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The System Unit

The system unit contains the main electronic components of a computer including the motherboard, processor, memory, ports, and expansion slots. The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects the other internal components. The processor interprets and carries out instructions using components like registers and an arithmetic logic unit. Memory stores programs and data in various types like RAM, ROM, and cache memory. Ports and slots allow connectivity to external devices and expansion cards.

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941 views53 pages

The System Unit

The system unit contains the main electronic components of a computer including the motherboard, processor, memory, ports, and expansion slots. The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects the other internal components. The processor interprets and carries out instructions using components like registers and an arithmetic logic unit. Memory stores programs and data in various types like RAM, ROM, and cache memory. Ports and slots allow connectivity to external devices and expansion cards.

Uploaded by

k3lvyn
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The System Unit

The system unit is a case that contains electronic


components of the computer used to process data.
System units are available in a variety of shapes
and sizes.
 The case of the system unit, sometimes called
the chassis, is made of metal or plastic and
protects
the internal electronic components from damage.
 All computers and mobile devices have a system
Unit.
The Motherboard
 The motherboard, sometimes called a system
board, is the main circuit board of the system unit.
 Many electronic components attach to the
Motherboard, others are built into it.
Processor
The processor, also called the central processing unit
(CPU), interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer.
 The processor significantly impacts overall computing
power and manages most of a computer’s operations.
 Most processor chip manufacturers now offer multi-
core processors. A processor core, or simply
core, contains the circuitry necessary to execute
instructions.
 Processors contain a control unit and an arithmetic
logic unit (ALU).
 These two components work together to perform
processing operations.
The Control Unit
The control unit is the component of
the processor that directs and coordinates
most of the operations in the computer.
 it interprets each instruction issued by
a program and then initiates the appropriate
action to carry out the instruction.
 Types of internal components that the control
unit directs include the arithmetic/logic unit ,
registers, and buses.
The Arithmetic Logic Unit
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), another
component of
the processor, performs arithmetic, comparison,
and
Other operations.
 Arithmetic operations include basic calculations
such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
 Comparison operations involve comparing one
data
item with another to determine whether the first
item
Machine Cycle
For every instruction, a processor repeats a
set of four basic operations, which comprise
a machine cycle
(1) fetching
(2) Decoding
(3) executing
(4) storing
• Fetching is the process of obtaining a program
instruction or data item from memory.

• Decoding refers to the process of translating


the instruction into signals the computer can
execute.

• Executing is the process of carrying out the


commands.

• Storing, in this context, means writing the result


to memory (not to a storage medium).
Registers
A processor contains small, high-speed storage
locations, called registers, that temporarily hold
data and instructions.
Registers are part of the processor, not part of
memory or a permanent storage device.
Processors have many different types of
registers, each with a specific storage function.
The System Clock
The processor relies on a small quartz crystal
circuit called the system clock to control the
timing of all computer operations.
the system clock generates regular electronic
pulses, or ticks, that set the operating pace of
components of the system unit.
Each tick equates to a clock cycle The pace of the
system clock, called the clock speed, is
measured
by the number of ticks per second
Processor Cooling
 Heat sinks
pipes and liquid cooling technologies often are
used to help dissipate processor heat.
 A heat sink is a small ceramic or metal
component with fins on its surface that absorbs
and disperses heat produced by electrical
components such as a processor .
Heat Sinker
Parallel Processing
 Parallel processing is a method that uses multiple
processors simultaneously to execute a single
program or task .
Parallel Processing
Memory
• Memory consists of electronic components
that store instructions waiting to be executed.
• Memory stores three basic categories of items
1-: the operating system and other
• system software that control or maintain the computer
and its devices .
2-:application programs
that carry out a specific task such as
word processing .
3-:The data being processed
by the application programs and resulting
information.
Memory Sizes

 1 Kilobyte = 1,024
 1 Megabyte =1,048,576
 1 Gigabyte =1,073,741,824
 1 Terabyte =1,099,511,627,776
Types of Memory
 volatile memory
 Nonvolatile memory
Types of Memory
 RAM (random access memory), also called main
memory, consists of memory chips that can be
read from and written to by the processor and
other devices.
Types of Memory
 TWO basic types of RAM
1-: Dynamic RAM
2-:Static RAM
memory modules
 There are three types of memory modules.
1-:SIMMs(single inline memory module)
2-:DIMMs(dual inline memory module)
3-:RIMMs(Rambus inlinememory module)
MEMORY MODULES
Types of Memory
 Cache Memory
Cache Memory helps speed
the processes of the computer because it stores
frequently used instructions and data.
types of memory cache
 L1 cache
 L2 cache
types of memory cache
• L1 cache
L1 cache usually has a very small
capacity ranging from 8 KB to 128 KB. The more
common sizes for personal computers are
32 KB or 64 KB.
• L2 cache
L2 cache is slightly slower than L1
cache but has a much larger capacity, ranging
from 64 KB to 16 MB.
Types of Memory
 ROM(Read only memory)
ROM is nonvolatile,
which means its contents are not lost when power
is removed from the computer. In addition to
computers, many devices contain ROM chips.
For example, ROM chips in printers contain
data for fonts.
TYPES OF ROM
 There are two types of ROM
1-:PROM
2-:EEPROM
TYPES OF ROM
• PROM (programmable read-only memory)
A PROM chip is a blank ROM chip on
which a programmer can write permanently.
Programmers use microcode instructions to
program a PROM
chip.
Once a programmer writes the microcode
on the PROM chip, it functions like a
regular ROM chip and cannot be erased or
changed.
TYPES OF ROM
 EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable
read-only memory)
EEPROM chip, allows a
programmer to erase the microcode with an
electric signal.
Types of Memory
 Flash Memory
Flash memory is a type of
nonvolatile memory that can be erased
electronically and rewritten, similar to EEPROM.
Types of Memory
• CMOS(complementary metal-oxide semiconductor)

 (CMOS pronounced SEE-moss) technology because it provides high


speeds and
consumes little power.

 CMOS technology uses battery power to retain information even


when the power to the computer is off.

 Battery-backed CMOS memory chips, for example, can keep the


calendar, date, and time current even when the computer is off.

 The flash memory chips that store a computer’s startup information


often use CMOS technology.
Memory Access Times
 Access time is the amount of time it takes
the processor to read data, instructions, and
information from memory.
A computer’s access time directly affects how
fast the computer processes data.
Expansion Slots and Adapter
Cards
• Expansion Slots
An expansion slot is a
socket on the motherboard that can hold an
adapter card.

• Adapter Cards
An adapter card, sometimes called
an expansion card, is a circuit board that
enhances functions of a component of the system
unit and/or provides connections to peripherals.
ADAPTER CARD
Removable Flash Memory
 A type of memory which can easily insert and
remove from a slot of a personal computer.
 A memory card is a removable flash memory
device, usually no bigger than 1.5" in height or
width, that you insert and remove from a slot
in a personal computer, game console, mobile
device, or card reader/writer.
Removable Flash Memory
Ports and Connectors
• PORTS
A port is the point at which a peripheral
attaches
to or communicates with a system unit so that the
peripheral can send data to or receive information
from the computer.
• CONNECTORS
A connector joins a cable to a port. A connector
at one end of a cable attaches to a port on the
system unit, and a connector at the other end of
the cable attaches to a port on the peripheral.
Ports and Connectors
Ports and Connectors
• USB Ports
A USB port, short for universal
serial bus port, can connect up to 127 different
peripherals together with a single connector.
Devices that connect to a USB port include the
following:
mouse, printer, digital camera, scanner, speakers,
portable media player, optical disc drive, smart
phone, PDA, game console, and removable
hard disk.
Ports and Connectors
 FireWire Ports
FireWire port is similar to a
USB port in that it can connect multiple types of
devices that require faster data transmission
speeds such as digital video cameras, digital
VCRs,
color printers, scanners, digital cameras, and
DVD drives, to a single connector.
Ports and Connectors
 Bluetooth Port
Bluetooth technology uses
radio waves to transmit data between two
devices.
A Bluetooth wireless port adapter that will convert
an existing USB port into a Bluetooth port .
BLUETOOTH DEVICE
Ports and Connectors
 SCSI Port
A special high-speed parallel port
called a SCSI port, allows you to attach
SCSI(pronounced skuzzy) peripherals such as
disk drives and printers.
Ports and Connectors
• eSATA Port
• An eSATA port, or external SATA
port, allows you to connect an external SATA
(Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) hard
disk to a computer.
SATA hard disks are popular because of their fast
data transmission speeds.
• eSATA connections provide up to six times faster
data transmission speeds than external hard
disks attached to a computer’s USB or FireWire
port .
Ports and Connectors
 IrDA Port
 IrDA port is used infrared signals to
transmit data one device to another device.
Devices that use IrDA ports include a smart
phone, PDA, keyboard, mouse, and printer.
Several of these devices use a high-speed IrDA
port, sometimes called a fast infrared port.
IrDA ports
Ports and Connectors
• Serial Ports
A serial port is a type of interface that
connects a device to the system unit by
transmitting data one bit at a time.
• MIDI Port
A special type of serial port that
connects the system unit to a musical instrument
, such as an electronic keyboard, is called a MIDI
port.
Port Replicators and Docking
Stations
 Port Replicators
A port replicator is an external device
that provides connections to peripherals through
ports built into the device. The mobile user
accesses peripherals by connecting the port
replicator to a USB port or a special port on the
mobile computer.
Buses
 Buses are used to transfer bits from input
devices to memory, from memory to the
processor, from the processor to memory, and
from memory to output or storage devices.
BUSES
PARTS OF BUSES
• There are two parts of buses
• DATA BUS
• ADDRESS BUS
1-:Data Bus
The data bus is used to transfer
actual data.
2-:Address Bus
• The address bus is used to transfer
information about where the data should reside in
memory.
TYPES OF BUSES
• There three types of buses
• System Bus
• Backside Bus
• Expansion Bus
1-:System Bus
• A system bus, also called the
front side bus ( FSB), is part of the motherboard
and connects the processor to main memory.
TYPES OF BUSES
2-:Backside Bus
A backside bus ( BSB) connects the
processor to cache.
3-:Expansion Bus
An expansion bus allows the
processor to communicate with peripherals.

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