0.0198 0.0198
f1 ii, Colebrook-II 0.0201 0.0201
f1 iii, Colebrook-II 0.0201 0.0201
Friction factor, f
new 0.0201 0.0201