ALBERT

BANDURA
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 Social Learning
Theories
 Focuses on social context
 Social learning theory considers how people learn from one another
by observing, imitating, and modeling.
 In social learning theory, people (observers) are trying to learn by
imitation or modeling.
 Therefore, the model or third person can be a reinforcer.For instance,
from an operant condition perspective, learners are reinforced often
enough that they continue to copy those around them.
 As a result, their imitation (copying) itself becomes a habit which is
called generalized
 “Social Learning Theory” has been renamed ‘Social Cognitive Theory”
to accommodate later developments of the theory because of his
focus on motivational factors and self-regulatory mechanisms that
contribute to a person’s behavior, rather than just environmental
factors.

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 Social Cognitive
Theories
 According to Bandura, human beings have specific abilities
related to learning that sets them apart from other species
 Social cognitive theory states that there are three
characteristics that are unique to humans:
 Vicarious consequences (Model and imitate others)
 Self–efficacy (self reflection)
 Performance standards and moral conduct (Ability to
regulate one’s own behavior)

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 General Principle of Social
Learning Theories
 Learn by observing the behaviour of others and then
imitating the behaviour overtly.
 Learning can occur without a change in behaviour.
 Cognition plays a role in learning.
 Individuals are more likely to adopt a modelled behaviour if:
 The results in outcomes they value.
 The model is similar to the observed and has admired status
and the behaviour has functional value.

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 Experiment Of Albert
Bandura

Do the violence that children observed lead them to

behave aggressively ?
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 YES!
Albert Bandura proved in their experiment
called

‘Bobo Doll Experiment’ to determine how kids

learn aggression through
7 observation.
 ◎ Demonstrated one way
how children learn
What is aggression.
◎ Bandura’s Social Learning
Bobo Doll Theory :
- Observations
Experiment? - Imitation
-Modelling
◎ People learn by
watching others and
imitating them. 8
 ◎ Children who observed an adult acting
aggressively, will also act aggressively
even when the adult model was not
present.
◎ Children who observed the non-
aggressive adult model would be less
aggressive than the children who
Predictions observed the aggressive model. They
would also be less aggressive than the
control group.
◎ Children would be more likely to
imitate models of the same-sex rather
than models of the opposite-sex.
◎ Boys are more aggressive than girls.
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 Sample
 From : Stanford University Nursery
Black
School 
 Age : 3 to 6 years old
 Method : Matched Pairs Design
 Researchers pre-tested the children Gray

for how aggressive they were by

observing the children in the nursery
White
and judged their aggressive
behavior on four
5-point rating scales.
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 Method
Matched Pairs Design

6 boys
Female role
model 6 girl
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with aggressive role
model 6 boys
Male role model
6 girls

6 boys
Female role
72 24 model
with non-aggressive 6 girls
children
role model

Male role model 6 boys

6 girls

24
Control group
(no role model)

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 STAGE 1 : MODELING
a) Aggressive role model

Children were individually Female or male behaviour

seated at a table in one model with another table Told the children that they
corner of an experimental and chair, a mallet, a could play with those
room plays with toys (prints, Tinkertoy set, and a 5-foot materials.
pictures, stickers) to Bobo doll entered the room.
encourage mere observation. They sat at opposite corner.

The behavior model abused

the Bobo doll both :
The behaviour model left the a) Physically (kicked,
room after 10 minutes punched, throwed things to
doll)
b) Verbally (“Pow”, “He sure
is a tough fella”)

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Let’s Watch

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 STAGE 1 : MODELING
b) Non-aggressive role model

Children were individually

seated at a table in one Female or male behaviour
corner of an experimental model with another table Told the children that they
room plays with toys (prints, and chair, a mallet, a could play with those
pictures, stickers) to Tinkertoy set, and a 5-foot materials.
encourage mere Bobo doll entered the room.
observation. They sat at opposite corner.

The behaviour model left The model ignored the Bobo

the room after 10 minutes doll and instead quietly
assembled the Tinkertoys.

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 “
STAGE 1 : MODELING
c) Control group

The children were not exposed

to any behaviour model

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 STAGE 2 : AGGRESSION
AROUSAL

Experimenter told
All children (include Each child was “those are very best
control group) (separately) taken to a toys and reserve for
subjected to room with relatively the other children”
aggression arousal. attractive toys. (after 2 minutes they
played).

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17
 VIDEOTAPE

Children were 90% children of

exposed to such aggressive group 40% of the those
violence on imitated children exhibiting
videotape yielded aggressive the same
similar results as behaviour by behaviour after
models behaviour attacking Bobo eight months.
observation. doll the same way.

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 RESULTS
Aggressive model
Children group
The group that
exposed to - Girl + Male
exposed to
aggression model
aggression imitated
showed non- = Physical
aggressive behaviour aggression
imitative and
in comparison with - Girl + Female
partial
other 2 groups. model
aggression. = Verbal
aggression

- Girls not very

keen Physical Verbal
imitate same- aggression aggression
sex models.
- Boys imitate Boys = Girls
Boys > Girls
same-sex
models.

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REINFORCEMENT

The children being

told that those
behaviors were
bad

They showed the

appropriate
behavior to those
children
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 Conclusion

◎ Albert Bandura succeeded in what he set out to prove.

◎ Children were likely to learn social behavior such as
aggression through observational learning.
◎ In the later years, the experiment has been a base for
those who argue that media violence has serious effects
on shaping up the behaviors of the children.
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MODELLING
PROCESS

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 4
3
1 2
MOTIVATION &
REPRODUCTIO
ATTENTION RETENTION REINFORCEMEN
N
T

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1. ATTENTION
◎ In order to learn through
observation, we have to pay
attention.
◎ In teaching, you will have to
ensure students’ attention to the
critical features of the lesson by
making clear presentations and
highlighting important points.
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2. RETENTION
◎ In order to imitate the behaviour
of a model, you have to
remember it.
◎ Retention can be improved by
mental rehearsal or by actual
practice.
Example:- good deeds must be
practice by parents at home to
their children. Like, talking softly
to other siblings. 25
3. REPRODUCTION
◎ Must to have ability to reproduce
the behaviour.
◎ Improvement of behaviour occurs
if individual learns from someone
that does it better.
◎ Ability improves with practice.
◎ Ability improves even if just
imagine ourselves performing
well.
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 4. MOTIVATION &
REINFORCEMENT
◎ We may acquire a new skill or behaviour
to observation, but we may not perform
that behavior until there is some
motivation or incentive to do so.
◎ If we anticipate being reinforced for
imitating the actions of a model, we may
be more motivate to pay attention,
remember, and reproduce the behaviours.
◎ Reinforcement and punishment play an
important roll in motivation.
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 Form Of Reinforcement
◎ Direct reinforcement- telling the obsever verbelly that
those actions were abd and they need to act on the
opposite way.
◎ Vicarious reinforcement- the obsever may simply see
others reinforcement for particular behaviour and then
increase his or her production of the behaviour.
◎ Self reinforcement- controlling your own reinforcers.
◎ This reinforcement is important for both students and
teachers.
◎ We want our student to improve not because it leads to
external rewards, but because the students value and
enjoy their growing competence.

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 Application Of Bandura
Theories
EDUCATION
S
MASS MEDIA They will modelled their
teachers and friends at the
school.

LIFESTYL Mass media will display

e.g : Teachers would also use
advertisement that
E benefits children.
those students as a role
model in order to give
The children will observe their inspiration to other students.
family member’s behaviour,
especially their parents. They e.g : there was an
will imitate those behaviours advertisement where a
when they grow up. naughty girl seek for
forgiveness from his
e.g : If the children saw his/ parents during Hari Raya,
her father abuse the mother, eventhough he had did
possibilities for them to many chaos before that.
imitate the actions are very
high.

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LIFEST
YLE

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 MASS
MEDIA

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 Application of
Social Learning
Theory in Special
Education

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 Gives positives
Develop a positive
reactions and praises
technique for reacting
them for their
to student failures or
questions and
misunderstanding
comments

Demonstrate new
concepts clearly and
praises students when Plan a series of reward
they demonstrate it
correctly

Be a good role model

to students

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 STRENGTHS
“CHANGE IN ENVIRONMENT, CHANGE IN
THE CHILD”
◎ Children learn more in the social context
◎ Modification of behaviour
◎ Learning through environment of the
surrounding
◎ People as the role model

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 WEAKNESSES
◎ Aggressive
◎ Influences by the negative behaviour

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 REFERENCE

 ALBERT BANDURA(1997) Self Efficacy The Exercise Of Control

 Richard & Evans(1988) Albert Bandura Videorecording
Directed Film and Edited by Brian Buberman
 Albert Bandura(1973) Aggression A Sosial Learning Analysis
 https://www.britannica.com/event/Bobo-doll-experiment
 https://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html
 https://www.slideshare.net/SteffyGT/ocr-psychology-15-core-
studies-g542
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zerCK0lRjp8
 https://www.verywellmind.com/classical-
conditioning-2794859

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 FARHANAH SUKAINAH BINTI ABD WAHAB D20181082845

 NURUL ADRIANA BINTI CHE YANG SHAZZALLI D20181082853

 NUR AZLIN BINTI KAMARUDDIN D20181082850

 NUR LIYANA ATIKAH BITI ZORKIPLY D20181082847

 AMNI HADIRAH BINTI MUHAMAD TARI D20181082848

 SITI KHADIJAH BINTI SHOHODIN D20171077097

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